Experimental Study of A Semi-Circular Jet Without and With Parallel Wall at The Base of The Nozzle

Declaration
This is to certify that the work presented here is an outcome of the investigation carried
out by the authors under the supervision of Prof. Dr. M. A. Taher Ali at the department of
Mechanical Engineering, BUET. No portion of the work contained in this thesis has been
submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any
other university or institution of learning.
Authors
_______________________
1. Muhammad Mahmud-ul- Alam,
Roll # 0310099
______________________
_
2. Mohammad Shoyebur Rahman
Roll # 0310093
_____________________
Supervisor
Dr. M. A. Taher Ali
Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
BUET, Dhaka 1000.
i
ABSTRACT
This experiment is performed to study the velocity profiles around a semicircular
nozzle. The way of jet propagation is carefully studied. Free jet and wall jet flow
was studied for different flow velocity. Different flow velocities were obtained by
operating different fans. The semicircular nozzle was made by blocking one half of
a wooden nozzle of 52 mm diameter.
A highly sensitive pitot-static tube is used as the sensing probe and inclined tube
manometer is used. Manometric fluid is the kerosene for lower pressure and water
for the higher pressure.
For making wall jet a special table with variable angle arrangement is used. This
table is made in carpentry and welding shop of the university.
For the nozzle configurations used in the present study, the effect of area ratio on
the developed region of co-axial jets is found to be more prominent than that
on the developing region with the increase of velocity ratio, the thermal
potential core is noted to be transversely shrunk but longitudinally elongated.
The attainment of self- preservation state of dynamical velocity field is observed
to depend much on velocity and area ratios rather than temperature ratio. On the
other hand, the self-preservation state of thermal field is observed to be
independent of dynamical conditions.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With utmost sincerity, the authors wish to convey their gratitude and
indebtedness to Dr. M. A. Taher Ali, Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) for
his kind guidance, supervision and moral support throughout the entire period
of the research work. His initiatives, encouragement, patience and invaluable
suggestions are gratefully acknowledged.
The authors are also deeply indebted to the lab attendants without whom
support this work could never been performed properly. So, sincere thanks
and regards are offered to the staffs of Machine shop, Welding and Sheet
metal shop, Carpentry shop and the staff of Fluid mechanics laboratory for
their kind cooperation.
Special gratitude is offered to the librarians of BUET central library and

Mechanical departmental library of BUET for supplying various types of books.
Finally we express utmost gratitude to our parents without whose constant

efforts this thesis work would not be ever performed.
iii
NOMENCLATURE
LATIN LETTERS:
SYMBOL MEANING
A Constant
B Constant
b Length Scale
C Constant
Cg Geometric virtual origin
Ck Kinematic virtual origin
D constant
d Diameter of Nozzle
me Entrainment rate
H Slit thickness or Height
h Manometric height
F Shape factor
Kc Decay rate
Kg Spread rate
l Mixing length
L Tube length
M Mach number
N Constant
n Power index
Ps Mean static pressure
Pa Atmospheric pressure
q Mass flux
Re Reynolds number
St Strouhal number
t Depth of cut of spline
U Axial mean velocity
u Longitudinal turbulence
intensity
V Transverse mean velocity
iv
v Transverse turbulence
intensity
W Slit width
x X coordinate
y Y coordinate
Y0.10 Outer edge of the shear
layer
Y0.50 Half width of the shear layer
Y0.95 Inner edge of the shear layer
z Z coordinate
GREEK LETTERS:
SYMBOL MEANING
γ Specific weight
δ Displacement thickness
η Self-preservation variable
ϴ Momentum thickness
µ Absolute viscosity
ν Kinematic viscosity
Є Eddy viscosity
π Constant
ρ Density
τ Shear stress
SUBSCRIPT:
v
SYMBOL MEANING
a Air
c Centerline
M Manometer
e Exit
vi
INDEX
CHAPTER 1
1.1 General 1
CHAPTER 2
2. Literature Review 3
2.1 General 3
2.2 Axisymmetric jet in general 3
2.3 Mean velocity 5
2.4 Summary 5
CHAPTER 3
3. Theory 7
3.1 General 7
3.2 Axisymmetric turbulent mixing layer 7
3.3 Axisymmetric turbulent jet 8
3.4 Internal length scales 8
3.5 Characteristics variables 10
3.5.1 Boundary layer variable 10
3.5.2 Self preservation variable 10
3.5.3 Mass flux 11
3.5.4 The shape factor 11
3.5.5 Shear layer width 11
3.6 Miscellaneous 12
3.6.1 Virtual origin 12
3.6.2 Dimensionless number 13
3.7 Method of measuring turbulence 13
CHAPTER 4
vii
4. Experimental setup and measurement process 15
4.1 Description of the flow system 15
4.2 Detail description of setup 15
4.2.1 Nozzle flow setup 16
4.2.2 Pitot-static tube 23
4.2.3 Inclinde tube manometer 23
4.2.4 Coordinate measuring machine 23
4.2.5 Table with variable angle arrangement 24
4.3 Experimental procedure 25
4.4 Coordinate system 26
4.5 Probe setting 26
CHAPTER 5
5. Result and discussion 28
5.1 General 28
5.2 Semicircular free jet 28
5.3 Semicircular wall jet 29
CHAPTER 6
6. Calculation 30
6.1 Lab condition and primary data 30
6.2 Determining hydraulic diameter 30
6.3 Calculating air column deflection from water column
deflection 30
6.4 Flow velocity 30
CHAPTER 7
7. Conclusion and recommendation 31
7.1 Conclusion 31
7.2 Recommendation 31
viii
CHAPTER 8
8.1 Data Tables 33
8.2 Tables for semicircular free jet 33
CHAPTER 9
9. Graphs
9.1 Graphs for semicircular free jet 46
9.2 Graphs for semicircular wall jet 86
REFERENCES 92
ix
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
A jet is created by the flow of fluid through an orifice or nozzle into the
stagnant reservoir of co- current stream of fluid. Jets are of three kinds:
a) Confined or bounded jet: In the case of bounded jet, the fluid is

discharged from a nozzle or an orifice into a confined region bounded
by solid surface.
b) Wall jet: In the case of wall jet fluid from an opening flows over the
solid surface.
c) Free jet: It is formed when the jet flows in an infinite fluid reservoir
having no influence of solid surface.
A free jet is formed when fluid discharges through an opening or

nozzle from a higher pressure zone into a lower one. The
neighboring fluid surrounding the jet may be in motion or at rest.
Free jet flows can be divided into several classes:
I. Plane jet: Fluid is discharged from a plane nozzle of large length into a
large stagnant mass of the same fluid.
II. Axisymmetric jet: Fluid is discharged from a circular nozzle, orifice of

pipe into a large stagnant mass of the same fluid.
Page | 1
III. Radial jet: Radial fluid flow from the space between two closely spaced
parallel circular discs of small diameter into large stagnant mass of the
same fluid.
IV. Compound jet: Any type of above mentioned jet flow in a parallel
moving stream of fluid is known as compound jet.
V. Any free jet: Any free jet when discharging in a moving of stream whose
direction is other than parallel.
VI. Three dimensional free jet: Fluid discharges from triangular, rectangular,
square, elliptic or a wedge shape jet.
In this thesis work experiment is performed for free jet and wall jet.
Page | 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
As an integral component of the turbulence research arsenal the digital
computers have been incorporated in the recent decade. The computer is
now used not, only as a versatile laboratory instrument (to measure various
turbulence quantities) but also for experiment control and acquisition and
analysis of data. Moreover, with the advent of supercomputers direct
numerical simulations of turbulent flows via time— evolving solutions of the
complete Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensional spaces are now
possible.
Though both computer experiments (i.e. simulations) and laboratory

experiments have their limitations, yet they play complementary roles.
Computer experiments cannot yet resolve details of flows at practical
Reynolds number and thus cannot replace laboratory experiments.
Laboratory experimentation will continue to be important not only for
understanding the physics of unsteady, vortex or turbulent flows but also for
validation of numerical codes.
Laboratory experimentations on turbulent jets are extensive over a long

period of time. To understand the problems of jet flow some related
investigations are reviewed under the following headings:
(i) Axisymmetric Jet in general
(ii) Mean velocity,
(iii) Entrainment.
2.2 AXISYMMETRIC JET IN GENERAL

Hinge and Zijnen (12) measured the mean velocity and temperature
variation in transverse and axial direction in a turbulent jet issuing from
Page | 3
round orifice into quiescent ambient air. The result showed that the rate of
spreading of the heat and mass were mutually equal but greater than that of
velocity. A constant ratio between co—efficient of transfer of heat or mass
and the co—efficient of shear stress did not seem to exist. The result had
been subjected to a theoretical analysis and found that transverse velocity
distribution in central zone agreed with the theory based on a constant Co-
efficient of shear stress of the jet.
The mixing layer in the near field of a 127 mmD circular air jet had been
experimentally investigated by Husain and Hussain (16) at a jet speed of 30
m/s. The integral measures of the mixing layer and their stream wise
evolutions showed no dependence on the end plate geometry (i.e., exit.
boundary layer condition) except for a small x range when initially laminar
but showed strong dependence on the initial condition (i.e., laminar vs.
turbulent). The mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles and stream
wise spectral evolutions indicated that the shear layer had achieved self-
preservation. The turbulent field achieved self-similarity much later than the
mean flow field when the initial state was turbulent, but essentially together
when the initial state was laminar. The virtual origin was upstream of the lip
for the initially laminar layers, but downstream for initially turbulent layers.
Gama et al (9) studied the effect of initial conditions (exit momentum

thickness and Reynolds number) on axisymmetric free turbulent mixing layer
issued from an 81.4 mmD circular nozzle. They found that with the increase
in Reynolds number the length of the potential core increases and the decay
and spread rate of jet decreases. They found the geometric virtual origin at
0.483 diameter upstream for initially turbulent boundary layer. The
achievement of self-preservation was found to be decreasing with the
increase in Reynolds number.
Scum & Ali (28) investigated the effect of initial condition of axisymmetric jet
for different exit momentum thickness and Reynolds number (2.78x104 to
Page | 4
6.1x104).They a negligible effect of the initial momentum thickness and
Reynolds number on the mean exit boundary layer profile. The similar results
were also found by previous investigators viz. Crow and Champagne ( 6 ),
Ilussain and Zaman (18). But boundary layer of longitudinal turbulence
intensity was changed with the exit momentum thickness and Reynolds
number and the peak value of longitudinal intensity was increased with the
increase of Reynolds number.
In recent years there has been a revival of interest in the water jet
propulsion as a means of propulsion for high speed sea crafts. The interested
reader may find an exhaustive literature review regarding the water jet
propulsion of ships in Khalil et al. (21)
2.3 MEAN VELOCITY

