Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Edited by
DAVID A. HENSHER
Institute of Transport Studies, University of Sydney
KENNETH J. BUTTON
The School of Public Policy, George Mason University
KINGSLEY E. HAYNES
Institute of Public Policy, George Mason University
PETER R. STOPHER
The School of Transport Studies, University of Sydney
JL.
ELSEVIER 2004 r
Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo
CONTENTS
Introduction to the series
Chapter 1
Introduction
KINGSLEY E. HAYNES, PETER R. STOPHER, KENNETH J. BUTTON and DAVID A. HENSHER 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parti.
Introduction Recent trends in analysis GPS, GIS and other acronyms Land use and transportation institutions The Handbook Transport and Geography
1 2 4 5 7 11
Chapter 2
1. 2. 3. 4.
Some definitions Historical background Transport geography today Recent developments in the field
4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. Deregulation Activity analysis Sustainable transport Environmental justice Economic development Geographic information systems Network design
13 13 16 18
18 19 19 20 21 22 23
24 24 25
27 28
ii 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. Altered demand for urban transportation and land use Metropolitan decentralization Edge cities
Contents 29 30 31
32 35
35 36 38 39 40
5. Conclusions References
Chapter 4
41 41
43 45
45 47
49 51 59 60 61
65
1. 2. 3. 4.
67 68 70 71
72 73
5. Summary References
75 75
Contents Chapter 6
ix
4. Empirical analysis
References
Chapter 7
77 78 83 83 83 84 84 85 85 87 88 89 94 95
1. Introduction 2. Preliminary concepts 3. Market approach 4. Non-market approach 5. Synthesis 6. Conclusions References
Chapter 8
111 112
112 113 114 114 115 116
116
x 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Distribution of trip times and day of week Direction of trip flows Modal availability Network characteristics Network extensiveness Network connectivity Physical access - walking distances Vehicle ownership levels
4.
Other factors
4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5.
120
120 120 121 121 122
127 128
128 131
4. Evaluation criteria
160
160 162 162
Contents
xi
1. Introduction 2. Land use model concept: urban form and land rents
2.1. 2.2. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 5.1. 5.2. Urban form and land rents Agglomeration Basic form Population segmentation Measures of attractiveness Land constraints The exogenous workplace Multimodal applications Typical data requirements Anticipated results and cautions Calibration issues Equilibrium conditions Deterrence function parameters Disutility and the value of time Definition of basic employment Adjustments to residential attractiveness Adjustments to service attractiveness
167 168
168 169
169
169 171 172 172 173 173
173
175 175 176 176 176 177 177
5. Derivation of the Lowry-Garin model 6. Iterating a land use model with a travel-forecasting model 7. Critique 8. Closure References
Chapter 12
177
179 180
Contents 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. Estimation of spatial prices Changing functional relationships (variable demand coefficients) Modeling the transport systems Integrated spatial system model Policy modeling
4. Applications 5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 13
1. The context and objectives for urban simulation 2. The design and implementation of an operational urban simulation system
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. Assess the institutional, political, and technical context Assess the stakeholders, value conflicts, and public policy objectives Develop measurable benchmarks for the objectives Inventory the policies to be tested Map the policy inputs to outcomes Assess the model requirements Make preliminary model design choices Select the modeling approach Prepare the input data Develop the model specification Estimate the model parameters Calibrate the model system Develop the software application Validate the model system Operational use
203 205
207 210 212 212 213 217 219 222 226 227 230 231 231 232 232
1. Introduction 2. Spatial choice and processes: the role of spatial interaction models
237 238
Contents 2.1. 2.2. Spatial interaction models: the analytical form Spatial interaction behavior and choice behavior
3. Non-linear dynamic processes: the logistic form 4. Networks and complexity 5. Network complexity
5.1. 5.2. 5.3. Simple models for complex networks: niche models Complex models for complex networks Detecting complexity from data
247 249
249 250
1. Introduction 2. Implications of urban economic theory 3. Historical evolution 4. Interpreting data and the urban scale 5. The dynamics of transportation, land use, and urban compactness 6. Transit-oriented developments 7. New urbanism 8. Neighborhood types 9. Intertemporal changes 10. Dispersal and travel behavior 11. Information technology 12. International comparisons 13. Conclusions References
Chapter 16
255 256 256 257 258 260 261 262 262 263 264 264 265 266
Contents Extensions 4.1. Imperfect markets 4.2. Dynamics 5. An example: the spatial effects of trans-European road networks 6. Conclusions References Part 4. Data 4. 281 281 284 284 286 287 291