The centerline distance of a jet is fundamental axis upon which potential core
length, initial region, virtual origins, turbulence suppression and as well as jet
noise suppression is identified by the flow characteristics of jet. Some
relevant experimental results on centerline flow characteristics of jet are
discussed.
The centerline mean velocity decay rate was increased with increases
Reynolds by- Islam (20). Flora et al (7) shows that the decay rate to be
dependent on initial turbulence intensity but unaffected by nozzle shape or
Reynolds number, this negligible effect of Reynolds number on centerline
mean concluded by Crow & Champagne (6) and Boguslawski & Popiel (4)
Zaman & Hussain (30), Hussain & Clark (14) and Lemieux & Oosthuizen (22)
showed for initial laminar boundary layer the decay rate of mean velocity and
turbulence intensity in the centerline were decreased with the increase of
Reynolds number.
2.4 SUMMARY
Page | 5
The mean flow field near the exit developed in a conical fashion (potential
core) effect of initial condition (exit momentum thickness) and Reynolds
number on the exit mean boundary layer profile was negligible [6, 18, 28 &
301, but the changed due to the change of exit geometry (14). The exit
boundary of longitudinal turbulence intensity was changed with the change of
the initial momentum thickness and Reynolds number and the peak value of
intensity was increased with the increase of the Reynolds number (15, 28).
The spread rate, similarity parameters and peak turbulence intensity were
essentially independent of Reynolds number but depends on whether the
initial boundary layer was laminar or turbulent (5,15). In the near spread
rate remained unaffected by initial momentum thickness (28).
The location of the virtual origin remained unaffected by initial momentum

thickness (27), but significantly affected by the initial boundary layer
thickness (5), initial turbulence intensity level (7) and exit Reynolds number
(18,28). Husain showed virtual origin was predominantly downstream of the
lip for initially laminar case but Bradshaw (5) showed that for laminar case
virtual origin between 200 and 350 and for turbulent case it was at
downstream: however, in 171 it was found in the upstream of the lip for
turbulent case.
Selim and Ali (28) also concluded that the geometric virtual origin shifts
towards further downstream for lower Reynolds number.
Page | 6
3. THEORY
3.1 GENERAL:
GENERAL:
Free jet defined in section 1.1 becomes completely turbulent at a short

distance downstream the exit even when the exit velocity is very small. This
turbulent motion is governed by the mass conservation and the Navier-
Stokes equations. Exact analytical solutions of these equations are yet to
obtain because of their non-linear forms. Hypothesis and empirical
assumptions are to be introduced for obtaining a set of equations with time
averaged dependent variables. Conventional order of magnitude analysis is
applied to the general momentum equations to obtain the equations in a
simpler form. These simpler equations used for evaluating the free jet flow
parameters are:
dU dV
+ =0
dX dY ……………………………………(1)
dU dV d τ 
U +V +  =0
dX dY dX  ρ  …………………………………….(2)
Where,
τ is the shear stress ,
p is the density of the fluid,
U & V are axial and transverse mean velocities,
X & Y are the co-ordinates in axial and transverse directions respectively.
3.2 AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT MIXING LAYER

Shear layer or mixing layer is formed in the near field of a jet flow. The
developing zone of jet flow is considered as the mixing layer zone. Tollmien
(29) analytically solved the equations of motion for plane turbulent shear
layer also solved the general equations of free shear layer. Abramovich (4)
Page | 7
observed the similarity of axisymmetric mixing layer with a 100 mm
diameter jet at a velocity 40 m/s. The similarity of the velocity distribution in
the mixing layer has been well sustained by the observations of Albertson et.
al (2) and Rajaratnam and Pani (24).
The variation of y0.1/d, y0.95/d with x/d, the dimensionless distance from the
nozzle measured by Rajarathnam and Pani (24) can be described by the
empirical relation given below
y 0.95 x
= 0.475 − 0.097
d d ………………………(3)
b y 0.5 − y 0.95 x
= = 0.5 + 0.111
d d d (4)
y 0.1 x
= 0.535 + 0.158
d d (5)
3.3 AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT JET

Prandtl mixing length theory for plane turbulent free jet used by Tolimien
2
 ∂U 
τ = ρl 
2

(29) is  ∂Y  , where l is the Prandtl mixing length. This was used to
solve the Reynolds equation of motion for plane turbulent free jet. Some
other researchers on this are Forthmann (8), Albertson et. al. (2), Zijnen
(31) and Heskestad (11). All measurements reasonably match with
Tolimien’s analytical solution.
Goertler (10) solved analytically the plane turbulent jet problem using the
∂U
τ =ρ∈
second equation of Prandtl written as ∂Y , where ∈ is the
kinematic eddy velocity
3.4 INTERNAL LENGTH SCALES
Page | 8
There are several length scales to measure the flow. They are given as
follows
a) Displacement thickness (δ)
b) Momentum thickness (Θ)
c) Terminating momentum thickness (Θ0.1)
(a) Displacement Thickness (δ):: The displacement thickness is that distance

by which the external flow field is displaced outward as a consequence of the
decrease in velocity in the boundary layer.
The decrease in volume flow due to the influence of friction is

∞
∫ (U
y =0
ec − U ) dy
Potential flow that has been displaced = Uec δ

∞
U ec δ = ∫ (U ec − U )dy
So we get, y =0
∞
 U 
δ= ∫ 1 − U dy
ec 
or, y =0
(b) Momentum Thickness (Θ):: The distance which measures the loss of
momentum in the boundary layer as compared with potential flow is called
momentum thickness.
The loss of momentum in the boundary layer as compared with potential

flow, is equal to
∞
ρ ∫ U (U ec − U )dy
y =0
The momentum flow in absence of a boundary layer is equal to ρ θUec2

∞
ρθU = ρ ∫ U (U ec − U )dy
2
ec
So, we get y =0
Page | 9
∞
U  U 
θ= ∫
y =0
ρU ec
1 −
 U ec
dy

Or,
(c) Terminating momentum thickness (Θ0.1): The terminating momentum

thickness is defined as
y = 0.1
U  U 
θ 0.1 = ∫
y =0
U ec
1 −
 U ec
dy

where Y0.1 is the transverse location at U/Uec= 0.1
3.5 CHARACTERISITIC VARIABLES
3.5.1 Boundary layer variable:

The initial state of jet to be laminar or turbulent is defined by the non-
dimensional velocity variation with the ratio of y coordinate to the exit
displacement thickness.
Hussain et. al. [5,13,14 & 17] defined this variable as y/ δe ,where the origin
of the coordinate system was at the nozzle wall.
Selim [25], Gama [9] and Islam et. al. [19] defined this variable as (yw-y)/
δe , being taken the origin of the co-ordinate system at the nozzle exit
center.
Above two definitions of Boundary Layer Variable are in fact identical having
difference in choosing the origin of the coordinate system.
3.5.2 Self preservation variable

It is a common practice to plot velocity against self preserving or similarity
variables. The self preserving independent variable was defined in many
different ways by different authors to express the flow to be self preserving.
Page | 10
To determine self preservation different method can be taken. Most common
methods are-
Moore [23] used η=(y-yw)/ δe as the self preserving variable for expressing
the flow to be self preserving in the developing region.
Hussain and Clark [14] used η=(y-y0.5)/ θ0.1

Schlichting[25], and Azim [3] used η=(y-y0.5)/ x
Tolhnien [29] and Goertler [10] used η=(y-y0.5)
Rajaratnam and Pani [24] used η= (y—y0.95 )/(y0.5 -y0.95).
3.5.3 Mass flux:

The mass flux, q is defined as,
Q y = ymax
q= = 2π ∫ Uydy
ρ y =0
if qe is the mass flux at the exit,

d
y=
qe = 2π ∫ 2
Uydy
y =0
So, the entrainment rate is

q
ER = −1
qe
3.5.4 The Shape Factor:

The shape factor, H is the ratio of displacement thickness to the momentum
thickness. ie
δ
H=
θ
Like Reynolds number the shape factor determines the boundary layer to be
laminar or turbulent. For the flow over a fiat plate, if 1.4 < H< 2.2, the flow
is turbulent and if 2.3 <H<3.5, the flow is laminar.
Page | 11
3.5.5 Shear layer width:
The shear layer width is defined by: b = y0.1- y0.95
where, y0.1 is the y coordinate at U/Uec= 0.1
and y0.95 is the y coordinate at U/Uec= 0.95
3.6 MISCELLANEOUS
3.6.1 Virtual Origin
The origin of the coordinate system of a jet has been taken as the geometric
origin. But practically it is observed by many researchers that the jet seems
to be discharged from either downstream or upstream of the lip of jet
producing component. Thus the virtual origin comes in defining jet
characteristics instead of geometric origin and is classified as:
i) Kinematic Virtual Origin and
ii) Geometric Virtual Origin.
i) Kinematic Virtual Origin: The kinematic virtual origin, Ck is

determined from the decay of the centerline mean velocity, Uc. The
non-dimensional inverse centerline velocity can be expressed by the
following equations
2
 U ec 
 = K c  − C k 
x

 Ue  D 
where Ck is the location of the kinematic virtual origin and Kc is the
rate of decay of the centerline mean velocity.
ii)
ii) The geometric
geometric virtual origin: Cg is determined from the growth of
the jet half-width, Y0.5 or from the growth of local shear layer
momentum thickness, ϑ0.1. The growth for both the cases is defined as
follows:
y 0.5 x 
= K s  − Cg 
d D 
Page | 12
θ 0. 5 x 
= K s  − Cg 
d D 
where Cg is the location of the geometric virtual origin and Ks is the jet
spreading rate.
3.6.2 Dimensionless Number

The dimensionless number associated with the unexcited jet flow is Reynolds
number which is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Reynolds numbers
based on exit momentum thickness and exit diameter are given by
U ecθ e U d
Re θ = Re d = ec
v and v .
3.7 METHOD OF MEASURING TURBULENCE