Chapter 17 Spatial Data Issues: A Historical Perspective PETER R. STOPHER 1. 2. 3. Introduction Traffic analysis zones Traffic networks 3.1. Bus networks 3.2. Micro-networks 4. Interactions between zones and networks 4.1. Zone size and networks 4.2. The use of a GIS as a network platform 4.3. Network detail and zone size 5. Conclusions References 293 293 294 300 302 303 303 304 305 306 307 308
Chapter 18 Linking Spatial and Transportation Data BRUCE D. SPEAR 1. 2. Introduction GISs and transportation models - a US historical perspective 2.1. Origins of GISs 2.2. Origins of transportation models 2.3. Development of commercial software 2.4. TIGER and GISs 2.5. The Census Transportation Planning Package and GIS 3. Conceptual differences between GISs and transportation models 3.1. GIS spatial objects and relationships 3.2. Network objects and relationships 3.3. Translating between linear spatial objects and networks 4. Other transportation data structures 4.1. Routes 4.2. Linear referencing 4.3. Matrices 309 309 309 309 310 311 311 312 313 314 316 317 320 320 321 323
xv 324
329 330
330 330 334
335 337
337
344
344 346
355 356
1. Introduction: why use GIS in routing and logistics? 2. GIS routing and logistics capabilities
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. Vehicle routing/dispatching Arc routing Network flow and distribution analysis. Location and allocation models
357 358
361 361 361 362
364 365
367 367
369
369 370
370
371
373 374
xvi Chapter 21
Contents
382
382 383 388
389 390
391 392
392 392 395 396 398
400
400 402 405
Defining GPS and its Capabilities JEAN WOLF 1. Introduction 2. The Global Positioning System
Contents 2.1. Overview of GPS 2.2. PVT determination 2.3. Other GNSS 2.4. GPS user technologies 2.5. GPS receiver output 2.6. GPS performance measures 2.7. Standalone GPS position accuracy and augmentations 2.8. Free satellite-based augmentation systems 2.9. GPS modernization (or GPS III) 3. GPS capabilities for transport 3.1. Highway, transit, airport, and seaport traffic control and security 3.2. E911 3.3. Location-based services 3.4. Combined measures of travel, physical activity, and health 3.5. Mobile source emissions analysis and modeling 3.6. Long-term travel studies Appendix: Internet resources for GPS References
Chapter 24
xvii 412 414 416 417 417 419 423 425 426 427 427 427 428 428 430 430 430 431
GPS, Location, and Household Travel PETER R. STOPHER 1. 2. Introduction GPS as a solution 2.1. Types of GPS device 2.2. What GPS can do 2.3. What GPS cannot do 3. Processing GPS data 3.1. Problems with GPS data 3.2. Accuracy of GPS 3.3. Wearable GPS devices 4. The future of GPS 4.1. Privacy 4.2. Respondent burden 5. Conclusions References
433 433 434 435 438 440 441 442 443 444 445 447 447 448 449
Chapter 25
451 451
xviii
Contents
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Key technology links and applications Remote monitoring of vehicle location Arrival time information In-vehicle navigation Intelligent speed adaptation Advanced driver assistance systems Electronic payment and charging Unresolved issues
9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. Map database related Human factor considerations Willingness to pay Managing privacy Public and user acceptance
466 466
469 471
471 473 474 477
3. Data management
479
479 482 485
4. Summary References
Chapter 27
487 487
493
Contents 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 5.1. 5.2. In-vehicle navigation systems Fleet management Concept winter vehicle Crash location On-board crash notification systems
5. Safety 6. Locating environmentally sensitive features 7. Summary References Part 7. Spatial Cognition
Chapter 28
495
495 496
501 501
501 502
3. Transportation issues
502
502 504 506 506 507 508 508
Spatial Processes
RYUICHIKITAMURA 513
1. Introduction 2. Trip-based studies and their limitations 3. Trip-chaining analyses 4. Classification approaches 5. Simulation approaches References
xx Chapter 30
Contents
Mental Maps
LISA WESTON and SUSAN HANDY 533
1. Introduction 2. What are mental maps? 3. How do people create mental maps? 4. How have mental maps been used? 5. How can transportation professionals use mental maps? 6. Conclusions References Part 8. Geosimulation
Chapter 31
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Recent developments in the research landscape The emerging geosimulation approach Automata as geosimulation tools Modeling vehicular traffic
5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. Spatial topology Entity descriptions Neighborhood definitions Time Rules Entities Spatial topology Time Neighborhoods Rules
557
558 559 559 559 560
567 569
Contents 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 3.1. 3.2. General framework of the bi-level model in network design and analysis The continuous network design problem (CNDP) The optimal toll pricing problem (OTPP) The signal-setting problem Non-differentiability of the reaction function The marginal-function-based solution algorithm
573
573 574
4. Applications in location choice, land use, and network capacity 5. Conclusions References
Chapter 33
583 585
586
3. Models with asymmetric link costs 4. Multiclass, multicriteria traffic network equilibrium models
4.1. Traffic network equilibrium conditions
591 599
603
4. Case study
4.1. 4.2. Model calibration Model validation
618
620 621
xxii
Contents
627
4. Time use measurement 5. Time use analysis 6. Advantages and challenges of the time use approach 7. Conclusions References
Chapter 36
633
637 638
640
640 642
647 648
648 649 651 651 652
652
653 655 656 657