In the experimental investigations of fluid flow, a great number of methods
are used by many investigators. Most of these methods have been developed
and used for measuring the mean velocities in fluid flows. The main difficulty
in measuring turbulence is caused by the fact that turbulence is a random
three dimensional fluctuating flow. Moreover, high frequencies of fluctuations
occurring in turbulent flows make it very difficult for a measuring instrument
to record all the quantities free of distortion.
In measuring turbulent flows distinction is to be made between measurement

of mean flow and measurement of turbulence. The problems connected with
these two types of measurement are to some extent related to the
requirements for measuring them. For instance a measurement of mean
velocity is more or less affected by the turbulence present in the flow and it
is necessary to know what correction must be made in the reading of
measuring instrument but in measuring the turbulence itself any influence of
the mean velocity that produces an error in the turbulence can not be
tolerated.
Page | 13
Various methods and techniques which are used in turbulence measurement
can be divided into two groups. In the first group, a tracer or other indicator
is used, which is introduced in the flow field to make the flow pattern visible
or observable by a suitable detecting element outside the flow field. Due to
very rapid change with respect to time and space, this method is not enough
for the measurement of turbulence. In second group, a detecting element is
introduced into the flowing fluid and the turbulence is measured by the
change in mechanical, physical or chemical nature that occurs in this
element. Accordingly, the normal pitot tube which is employed so
successfully in measurement of mean flow, is completely ruled out for
measuring turbulence, mainly because of excessive inertia.
Page | 14
4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND MEASUREMENT
PROCESSES
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOW SYSTEM

The entire length of the experimental setup is 5118.1 mm which is a
subsonic pipe flow system of 305 mm each. Special care is taken to the
design of the each component to keep the energy losses in each part to be
minimum. The schematic diagram of different parts of the setup is shown in
the figures (Fig. 4.1, Fig.4.2, Fig. 4.3, Fig. 4.5 & Fig. 4.7). The setup is
constructed with locally available materials in the university workshop. At
first there is a butterfly valve after that fan is placed at upstream to produce
suction of air through the pipe exit of the nozzle, which is our test section.
In-between fan and nozzle there consists silencer, damper, pipe section,
strainer, conical reducer and parabolic wood reducer. This arrangement gives
a more uniform, stable and undisturbed flow.
For getting the exit parts of our experiment as semicircular, it is made by

blocking or half of a 52 mm diameter nozzle including the parabolic reducer
and inside the conical reducer one MS plate is used to make a continuous
flow inside the exit part without causing any interruption.
Detail description of setup:

Experimental setup consists mainly of 5 main components. They are-
4.2.1 Nozzle flow setup
4.2.2 Pitot-static tube
4.2.3 Inclined tube manometer
4.2.4 Coordinate measuring machine
4.2.5 Table with variable angle arrangement
Page | 15
4.2.1 Nozzle flow setup
Components of the nozzle flow setup are
1. Butterfly valve
2. Fan section
3. Silencer
4. Damper
5. Pipe section
6. Strainer
7. Conical reducer
8. Parabolic wood reducer
9. Nozzle
10.Test section
11.Supporting section
1. Butterfly valve:
It is used to control the flow rate through the pipe. Two half circle
steel plates are used as the gate of which the opening and closing is
controlled by lead screw through linkage mechanism.
Page | 16
Fig a1: Inlet of the nozzle flow setup showing fans
2. Fan section:
After the valve section there are five fans which are axial type and
have aerofoil blade. The blades are forwardly curved. For each fan
required length is 355.6 mm.
Motor specification:
specification
Working voltage: 380/440 Power: 0.75 BHP (0.556
bkW)
Frequency: 50cps
Speed: 2800 rpm
3. Silencer:
Silencer
Silencer is attached to the fan section to reduce the noise due to
vibration caused by the fan rotation. The silencer is made of MS sheet
perforated AL sheet and glass wool. Glass wool is inserted into the gap
Page | 17
between the cylinder of MS Sheet and cylinder of perforated sheet. Its
total length is 609.6 mm.
4. Damper:
Damper is made of model paper. It provides vibration isolation of the
section from the fan vibration. So the vibration of the fan cannot affect
to the test section to maintain a steady flow through the overall setup.
Total length of damper used in the setup is 203.2 mm.
S. Pipe section:
This section is made by MS sheet of 18 gages. After bending the sheet
seam welding is performed. All of the pipe work is done in the welding
and sheet metal shop of the university.
Dimension:
1. Diameter : 304.8 mm
2. Length : 1524 mm
6. Strainer:
The purpose of the strainer to make the air free from mainly dust and
other suspended particles which is unwanted in the flow.
Specification:
Diameter: 304.8 mm
Mesh no: 12 mesh nos.2
& 25 mesh no.1
Page | 18
Fig a2: Portion of nozzle flow setup showing conical, parabolic reducer and
the nozzle.
7. Conical reducer:
It used to convert the pressure head to velocity head. Diameter of the
reducer at the upstream side is 304.8 mm and in the down stream is
152.4 mm. At its upstream the strainers are connected to separate the
dust particle
Page | 19
from the final flow through the exit part of the nozzle flow setup.
Inside the reducer MS plate is used to make the final exit part
semicircular and it is done by welding, which is shown in Fig
8. Parabolic reducer:
Its function is similar to the previous one. It used to increase the
velocity further. Diameter of the reducer at the upstream side is 152.4
mm and in the
Page | 20
down stream is 80 mm. Wooden block is used inside the reducer to
make it semicircular and it is done by machining one wooden block at
the machine shop by lathe machine matching with the internal profile
of the reducer.
9. Nozzle:
It is made of wood. Diameter of the nozzle at the upstream side is 80
mm and in the down stream is 52 mm. Its length is 88.9 mm. It is
connected at the last of our setup. To make the exit part semicircular
wooden block is also set inside the nozzle also. Actually a continuous
wooden block is set inside the parabolic reducer and the nozzle.
10. Test section:

This section is the last portion of the setup where air is out from the
nozzle tip and by using pitot-static tube with a traverse mechanism we
take the necessary data to complete the main study of the experiment
11. Supporting
Supporting system:
Page | 21
Proper supporting system is necessary to locate the setup in proper
position and to ensure proper alignment of the ducts, so that a
uniform horizontal flow can be achieved in the test section. It is also
necessary for providing structural rigidity. To support the set up 914.4
mm GI pipe of 25.4 mm diameter is erected on the floor by anchor
bolting.
The different sections of the set up are attached through nuts and
bolts and this system alone does not ensure prevention of leakage of
air from the flow system, especially at the joints. So rubber gaskets
(3.175 mm thickness) are placed between the joints to ensure
prevention of leakage.
Fig a3: Semicircular nozzle
Page | 22
4.2.2 Pitot-static tube
A highly sensitive pitot-static tube is used. Necessary gripping system is
applied upon the pitot-static tube so that the coordinate measuring machine
can hold it firmly. This machining is performed in the university machine
shop.
4.2.3 Inclined tube manometer

An inclined tube manometer is used to read the pressure sensed by the pitot-
static tube. Working fluid of that manometer was water.
4.2.4 Coordinate measuring machine

The pitot-static tube is traversed in the air stream with the help of a
coordinate measuring machine made by Mitutoyo, Japan. It is also called
traversing mechanism. Coordinate measuring device (Type CX652) with
ranges X coordinate 800 mm and Y coordinate 500 mm and Z coordinate 400
mm. The probe traverse is made by the action of wheel through rack and
pinion arrangement in each axis. The alignment of both axes is secured with
the help of plum bob. Highest care is taken to set the sensing probe as
correctly as possible with respect to the flow direction and center line of
nozzle. The base of the Coordinate measuring device is kept parallel to the
center line of the semicircular jet facility with the help of high precision level.
The alignment of Coordinate measuring device is necessary to ensure correct
axial and cross
Page | 23
Fig a4: Table with variable angle arrangement
4.2.5 Table with variable angle arrangement

A table is made to make the wall jet. The top of the table was made by 3’ x
1.5’ plywood. There are three legs of the table. First two legs nearest to the
nozzle are fixed and the last leg is telescopic type and the length of the last
leg can be varied. Legs are made of GI pipe having 0.5”, 0.75” and 1”
diameter. Machining of the legs are done in machine shop, welding and
carpentry works are performed in the welding shop and carpentry shop of the
university respectively.
Page | 24
Fig a5: Complete setup with parallel wall at the base of the nozzle.
4.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

In this experiment semicircular jet is formed by passing air from a
semicircular nozzle. Here air velocities are measured at different y/d for
several axial positions. in the measurements 2.5 mmD pilot-static tube of
United Sensor Corp. (USA) is used as the sensing probe and inclined tube
manometer is used to record the pressure.
In this position the corresponding readings of x, y & z of the traversing

mechanism indicates the position of the origin of the present experimental
setup. During the experiment the position of the probe is set with respect to
the readings at the origin of the nozzle. For semicircular nozzle the center of
the nozzle is marked on the flat surface of the nozzle and the probe tip is
aligned with the mark to locate the reading on the traversing mechanism.
Page | 25
Before taking the reading, probe setting had been checked. The Pitot-static
tube must be in the center of the nozzle. Then a reference point was fixed in
the x direction and y direction.
Now using a pilot static tube and inclined tube manometer pressure: reading
has been taken at different "Y" position with the help of the traversing
mechanism at different "X/D" locations. All these readings of circular nozzle
are taken at the velocity of 20 m/s. For precise measurement in the sensitive
zone of upper direction from the center of the knob of the traversing
mechanism for Y-axis is divided into 20 divisions where one division is
0.1mm.
The different axial locations of measurements are
X/D = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 , 1.5 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , 7, 10,15.
4.4 COORDINATE
COORDINATE SYSTEM
The location of the center of the nozzle at the exit is chosen as the origin.
The center line of the I nozzle in the direction of the flow is taken as the
positive X axis, the direction pointing upwards as the positive Y axis and the
axis pointing outward as the positive Z axis as shown in the fig .
4.5 PROBE SETTING

Before taking reading, probe is mounted in the z-axis of Coordinate
measuring machine with the help of mounting rod and probe holder made for
the purpose. Verticality of the probe is then carefully ensured with the help of
plumb bob. In order to place the tip of the sending probe at the center of the
circular nozzle a wooden plug with a hole at the center as in figure is made
which can be fitted in the nozzle. With the plug on the probe is aligned with
its hole. To verify the reliability of the present experimental setup and the
Page | 26
measurements are taken for circular jet and compared with the published
data.
Page | 27
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 GENERAL
The main objective behind carrying the experiment on circular jet flew is to
familiarize with the flow structures of the nozzle flow facilities and study both
the deviations and similarities of some nozzle flow measurements of previous
researchers.
In the near field of a free jet mean flow properties are experimentally
investigated in this research work. A circular convergent nozzle is used to
produce free jet. By analyzing the physical behavior of different curves at
different streamwise positions the nature of development of the flow field and
its properties are attempted to ascertain.
After carryings out the preliminary study on circular jet, the circular nuzzle is
converted into a semicircular nozzle by fixing a semicircular wooden block
followed by a curved mild steel plate just after the strainer (discussed in
section 4.2) to guide the flow without creating any vortex and keeping the
turbulence level of the flow field to its minimum. Measurements are then
carried out on semicircular nozzle at four different Reynolds number and the
findings are discussed.
5.2 SEMICIRCULAR FREE JET

The experimental investigations are performed five different fan speeds
resulting five different fan speeds and Reynolds numbers.
Mean flow velocity (m/s) Reynolds number

19.35 3.91E+04
23.09 4.66E+04
Page | 28
26.64 5.38E+04
34.6 6.99E+04
31.8 6.42E+04
The velocity profiles for all 5 Reynolds numbers are plotted. The velocity
profiles of all five Reynolds numbers are almost similar pattern. The velocity
profiles up to X/D=1 shows the plug flow condition. After that they start to
spread. The spreading rate of the velocity profiles is more towards the
diametral wall. The different spreading rate makes the velocity profiles
asymmetric in nature. As the flow move downwards the degree of
asymmetry decreases and the velocity profiles approach to attain the
symmetrical flow condition due to intense interaction and readjustment of
shear and different rate of dissipation.
5.3 Semicircular wall jet

The average mean velocity of the semicircular wall jet was 39.81 m/s. The
corresponding Reynolds number was 8.04E4. The scenario of the wall jet is
different from that of free jet. Velocity profiles are drawn for the Y/D=0,
varying X/D= 0 to 10 for different Z/D. Unlike free jet, in this case the
velocity profiles are not vertically symmetric. With the increase of X/D the
profiles become more stable. In this case the flow is called fully developed
flow.
Page | 29
6. CALCULATION
6.1 Lab condition and primary data

Temperature of the laboratory = 27 ˚C
Density of air at lab condition = 1.1774 kg/m3
Density of Kerosene (manometric fluid) = 790 kg/m3
Density of water (manometric fluid) = 996.09 kg/m3
6.2 Determining Hydraulic diameter
Dh =
Putting D = 52 mm
Dh= 31.77 mm
6.3 Calculating air column deflection from water column

deflection
Ha = ρw * Hw / ρw
= 790*0.0081/1.1774 [All sample calculations are
done for the First row reading of
Table 1.1]
= 5.45 m of Air
6.3 Flow velocity
V =
=
=10.34 m/s
Page | 30
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 CONCLUSION
Experimental investigations are performed to show the flow properties of
axisymmetric jets from the measurements and subsequent analysis of the
data and curves the following conclusion can be drawn
1. Centerline velocity is always maximum

2. As the distance increase from the nozzle the centerline velocity
decreases
3. Isotach lines are symmetric to the X-axis
4. In self preservation velocity profile the lines are almost similar for
different velocity which states the experiment is correct.
5. After certain distance the flow becomes fully developed. At this
time flow is stable and and symmetric. At the fixed Reynolds
number the exit boundary layer profile for nozzles is turbulent.
6. Potential core is found to extend upto X/D = 3.0 from the nozzle
exit where center line velocity remains nearly constant.
7. Beyond the potential core, the centerline velocity starts to decay
at decreasing rate.
8. After the potential core the velocity profile in the radial distance
falls sharply.
7.2 RECOMMENDATION
The present study of the axisymmetric circular jet can be extended in a
diversified way in future. Following suggestion may be made for the
continuation of the research in this field:
a) Computerized data acquisition technique can be applied.
Page | 31
b) Some measurements can be taken in the transition and developed
zone.
c) Nozzle should be completely free of vibration.
d) Yaw meter can be used to measure the flow more precisely.
e) Hot air or Laser can be used to determine the turbulence.
f) Same measurement can be taken with different end effect.
g) Same measurement can be extended in the axial direction to have
total focus in the transition and developed zone of the just performed
nozzle studies.
h) Computerized data acquisition technique for statistical calculations
could be employed.
i) Measurement of turbulent intensity which is very conducive for flow
characteristics.
Page | 32
Table 1:
for free jet and Reynolds number 3.91*104
Table1: Data for fan1 and X/D=0
Manometri
Y, c height, H
(mm (in of H, (m of H, (m of Flow velocity,
) water) water) Air) v (m/s) Y/D v/ v v / v max
0 0.32 0.0081 5.45 10.34 0.00 0.62 0.53
0.5 0.6 0.0152 10.23 14.16 0.02 0.85 0.73
1 0.76 0.0193 12.95 15.94 0.03 0.96 0.82
1.5 0.88 0.0224 15.00 17.15 0.05 1.03 0.89
2 0.96 0.0244 16.36 17.92 0.06 1.07 0.93
2.5 1 0.0254 17.04 18.29 0.08 1.10 0.94
3 1 0.0254 17.04 18.29 0.09 1.10 0.94
3.5 1.01 0.0257 17.21 18.38 0.11 1.10 0.95
4 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.13 1.11 0.95
5 1.04 0.0264 17.72 18.65 0.16 1.12 0.96
6 1.06 0.0269 18.07 18.83 0.19 1.13 0.97
7 1.06 0.0269 18.07 18.83 0.22 1.13 0.97
8 1.08 0.0274 18.41 19.00 0.25 1.14 0.98
9 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.28 1.15 0.99
10 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.31 1.15 0.99
11 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.35 1.15 0.99
12 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.38 1.16 1.00
13 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.41 1.16 1.00
14 1.11 0.0282 18.92 19.27 0.44 1.16 1.00
15 1.11 0.0282 18.92 19.27 0.47 1.16 1.00
16 1.11 0.0282 18.92 19.27 0.50 1.16 1.00
17 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.54 1.15 0.99
18 1.09 0.0277 18.58 19.09 0.57 1.14 0.99
19 1.07 0.0272 18.24 18.92 0.60 1.13 0.98
20 1.06 0.0269 18.07 18.83 0.63 1.13 0.97
21 1.04 0.0264 17.72 18.65 0.66 1.12 0.96
22 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.69 1.11 0.95
23 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.72 1.11 0.95
24 0.6 0.0152 10.23 14.16 0.76 0.85 0.73
25 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 0.79 0.31 0.27
26 0.06 0.0015 1.02 4.48 0.82 0.27 0.23
27 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00
Page | 33
Table 1.1: Data for fan1 and X/D=0.25
Manometr
ic height, H, (m Flow
Y, H (in of of H, (m velocity,
(mm) water) water) of Air) v (m/s) Y/D v/ v v / v max
-1.4 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.00
-1.2 0.025 0.0006 0.43 2.89 -0.04 0.17 0.14
-1 0.03 0.0008 0.51 3.17 -0.03 0.19 0.16
-0.9 0.04 0.001 0.68 3.66 -0.03 0.22 0.18
-.75 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 -0.02 0.31 0.26
-0.5 0.14 0.0036 2.39 6.84 -0.02 0.41 0.34
-0.25 0.26 0.0066 4.43 9.32 -0.01 0.56 0.47
0 0.4 0.0102 6.82 11.57 0.00 0.69 0.58
1 0.82 0.0208 13.97 16.56 0.03 0.99 0.83
2 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.06 1.11 0.92
3 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.09 1.15 0.96
4 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.13 1.16 0.97
5 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.16 1.16 0.97
6 1.13 0.0287 19.26 19.44 0.19 1.17 0.97
7 1.15 0.0292 19.60 19.61 0.22 1.18 0.98
8 1.16 0.0295 19.77 19.69 0.25 1.18 0.98
9 1.17 0.0297 19.94 19.78 0.28 1.19 0.99
10 1.18 0.03 20.11 19.86 0.31 1.19 0.99
11 1.2 0.0305 20.45 20.03 0.35 1.20 1.00
12 1.2 0.0305 20.45 20.03 0.38 1.20 1.00
13 1.2 0.0305 20.45 20.03 0.41 1.20 1.00
14 1.19 0.0302 20.28 19.95 0.44 1.20 1.00
15 1.19 0.0302 20.28 19.95 0.47 1.20 1.00
16 1.18 0.03 20.11 19.86 0.50 1.19 0.99
17 1.16 0.0295 19.77 19.69 0.54 1.18 0.98
18 1.16 0.0295 19.77 19.69 0.57 1.18 0.98
19 1.14 0.029 19.43 19.52 0.60 1.17 0.97
20 1.14 0.029 19.43 19.52 0.63 1.17 0.97
21 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.66 1.16 0.97
22 1.12 0.0284 19.09 19.35 0.69 1.16 0.97
23 1.1 0.0279 18.75 19.18 0.72 1.15 0.96
24 1.09 0.0277 18.58 19.09 0.76 1.14 0.95
25 0.17 0.0043 2.90 7.54 0.79 0.45 0.38
26 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 0.82 0.31 0.26
27 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00
Page | 34
Manometric
height, H H, (m Flow
Y, (in of of H, (m velocity,
-22 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.69 0.00 0.00
-21 0.02 0.0005 0.34 2.59 -0.66 0.16 0.14
-20 0.02 0.0005 0.34 2.59 -0.63 0.16 0.14
-19 0.03 0.0008 0.51 3.17 -0.60 0.19 0.17
-18 0.04 0.001 0.68 3.66 -0.57 0.22 0.20
-17 0.04 0.001 0.68 3.66 -0.54 0.22 0.20
-16 0.05 0.0013 0.85 4.09 -0.50 0.25 0.22
-15 0.06 0.0015 1.02 4.48 -0.47 0.27 0.24
-14 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 -0.44 0.31 0.28
-13 0.1 0.0025 1.70 5.78 -0.41 0.35 0.31
-12 0.12 0.003 2.05 6.33 -0.38 0.38 0.34
-11 0.14 0.0036 2.39 6.84 -0.35 0.41 0.37
-10 0.18 0.0046 3.07 7.76 -0.31 0.47 0.42
-9 0.2 0.0051 3.41 8.18 -0.28 0.49 0.44
-8 0.24 0.0061 4.09 8.96 -0.25 0.54 0.49
-7 0.27 0.0069 4.60 9.50 -0.22 0.57 0.51
-6 0.31 0.0079 5.28 10.18 -0.19 0.61 0.55
-5 0.36 0.0091 6.14 10.97 -0.16 0.66 0.59
-4 0.4 0.0102 6.82 11.57 -0.13 0.69 0.63
-3 0.44 0.0112 7.50 12.13 -0.09 0.73 0.66
-2 0.5 0.0127 8.52 12.93 -0.06 0.78 0.70
-1 0.54 0.0137 9.20 13.44 -0.03 0.81 0.73
0 0.6 0.0152 10.23 14.16 0.00 0.85 0.77
2 0.72 0.0183 12.27 15.52 0.06 0.93 0.84
4 0.81 0.0206 13.80 16.46 0.13 0.99 0.89
6 0.88 0.0224 15.00 17.15 0.19 1.03 0.93
8 0.94 0.0239 16.02 17.73 0.25 1.06 0.96
10 0.96 0.0244 16.36 17.92 0.31 1.07 0.97
12 1 0.0254 17.04 18.29 0.38 1.10 0.99
14 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.44 1.11 1.00
16 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.50 1.11 1.00
18 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.57 1.11 1.00
20 1.02 0.0259 17.38 18.47 0.63 1.11 1.00
22 0.93 0.0236 15.85 17.63 0.69 1.06 0.95
23 0.88 0.0224 15.00 17.15 0.72 1.03 0.93
24 0.84 0.0213 14.32 16.76 0.76 1.00 0.91
25 0.76 0.0193 12.95 15.94 0.79 0.96 0.86
26 0.7 0.0178 11.93 15.30 0.82 0.92 0.83
27 0.62 0.0157 10.57 14.40 0.85 0.86 0.78
28 0.58 0.0147 9.88 13.93 0.88 0.84 0.75
29 0.46 0.0117 7.84 12.40 0.91 0.74 0.67
Page | 35
30 0.4 0.0102 6.82 11.57 0.94 0.69 0.63
31 0.32 0.0081 5.45 10.34 0.98 0.62 0.56
32 0.3 0.0076 5.11 10.02 1.01 0.60 0.54
33 0.24 0.0061 4.09 8.96 1.04 0.54 0.49
34 0.18 0.0046 3.07 7.76 1.07 0.47 0.42
35 0.14 0.0036 2.39 6.84 1.10 0.41 0.37
36 0.12 0.003 2.05 6.33 1.13 0.38 0.34
37 0.1 0.0025 1.70 5.78 1.16 0.35 0.31
38 0.06 0.0015 1.02 4.48 1.20 0.27 0.24
39 0.04 0.001 0.68 3.66 1.23 0.22 0.20
40 0.035 0.0009 0.60 3.42 1.26 0.21 0.19
41 0.02 0.0005 0.34 2.59 1.29 0.16 0.14
42 0.01 0.0003 0.17 1.83 1.32 0.11 0.10
43 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
Y, (in of H, (m of H, (m velocity,
-8 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.25 0.00 0.00
-6.5 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -0.20 0.16 0.13
-6 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -0.19 0.16 0.13
-5.5 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -0.17 0.16 0.13
-5 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 -0.16 0.19 0.16
-4.5 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -0.14 0.22 0.18
-4 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -0.13 0.27 0.23
-3.5 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 -0.11 0.31 0.26
-3 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 -0.09 0.38 0.32
-2.5 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 -0.08 0.44 0.37
-2 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 -0.06 0.49 0.41
-1.5 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 -0.05 0.56 0.47
-1 0.32 0.008128 5.45 10.34 -0.03 0.62 0.52
-0.5 0.4 0.01016 6.82 11.57 -0.02 0.69 0.58
-.25 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 -0.01 0.71 0.60
0 0.6 0.01524 10.23 14.16 0.00 0.85 0.71
0.5 0.55 0.01397 9.37 13.56 0.02 0.81 0.68
1 0.63 0.016002 10.74 14.51 0.03 0.87 0.73
1.5 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.05 0.93 0.78
2 0.8 0.02032 13.63 16.36 0.06 0.98 0.82
2.5 0.88 0.022352 15.00 17.15 0.08 1.03 0.86
3 0.96 0.024384 16.36 17.92 0.09 1.07 0.90
3.5 1 0.0254 17.04 18.29 0.11 1.10 0.92
4 1.02 0.025908 17.38 18.47 0.13 1.11 0.93
4.5 1.06 0.026924 18.07 18.83 0.14 1.13 0.95
5 1.08 0.027432 18.41 19.00 0.16 1.14 0.96
6 1.1 0.02794 18.75 19.18 0.19 1.15 0.97
Page | 36
7 1.13 0.028702 19.26 19.44 0.22 1.17 0.98
8 1.14 0.028956 19.43 19.52 0.25 1.17 0.98
10 1.15 0.02921 19.60 19.61 0.31 1.18 0.99
12 1.18 0.029972 20.11 19.86 0.38 1.19 1.00
14 1.18 0.029972 20.11 19.86 0.44 1.19 1.00
18 1.14 0.028956 19.43 19.52 0.57 1.17 0.98
22 1.06 0.026924 18.07 18.83 0.69 1.13 0.95
23 0.95 0.02413 16.19 17.82 0.72 1.07 0.90
24 0.76 0.019304 12.95 15.94 0.76 0.96 0.80
25 0.54 0.013716 9.20 13.44 0.79 0.81 0.68
25.5 0.41 0.010414 6.99 11.71 0.80 0.70 0.59
26 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 0.82 0.56 0.47
26.5 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 0.83 0.51 0.43
27 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 0.85 0.44 0.37
27.5 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 0.87 0.35 0.29
28 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 0.88 0.25 0.21
28.5 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 0.90 0.22 0.18
29 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 0.91 0.19 0.16
29.5 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 0.93 0.11 0.09
30 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H (in H, (m of Flow velocity,
Y, (mm) of water) H, (m of water) Air) v (m/s) Y/D v/ v v / v max
-12 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.38 0.00 0.00
-11 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -0.35 0.11 0.09
-10 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 -0.31 0.19 0.16
-9 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -0.28 0.22 0.18
-8 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 -0.25 0.25 0.21
-7 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 -0.22 0.31 0.26
-6 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.19 0.35 0.29
-5 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 -0.16 0.41 0.35
-4.5 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 -0.14 0.44 0.37
-4 0.18 0.004572 3.07 7.76 -0.13 0.47 0.39
-3.5 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 -0.11 0.51 0.43
-3 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 -0.09 0.56 0.47
-2.5 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 -0.08 0.58 0.49
-2 0.31 0.007874 5.28 10.18 -0.06 0.61 0.51
-1.5 0.38 0.009652 6.48 11.27 -0.05 0.68 0.57
-1 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 -0.03 0.71 0.60
-0.5 0.48 0.012192 8.18 12.67 -0.02 0.76 0.64
0 0.52 0.013208 8.86 13.19 0.00 0.79 0.67
0.5 0.56 0.014224 9.54 13.68 0.02 0.82 0.69
Page | 37
1 0.6 0.01524 10.23 14.16 0.03 0.85 0.72
1.5 0.68 0.017272 11.59 15.08 0.05 0.90 0.76
2 0.74 0.018796 12.61 15.73 0.06 0.94 0.80
3 0.84 0.021336 14.32 16.76 0.09 1.00 0.85
4 0.92 0.023368 15.68 17.54 0.13 1.05 0.89
5 1 0.0254 17.04 18.29 0.16 1.10 0.92
6 1.06 0.026924 18.07 18.83 0.19 1.13 0.95
7 1.09 0.027686 18.58 19.09 0.22 1.14 0.97
8 1.12 0.028448 19.09 19.35 0.25 1.16 0.98
9 1.15 0.02921 19.60 19.61 0.28 1.18 0.99
10 1.16 0.029464 19.77 19.69 0.31 1.18 1.00
12 1.17 0.029718 19.94 19.78 0.38 1.19 1.00
16 1.16 0.029464 19.77 19.69 0.50 1.18 1.00
18 1.14 0.028956 19.43 19.52 0.57 1.17 0.99
19 1.12 0.028448 19.09 19.35 0.60 1.16 0.98
20 1.1 0.02794 18.75 19.18 0.63 1.15 0.97
21 1.06 0.026924 18.07 18.83 0.66 1.13 0.95
22 1.03 0.026162 17.55 18.56 0.69 1.11 0.94
23 0.88 0.022352 15.00 17.15 0.72 1.03 0.87
24 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.76 0.93 0.78
25 0.56 0.014224 9.54 13.68 0.79 0.82 0.69
26 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 0.82 0.71 0.60
27 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.85 0.58 0.49
28 0.17 0.004318 2.90 7.54 0.88 0.45 0.38
29 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 0.91 0.38 0.32
30 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 0.94 0.27 0.23
31 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 0.98 0.16 0.13
32 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 1.01 0.11 0.09
33 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H H, (m Flow
Y, (in of of H, (m velocity,
-13.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 -0.41 0.00 0.00
-12.0 0.01 0.000 0.17 1.83 -0.38 0.11 0.10
-11.0 0.02 0.001 0.34 2.59 -0.35 0.16 0.14
-10.0 0.03 0.001 0.43 2.89 -0.31 0.17 0.16
-9.00 0.03 0.001 0.51 3.17 -0.28 0.19 0.17
-8.00 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 -0.25 0.31 0.28
Page | 38
-7.00 0.10 0.003 1.70 5.78 -0.22 0.35 0.31
-6.00 0.14 0.004 2.39 6.84 -0.19 0.41 0.37
-5.00 0.18 0.005 3.07 7.76 -0.16 0.47 0.42
-4.00 0.24 0.006 4.09 8.96 -0.13 0.54 0.49
-3.50 0.26 0.007 4.43 9.32 -0.11 0.56 0.50
-3.00 0.31 0.008 5.28 10.18 -0.09 0.61 0.55
-2.50 0.32 0.008 5.45 10.34 -0.08 0.62 0.56
-2.00 0.38 0.010 6.48 11.27 -0.06 0.68 0.61
-1.50 0.41 0.010 6.99 11.71 -0.05 0.70 0.63
-1.00 0.44 0.011 7.50 12.13 -0.03 0.73 0.66
0.00 0.48 0.012 8.18 12.67 0.00 0.76 0.69
0.50 0.50 0.013 8.52 12.93 0.02 0.78 0.70
1.00 0.54 0.014 9.20 13.44 0.03 0.81 0.73
1.50 0.58 0.015 9.88 13.93 0.05 0.84 0.75
2.00 0.62 0.016 10.57 14.40 0.06 0.86 0.78
2.50 0.66 0.017 11.25 14.86 0.08 0.89 0.80
3.00 0.70 0.018 11.93 15.30 0.09 0.92 0.83
3.50 0.72 0.018 12.27 15.52 0.11 0.93 0.84
4.00 0.76 0.019 12.95 15.94 0.13 0.96 0.86
4.50 0.78 0.020 13.29 16.15 0.14 0.97 0.87
5.00 0.80 0.020 13.63 16.36 0.16 0.98 0.89
5.50 0.84 0.021 14.32 16.76 0.17 1.00 0.91
6.00 0.86 0.022 14.66 16.96 0.19 1.02 0.92
6.50 0.88 0.022 15.00 17.15 0.20 1.03 0.93
7.00 0.90 0.023 15.34 17.35 0.22 1.04 0.94
8.00 0.94 0.024 16.02 17.73 0.25 1.06 0.96
9.00 0.98 0.025 16.70 18.10 0.28 1.09 0.98
10.00 1.00 0.025 17.04 18.29 0.31 1.10 0.99
12.00 1.02 0.026 17.38 18.47 0.38 1.11 1.00
14.00 1.02 0.026 17.38 18.47 0.44 1.11 1.00
16.00 1.02 0.026 17.38 18.47 0.50 1.11 1.00
18.00 1.00 0.025 17.04 18.29 0.57 1.10 0.99
19.00 0.98 0.025 16.70 18.10 0.60 1.09 0.98
20.00 0.96 0.024 16.36 17.92 0.63 1.07 0.97
21.00 0.92 0.023 15.68 17.54 0.66 1.05 0.95
22.00 0.88 0.022 15.00 17.15 0.69 1.03 0.93
23.00 0.78 0.020 13.29 16.15 0.72 0.97 0.87
23.50 0.74 0.019 12.61 15.73 0.74 0.94 0.85
24.00 0.70 0.018 11.93 15.30 0.76 0.92 0.83
24.50 0.68 0.017 11.59 15.08 0.77 0.90 0.82
25.00 0.56 0.014 9.54 13.68 0.79 0.82 0.74
25.50 0.50 0.013 8.52 12.93 0.80 0.78 0.70
26.00 0.46 0.012 7.84 12.40 0.82 0.74 0.67
26.50 0.40 0.010 6.82 11.57 0.83 0.69 0.63
27.00 0.36 0.009 6.14 10.97 0.85 0.66 0.59
27.50 0.30 0.008 5.11 10.02 0.87 0.60 0.54
28.00 0.26 0.007 4.43 9.32 0.88 0.56 0.50
29.00 0.20 0.005 3.41 8.18 0.91 0.49 0.44
Page | 39
30.00 0.14 0.004 2.39 6.84 0.94 0.41 0.37
31.00 0.10 0.003 1.70 5.78 0.98 0.35 0.31
32.00 0.08 0.002 1.36 5.17 1.01 0.31 0.28
33.00 0.04 0.001 0.68 3.66 1.04 0.22 0.20
34.00 0.02 0.001 0.34 2.59 1.07 0.16 0.14
35.00 0.02 0.001 0.34 2.59 1.10 0.16 0.14
36.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
-15 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.47 0.00 0.00
-14 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -0.44 0.11 0.10
-13 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 -0.41 0.19 0.18
-12 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -0.38 0.22 0.21
-11 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -0.35 0.27 0.25
-10 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 -0.31 0.31 0.29
-9 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.28 0.35 0.33
-8 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 -0.25 0.38 0.36
-7 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 -0.22 0.40 0.37
-6 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 -0.19 0.49 0.46
-5 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 -0.16 0.51 0.48
-4 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 -0.13 0.56 0.53
-3 0.33 0.008382 5.62 10.50 -0.09 0.63 0.59
-2 0.35 0.00889 5.96 10.82 -0.06 0.65 0.61
-1.5 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 -0.05 0.71 0.67
-1 0.44 0.011176 7.50 12.13 -0.03 0.73 0.68
-0.5 0.46 0.011684 7.84 12.40 -0.02 0.74 0.70
0 0.48 0.012192 8.18 12.67 0.00 0.76 0.71
0.5 0.5 0.0127 8.52 12.93 0.02 0.78 0.73
1 0.54 0.013716 9.20 13.44 0.03 0.81 0.76
1.5 0.58 0.014732 9.88 13.93 0.05 0.84 0.79
2 0.63 0.016002 10.74 14.51 0.06 0.87 0.82
3 0.68 0.017272 11.59 15.08 0.09 0.90 0.85
4 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.13 0.93 0.88
5 0.8 0.02032 13.63 16.36 0.16 0.98 0.92
6 0.8 0.02032 13.63 16.36 0.19 0.98 0.92
8 0.82 0.020828 13.97 16.56 0.25 0.99 0.93
10 0.9 0.02286 15.34 17.35 0.31 1.04 0.98
12 0.91 0.023114 15.51 17.44 0.38 1.05 0.98
14 0.93 0.023622 15.85 17.63 0.44 1.06 0.99
16 0.94 0.023876 16.02 17.73 0.50 1.06 1.00
18 0.94 0.023876 16.02 17.73 0.57 1.06 1.00
Page | 40
20 0.88 0.022352 15.00 17.15 0.63 1.03 0.97
21 0.86 0.021844 14.66 16.96 0.66 1.02 0.96
22 0.8 0.02032 13.63 16.36 0.69 0.98 0.92
23 0.74 0.018796 12.61 15.73 0.72 0.94 0.89
24 0.7 0.01778 11.93 15.30 0.76 0.92 0.86
25 0.55 0.01397 9.37 13.56 0.79 0.81 0.76
26 0.5 0.0127 8.52 12.93 0.82 0.78 0.73
27 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 0.85 0.71 0.67
28 0.35 0.00889 5.96 10.82 0.88 0.65 0.61
29 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.91 0.58 0.55
30 0.24 0.006096 4.09 8.96 0.94 0.54 0.51
31 0.18 0.004572 3.07 7.76 0.98 0.47 0.44
32 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 1.01 0.40 0.37
33 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.04 0.35 0.33
34 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 1.07 0.31 0.29
35 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 1.10 0.27 0.25
36 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 1.13 0.16 0.15
37 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 1.16 0.11 0.10
38 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
-27 0 0 0.00 0.00 -0.85 0.00 0.00
-26 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -0.82 0.11 0.12
-24 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -0.76 0.16 0.17
-22 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -0.69 0.22 0.24
-20 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 -0.63 0.25 0.26
-18 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 -0.57 0.29 0.31
-17 0.09 0.002286 1.53 5.49 -0.54 0.33 0.35
-15 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.47 0.35 0.37
-12 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 -0.38 0.38 0.41
-10 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 -0.31 0.51 0.55
-8 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 -0.25 0.56 0.60
-7 0.3 0.00762 5.11 10.02 -0.22 0.60 0.65
-6 0.32 0.008128 5.45 10.34 -0.19 0.62 0.67
-5 0.34 0.008636 5.79 10.66 -0.16 0.64 0.69
-4 0.38 0.009652 6.48 11.27 -0.13 0.68 0.73
-3 0.42 0.010668 7.16 11.85 -0.09 0.71 0.76
-2 0.44 0.011176 7.50 12.13 -0.06 0.73 0.78
-1 0.48 0.012192 8.18 12.67 -0.03 0.76 0.82
0 0.48 0.012192 8.18 12.67 0.00 0.76 0.82
Page | 41
2 0.52 0.013208 8.86 13.19 0.06 0.79 0.85
4 0.58 0.014732 9.88 13.93 0.13 0.84 0.90
6 0.62 0.015748 10.57 14.40 0.19 0.86 0.93
8 0.67 0.017018 11.42 14.97 0.25 0.90 0.96
10 0.7 0.01778 11.93 15.30 0.31 0.92 0.99
12 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.38 0.93 1.00
14 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.44 0.93 1.00
17 0.72 0.018288 12.27 15.52 0.54 0.93 1.00
20 0.7 0.01778 11.93 15.30 0.63 0.92 0.99
23 0.64 0.016256 10.91 14.63 0.72 0.88 0.94
25 0.63 0.016002 10.74 14.51 0.79 0.87 0.94
27 0.54 0.013716 9.20 13.44 0.85 0.81 0.87
28 0.54 0.013716 9.20 13.44 0.88 0.81 0.87
29 0.48 0.012192 8.18 12.67 0.91 0.76 0.82
30 0.44 0.011176 7.50 12.13 0.94 0.73 0.78
31 0.4 0.01016 6.82 11.57 0.98 0.69 0.75
32 0.37 0.009398 6.31 11.12 1.01 0.67 0.72
33 0.32 0.008128 5.45 10.34 1.04 0.62 0.67
34 0.3 0.00762 5.11 10.02 1.07 0.60 0.65
35 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 1.10 0.56 0.60
36 0.24 0.006096 4.09 8.96 1.13 0.54 0.58
38 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 1.20 0.44 0.47
39 0.15 0.00381 2.56 7.08 1.23 0.42 0.46
41 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.29 0.35 0.37
43 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 1.35 0.27 0.29
44 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 1.38 0.25 0.26
45 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 1.42 0.16 0.17
46 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 1.45 0.11 0.12
48 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 1.51 0.11 0.12
50 0.005 0.000127 0.09 1.29 1.57 0.08 0.08
52 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
-32 0 0 0.00 0.00 -1.01 0.00 0.00
-30 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -0.94 0.11 0.15
-28 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -0.88 0.16 0.21
-26 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -0.82 0.22 0.29
-24 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 -0.76 0.25 0.33
-22 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -0.69 0.27 0.36
-20 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 -0.63 0.31 0.42
-18 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.57 0.35 0.47
Page | 42
-16 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 -0.50 0.38 0.51
-14 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 -0.44 0.41 0.55
-12 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 -0.38 0.44 0.59
-10 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 -0.31 0.49 0.66
-8 0.23 0.005842 3.92 8.77 -0.25 0.53 0.71
-6 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 -0.19 0.58 0.78
-4 0.3 0.00762 5.11 10.02 -0.13 0.60 0.81
-2 0.34 0.008636 5.79 10.66 -0.06 0.64 0.86
0 0.36 0.009144 6.14 10.97 0.00 0.66 0.88
2 0.37 0.009398 6.31 11.12 0.06 0.67 0.90
4 0.4 0.01016 6.82 11.57 0.13 0.69 0.93
7 0.44 0.011176 7.50 12.13 0.22 0.73 0.98
10 0.44 0.011176 7.50 12.13 0.31 0.73 0.98
14 0.46 0.011684 7.84 12.40 0.44 0.74 1.00
17 0.46 0.011684 7.84 12.40 0.54 0.74 1.00
20 0.46 0.011684 7.84 12.40 0.63 0.74 1.00
24 0.4 0.01016 6.82 11.57 0.76 0.69 0.93
27 0.36 0.009144 6.14 10.97 0.85 0.66 0.88
29 0.32 0.008128 5.45 10.34 0.91 0.62 0.83
32 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 1.01 0.58 0.78
35 0.25 0.00635 4.26 9.14 1.10 0.55 0.74
37 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 1.16 0.51 0.69
39 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 1.23 0.49 0.66
41 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 1.29 0.41 0.55
43 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 1.35 0.41 0.55
45 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.42 0.35 0.47
47 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 1.48 0.31 0.42
50 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 1.57 0.25 0.33
52 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 1.64 0.19 0.26
54 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 1.70 0.16 0.21
56 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 1.76 0.16 0.21
58 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 1.83 0.11 0.15
60 0 0 0.00 0.00 1.89 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
-42 0 0 0.00 0.00 -1.32 0.00 0.00
-40 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -1.26 0.11 0.19
-38 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -1.20 0.16 0.26
-36 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 -1.13 0.19 0.32
-34 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -1.07 0.22 0.37
-32 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 -1.01 0.25 0.42
-30 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -0.94 0.27 0.45
-28 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 -0.88 0.29 0.49
Page | 43
-26 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 -0.82 0.29 0.49
-24 0.09 0.002286 1.53 5.49 -0.76 0.33 0.56
-22 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.69 0.35 0.59
-20 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 -0.63 0.38 0.64
-18 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 -0.57 0.40 0.67
-16 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 -0.50 0.41 0.69
-14 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 -0.44 0.44 0.74
-12 0.19 0.004826 3.24 7.97 -0.38 0.48 0.81
-10 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 -0.31 0.49 0.83
-8 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 -0.25 0.49 0.83
-6 0.21 0.005334 3.58 8.38 -0.19 0.50 0.85
-4 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 -0.13 0.51 0.87
-2 0.24 0.006096 4.09 8.96 -0.06 0.54 0.91
0 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 0.00 0.56 0.95
2 0.27 0.006858 4.60 9.50 0.06 0.57 0.96
4 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.13 0.58 0.98
6 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.19 0.58 0.98
8 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.25 0.58 0.98
10 0.29 0.007366 4.94 9.85 0.31 0.59 1.00
12 0.29 0.007366 4.94 9.85 0.38 0.59 1.00
14 0.29 0.007366 4.94 9.85 0.44 0.59 1.00
16 0.29 0.007366 4.94 9.85 0.50 0.59 1.00
18 0.28 0.007112 4.77 9.68 0.57 0.58 0.98
20 0.27 0.006858 4.60 9.50 0.63 0.57 0.96
22 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 0.69 0.56 0.95
24 0.26 0.006604 4.43 9.32 0.76 0.56 0.95
28 0.24 0.006096 4.09 8.96 0.88 0.54 0.91
30 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 0.94 0.51 0.87
32 0.22 0.005588 3.75 8.58 1.01 0.51 0.87
34 0.2 0.00508 3.41 8.18 1.07 0.49 0.83
36 0.18 0.004572 3.07 7.76 1.13 0.47 0.79
38 0.17 0.004318 2.90 7.54 1.20 0.45 0.77
40 0.16 0.004064 2.73 7.31 1.26 0.44 0.74
42 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 1.32 0.41 0.69
44 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 1.38 0.40 0.67
46 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 1.45 0.38 0.64
48 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.51 0.35 0.59
50 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.57 0.35 0.59
52 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 1.64 0.31 0.53
54 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 1.70 0.29 0.49
56 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 1.76 0.27 0.45
58 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 1.83 0.25 0.42
60 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 1.89 0.22 0.37
62 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 1.95 0.22 0.37
64 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 2.01 0.19 0.32
66 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 2.08 0.19 0.32
68 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 2.14 0.16 0.26
70 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 2.20 0.16 0.26
Page | 44
72 0 0 0.00 0.00 2.27 0.00 0.00
Manometric
height, H Flow
-64 0 0 0.00 0.00 -2.01 0.00 0.00
-60 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 -1.89 0.11 0.27
-56 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -1.76 0.16 0.38
-52 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -1.64 0.16 0.38
-48 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 -1.51 0.16 0.38
-44 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 -1.38 0.19 0.46
-40 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 -1.26 0.22 0.53
-36 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 -1.13 0.25 0.60
-32 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -1.01 0.27 0.65
-28 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 -0.88 0.27 0.65
-24 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 -0.76 0.29 0.71
-20 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 -0.63 0.31 0.76
-16 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.50 0.35 0.85
-12 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 -0.38 0.35 0.85
-8 0.11 0.002794 1.87 6.06 -0.25 0.36 0.89
-4 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 -0.13 0.40 0.96
0 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.00 0.41 1.00
4 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.13 0.41 1.00
8 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.25 0.41 1.00
12 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.38 0.41 1.00
16 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.50 0.41 1.00
20 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.63 0.41 1.00
24 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.76 0.41 1.00
28 0.14 0.003556 2.39 6.84 0.88 0.41 1.00
32 0.13 0.003302 2.22 6.59 1.01 0.40 0.96
36 0.12 0.003048 2.05 6.33 1.13 0.38 0.93
40 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.26 0.35 0.85
44 0.1 0.00254 1.70 5.78 1.38 0.35 0.85
46 0.09 0.002286 1.53 5.49 1.45 0.33 0.80
48 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 1.51 0.31 0.76
52 0.08 0.002032 1.36 5.17 1.64 0.31 0.76
56 0.07 0.001778 1.19 4.84 1.76 0.29 0.71
60 0.06 0.001524 1.02 4.48 1.89 0.27 0.65
64 0.05 0.00127 0.85 4.09 2.01 0.25 0.60
68 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 2.14 0.22 0.53
72 0.04 0.001016 0.68 3.66 2.27 0.22 0.53
76 0.03 0.000762 0.51 3.17 2.39 0.19 0.46
80 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 2.52 0.16 0.38
84 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 2.64 0.16 0.38
88 0.02 0.000508 0.34 2.59 2.77 0.16 0.38
92 0.01 0.000254 0.17 1.83 2.90 0.11 0.27
96 0 0 0.00 0.00 3.02 0.00 0.00
Page | 45
Data table for free jet of fan 2, 3, 4, 5 and wall jet are taken but
not given here. But their graphs are given.
Fan 1: X/Dh = 0
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fig 1.1: Velocity profile for fan1 (X/Dh = 0)
Fan 1: X/Dh = 0.25
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-0.200 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Y/Dh
Fig 1.2: Velocity profile for fan1 (X/Dh = 0.25)
Page | 46
Fan 1: X/Dh = 0.5
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-1.000 -0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500
Y/Dh
Fig 1.3: Velocity profile for fan1 (X/Dh = 0.5)
Fan 1: X/Dh = 1
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-0.400 -0.200 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
Y/Dh
Fig 1.4: Velocity profile for fan1(X/Dh = 1)
Page | 47
Fan 1: X/Dh = 1.5
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
Y/Dh
Fig 1.5: Velocity profile for fan1(X/Dh = 1.5)
Fan 1: X/Dh = 2
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500
Y/Dh
Page | 48
Fan 1: X/Dh = 3
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
Y/Dh
Fan 1: X/Dh = 5
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
Y/Dh
Page | 49
Fan 1: X/Dh = 7
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
Y/Dh
Fan 1: X/Dh = 10
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
Y/Dh
Page | 50
Fan 1: X/Dh = 15
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Y/Dh
Page | 51
Self preservation velocity profile for fan 1
1.200
X/D=.25
X/D=0.5
X/D=1
1.000 X/D=1.5
X/D=2
X/D=3
X/D=5
0.800
X/D=7
X/D=10
X/D=15
V/Vmax
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(Y-Y0.5)/X
Fig 1.12: Self preservation velocity for fan 1
Isotach lines for fan 1
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Y/D
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X/D
Fig 1.13: Isotach lines for fan 1
Page | 52
1.4
Velocity distribution curve along Y-axis for fan 1

1.2
0
0.25
1 0.5
1
1.5
0.8
2
3
0.6 5
7
10
0.4 15
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Y/Dh
Fig 1.14: Velocity distribution curve along Y-axis for fan 1
Page | 53
Fan 2: X/Dh = 0
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 2: X/Dh = 0.25
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Page | 54
Fan 2: X/Dh = 0.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 2: X/Dh = 1
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Page | 55
Fan 2: X/Dh = 1.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Fan 2: X/Dh = 2
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/Dh
Page | 56
Fan 2: X/Dh = 3
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/Dh
Fan 2: X/Dh = 5
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Y/Dh
Fig 8: Velocity profile for fan2(X/Dh = 5)
Page | 57
Fan 2: X/Dh = 7
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Y/Dh
Fan 2: X/Dh = 10
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y/Dh
Page | 58
Fan 2: X/Dh = 15
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y/Dh
Page | 59
1.2
X/D=.25
X/D=0.5
X/D=1
1 X/D=1.5
X/D=2
X/D=3
X/D=5
0.8 X/D=7
X/D=10
X/D=15
V/Vmax
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
(Y-Y0.5)/X
Fig 2.12: Self preservation velocity profile for fan 2
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Y/D
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X/D
Fig2.13: Isotach lines for fan 2
Page | 60
1.25
Value of
X/Dh
1
0
0.25
0.5
1
0.75
1.5
2
3
5
0.5
7
10
15
0.25
0
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Y/Dh
Fig2.14: Velocity distribution curve along Y-axis for fan 2
Page | 61
Fan 3 : X/Dh =0
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 3: X/Dh = 0.25
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Page| 62
Fan 3: X/D = 0.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/D
Fan 3: X/D = 1
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/D
Page| 63
Fan 3: X/D = 1.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/D
Fan 3: X/D = 2
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/D
Page| 64
Fan 3 : X/D = 3
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/D
Fan3: X/D = 5
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Y/D
Page| 65
Fan3: X/D = 7
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Y/D
Page| 66
Fan3: X/D = 10
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2 -1 0 Y/D 1 2 3
Fan 3: X/D = 15
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y/D
Page| 67
1.2
X/D=.25
X/D=0.5
X/D=1
1 X/D=1.5
X/D=2
X/D=3
X/D=5
0.8
X/D=7
X/D=10
X/D=15
V/Vmax
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
(Y-Y0.5)/X
Fig3.1
2: Self preservation velocity profile for fan 3
Page| 68
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Y/D
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X/D

1.3
1.2
Value of
1.1 X/Dh
1 0
0.25
0.9
0.5
0.8 1
1.5
0.7
2
0.6 3
5
0.5
7
0.4 10
15
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Y/Dh
Page| 69
Fan 4: X/Dh = 0
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Page| 70
Fan 4: X/Dh = 0.25
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 4: X/Dh = 0.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Page| 71
Fan 4: X/Dh = 1
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 4: X/D h = 1.5
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Page| 72
Fan 4: X/Dh = 2
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/Dh
Fan 4: X/D h = 3
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/Dh
Page| 73
Fan 4: X/D h = 5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Y/Dh
Page| 74
Fan 4: X/Dh = 7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y/Dh
Fan 4: X/D h = 10
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y/Dh
Page| 75
Fan 4: X/D h = 15
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y/Dh
Page| 76
1.2
Value
of X/D
1
0.25
0.5
0.8 1
1.5
V/Vmax
2
0.6 3
5
7
0.4
10
15
0.2
0
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
(Y-Y0.5)/X
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Y/D
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
X/D
Page| 77
1.3
1.2 Value of
X/Dh
1.1
0
1
0.25
0.9 0.5
1
0.8 1.5
2
0.7
3
0.6 5
7
0.5
10
0.4 15
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Y/Dh
Page| 78
Fan 5: X/D h = 0
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 5: X/Dh = 0.25

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Page| 79
Fan 5: X/D h = 0.5
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 5: X/Dh = 1
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Page| 80
Fan 5: X/Dh = 1.5
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Y/Dh
Fan 5: X/Dh = 2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Page| 81
Fan 5: X/Dh = 3
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Y/Dh
Fan 5: X/Dh = 5
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Y/Dh
Page| 82
Fan 5: X/Dh = 7
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Y/Dh
Fan 5: X/D h = 10
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Y/Dh
Page| 83
Fan 5: X/D h = 15
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y/Dh
Page| 84
1.2
Value
of X/D
1
0.25
0.5
0.8 1
1.5
V/Vmax
2
0.6 3
5
7
0.4
10
15
0.2
0
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
(Y-Y0.5)/X
1.5
0.5
Y/D
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
X/D
Page| 85
Page| 86
Fig 6.1: Velocity distribution graph for plane wall jet X/Dh =0, Y/Dh =0
Fig 6.2: Velocity distribution graph for plane wall jet X/Dh =0.25, Y/Dh =0
Page| 87
Fig 6.4: Velocity distribution graph for plane wall jet X/Dh =1.5, Y/Dh =0
Page| 88
Page| 89
Page| 90
Fig 6.10: Velocity distribution graph for plane wall along XZ plane
Page| 91
Fig 6.11: Velocity distribution graph for plane wall jet
Page| 92
REFERENCES
[1] Abramovich, G.N., 1963, The theory of turbulent jets, English

translation published by M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts, pp.671.
[2] Albertson, M.L, Dai. Y.B., Jensen. R.A., and Rouse, H.,
"Diffusion of Submerged Jets-, ASCE, Vol.115, 1950, pp.639.
[3] Azim, M.A., "Numerical Computation for Velocity and

Temperature within the Axisymmetric Turbulent Jets in Moving
Surroundings", M,SC. Thesis. Mech. Engg. Dept.. BUET. 1985.
[4] Boyuslawski, L. and Popiel, Cz.O., "Flow Structure of the Free

Round Turbulent Jet in the Initial Region". Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol.90, 1979, pp.531-539.
[5] Bradshaw, P., "The Effect of Initial Conditions on the Development of

a Free Shear Layer": Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vo1.26, 1966,
pp.226.
[6] Crow, S.C., and Champagne, F.H., "Orderly Structure in Jet

Turbulence". Journal of fluid Mechanics, Vol. 48, 1971, pp. 547.
[7] Flora, J., and Goldschmidt, V.M, "Virtual Origins of a Free

turbulent Jet", AIAA Journal, Vol.7, 1969, pp.2344.
[8] Forthmann, E., "Turbulent Jet Expansion", English Translation

N.A.C.A. TM-789,1936 (Original paper is in German. 1934, lug.
Archiv., 5.)
[9] Gama, B.A., Ali, M.A.T., and Islam, A.K.M., "Study of the
Effect of axisymmetric turbulent free mixing later and jet,"
Published 1993.
[10] Goertler, H., 1942, Berechnung von Aufgaben der freien Turbulenz
auf Ggrund eines neunen Naherungsansatzes, Z.A.M.M., volume
22, pp. 244-254.
[11] Heskestad. G., Hot wire measurements in a radial turbulent jet,"

ASME Journal, Vol.33, Series E, 1966, pp.417.
[12] Hinze, J.O., and Zijnen, Vander, H., "Transfer of Heat Matter in the
Turbulent Mixing Zone of an Axially Symmetrical Jet". Applied Science
Research, Vol.14, 1949, pp.435.
[13] Hussain, A,K.M.F., and Clark. A.R., 'On the Coherent Structure of
the Axisymmetric Mixing Layer: A Flow Visualization Study", Journal
of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.104, 1981, pp.263-294.
[14] Hussain, A.K.M.F., and Clark, A.R., "Upstream Influence on the

Near Field of a Plane Turbulent Jet", Physics of Fluids, Vol.20,
1977, pp.1416-1426.
Page| 93
[15] Husain, Z.D. and Hussain. A.K.M.F., "An experimental study of
instability and natural roll-up of the free shear layer," Am. Phy.
Soc. Div. of Fluid Dynamics Meeting. November 18-20, 1979.
South Bend. Indiana; Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. Ser. 11,24, 1979,
pp.1144.
[16] Hussain, Z.D., and Hussain, A.K.M.F., "Axisymmetric mixing layer,

influence of the Initial and Boundary Conditions". AIAA Journal,
Article No. 79-4002, Vol. 17, 1979, pp.48.
[17] Hussain, A.K.M.F. and Husain, Z.D., 'The Turbulence structure in

the axisymmetric mixing layer", AIAA Journal, Vol.18. 1980.
pp.1462.
[18] Hussain A.K.M.F. and Zedan, M.F.," Effects of the Initial Condition
on the Axisymmetric Free Shear Layer : Effects of the Initial
Momentum Thickness". Physics of Fluids, Vol. 21, 1978,
p.1100.
[19] Islam, M.T. and All, M. A.T. "Study of the Mean Flow
Characteristics of a Circular Jet.", Journal of Mechanical
Engineering Research & Developments, Vol. 17, 1994.
[20] Islam, S.M.N., "Prediction and Measurement of Turbulence in the

Developing Region of Axisymmetric Isothermal Free Jets." Ph.D
Thesis, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 1979.
[21] Khalil, G.M and Hussain A.K.M.F. and Dey, S.K, "Marine Propulsion
by Water Jet; Reality and Myth". Journal of the Institute of
Engineers, Malaysia, Vol.39, 1986, pp.43-56.
[22] Lemieux, G,P. and Oosthuizen, P.H., "Experimental Study of the

Behavior of Plane Turbulent Jets at Low Reynolds Numbers",
AIAA Journal, Vol.23, 1985, pp.1845.
[23] Moore, C.J., The Role of Shear Layer Instability Waves in Exhaust
Noise", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.80, 1977, pp.321—367.
[24] Rajaratnam, N. and Pani, B.S., 1972, Turbulent compound

annular shear layers, Proc. A.S.C.E., J. Hydraul. Div., volume 98,
pp. 1101—1115.
[25] Sami, S., Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.29, 1967, pp. 81.
[26] Schlichting, H., "Boundary layer theory", New York: McGraw-Hill.,

1955.
[27] Selim, M.A., "Flow Structure of the Circular Wedge Shaped Jet",
M.Sc, Thesis, Mech. Engg. Department., BUET, Dhaka, 1988.
Page| 94
[28] Selim, M.A., and Ali, M.A.T., "Effect of Initial Conditions on
Development of Axisymmetric Free Shear Layer", Mech. Engg.
Res. Bull, BUET, Vol 11, 1988, pp.49
[29] Tolmien, W., 1926, Berechnung Turbulenter Ausbreitung—

svorgange, Z.A.M.M., volume 6, pp. 468 478. (English Translation,
N.A.C.A., tm 1085, 1945.)
[30] Zaman, K.B.M.Q., and Hussain, A.K.M.F., 'Vortex Pairing in a.

Circular Jet Under Controlled Excitation Part-I: General Jet
Response", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.101, 1980, pp.449.
[31] Zijnen, B.G. Van der Hegge, 1958, “Measurements of the velocity
distribution in a plane turbulent. jet of air”, Appl. Sci. Res., Sect. A,
volume 7, pp.256-276.
Page| 95

Experimental Study of A Semi-Circular Jet Without and With Parallel Wall at The Base of The Nozzle

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experimental Study of A Semi-Circular Jet Without and With Parallel Wall at The Base of The Nozzle

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Declaration

Special gratitude is offered to the librarians of BUET central library and

Finally we express utmost gratitude to our parents without whose constant

a) Confined or bounded jet: In the case of bounded jet, the fluid is

A free jet is formed when fluid discharges through an opening or

Free jet flows can be divided into several classes:

II. Axisymmetric jet: Fluid is discharged from a circular nozzle, orifice of

Though both computer experiments (i.e. simulations) and laboratory

Laboratory experimentations on turbulent jets are extensive over a long

2.2 AXISYMMETRIC JET IN GENERAL

Gama et al (9) studied the effect of initial conditions (exit momentum

2.3 MEAN VELOCITY

The location of the virtual origin remained unaffected by initial momentum

Free jet defined in section 1.1 becomes completely turbulent at a short

3.2 AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT MIXING LAYER

3.3 AXISYMMETRIC TURBULENT JET

3.4 INTERNAL LENGTH SCALES

(a) Displacement Thickness (δ):: The displacement thickness is that distance

The decrease in volume flow due to the influence of friction is

Potential flow that has been displaced = Uec δ

The loss of momentum in the boundary layer as compared with potential

The momentum flow in absence of a boundary layer is equal to ρ θUec2

(c) Terminating momentum thickness (Θ0.1): The terminating momentum

3.5 CHARACTERISITIC VARIABLES

3.5.1 Boundary layer variable:

3.5.2 Self preservation variable

Hussain and Clark [14] used η=(y-y0.5)/ θ0.1

3.5.3 Mass flux:

if qe is the mass flux at the exit,

So, the entrainment rate is

3.5.4 The Shape Factor:

i) Kinematic Virtual Origin: The kinematic virtual origin, Ck is

3.6.2 Dimensionless Number

3.7 METHOD OF MEASURING TURBULENCE

In measuring turbulent flows distinction is to be made between measurement

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOW SYSTEM

For getting the exit parts of our experiment as semicircular, it is made by

Detail description of setup:

10. Test section:

Fig a3: Semicircular nozzle

4.2.3 Inclined tube manometer

4.2.4 Coordinate measuring machine

4.2.5 Table with variable angle arrangement

4.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

In this position the corresponding readings of x, y & z of the traversing

The different axial locations of measurements are

X/D = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 , 1.5 , 2 , 3, 4 , 5 , 7, 10,15.

4.5 PROBE SETTING

5.2 SEMICIRCULAR FREE JET

Mean flow velocity (m/s) Reynolds number

5.3 Semicircular wall jet

6.1 Lab condition and primary data

6.2 Determining Hydraulic diameter

6.3 Calculating air column deflection from water column

6.3 Flow velocity

1. Centerline velocity is always maximum

a) Computerized data acquisition technique can be applied.

for free jet and Reynolds number 3.91*104

Table1: Data for fan1 and X/D=0

Table 1.4: Data for fan1 and X/D=1.00

Table 1.5: Data for fan1 and X/D=1.50

Table 1.6: Data for fan1 and X/D=2.00

Table 1.7: Data for fan1 and X/D=3.00