Chapter 17 Student Solutions Manual 5.

. Let tf be the time for the stone to fall to the water and ts be the time for the sound of the splash to travel from the water to the top of the well. Then, the total time elapsed from dropping the stone to hearing the splash is t = tf + ts. If d is the depth of the well, then the 2 kinematics of free fall gives d = 1 2d / g . The sound travels at a constant 2 gt f , or t f = speed vs, so d = vsts, or ts = d/vs. Thus the total time is t = 2d / g + d / vs . This equation is to be solved for d. Rewrite it as

2d / g = t d / vs and square both sides to obtain

2d/g = t2 2(t/vs)d + (1 + vs2 )d2. Now multiply by g vs2 and rearrange to get gd2 2vs(gt + vs)d + g vs2 t2 = 0. This is a quadratic equation for d. Its solutions are d= 2vs ( gt + vs ) 4vs2 ( gt + vs ) 4 g 2 vs2t 2
2

2g

The physical solution must yield d = 0 for t = 0, so we take the solution with the negative sign in front of the square root. Once values are substituted the result d = 40.7 m is obtained. 7. If d is the distance from the location of the earthquake to the seismograph and vs is the speed of the S waves then the time for these waves to reach the seismograph is ts. = d/vs. Similarly, the time for P waves to reach the seismograph is tp = d/vp. The time delay is t = (d/vs) (d/vp) = d(vp vs)/vsvp, so
d= vs v p t (v p vs ) = (4.5 km/s)(8.0 km/s)(3.0 min)(60s /min) = 1.9 103 km. 8.0 km/s 4.5 km/s

We note that values for the speeds were substituted as given, in km/s, but that the value for the time delay was converted from minutes to seconds. 9. (a) Using = v/f, where v is the speed of sound in air and f is the frequency, we find
= 343m/s = 7.62 105 m. 4.50 106 Hz

(b) Now, = v/f, where v is the speed of sound in tissue. The frequency is the same for air and tissue. Thus = (1500 m/s)/(4.50 106 Hz) = 3.33 104 m. 19. Let L1 be the distance from the closer speaker to the listener. The distance from the
2 other speaker to the listener is L2 = L1 + d 2 , where d is the distance between the speakers. The phase difference at the listener is = 2(L2 L1)/, where is the wavelength.

For a minimum in intensity at the listener, = (2n + 1), where n is an integer. Thus = 2(L2 L1)/(2n + 1). The frequency is f = v = 2

(2n + 1)v
2 L1 + d 2 L1

) (
2

(2n + 1)(343m/s) (3.75m) 2 + (2.00 m) 2 3.75m

= (2n + 1)(343Hz).

Now 20,000/343 = 58.3, so 2n + 1 must range from 0 to 57 for the frequency to be in the audible range. This means n ranges from 0 to 28. (a) The lowest frequency that gives minimum signal is (n = 0) f min,1 = 343 Hz. (b) The second lowest frequency is (n = 1) f min,2 = [2(1) + 1]343 Hz = 1029 Hz = 3 f min,1. Thus, the factor is 3. (c) The third lowest frequency is (n=2) f min,3 = [2(2) + 1]343 Hz = 1715 Hz = 5 f min,1. Thus, the factor is 5. For a maximum in intensity at the listener, = 2n, where n is any positive integer. Thus
= (1/ n )

2 L1 + d 2 L1 and

f =

v =

nv L + d L1
2 1 2

n(343m/s) (3.75 m) + (2.00 m) 2 3.75 m

2

= n (686 Hz).

Since 20,000/686 = 29.2, n must be in the range from 1 to 29 for the frequency to be audible. (d) The lowest frequency that gives maximum signal is (n =1) f max,1 = 686 Hz. (e) The second lowest frequency is (n = 2) f max,2 = 2(686 Hz) = 1372 Hz = 2 f max,1. Thus, the factor is 2.

(f) The third lowest frequency is (n = 3) f max,3 = 3(686 Hz) = 2058 Hz = 3 f max,1. Thus, the factor is 3. 25. The intensity is the rate of energy flow per unit area perpendicular to the flow. The rate at which energy flow across every sphere centered at the source is the same, regardless of the sphere radius, and is the same as the power output of the source. If P is the power output and I is the intensity a distance r from the source, then P = IA = 4r2I, where A (= 4r2) is the surface area of a sphere of radius r. Thus P = 4(2.50 m)2 (1.91 104 W/m2) = 1.50 102 W. 29. (a) Let I1 be the original intensity and I2 be the final intensity. The original sound level is 1 = (10 dB) log(I1/I0) and the final sound level is 2 = (10 dB) log(I2/I0), where I0 is the reference intensity. Since 2 = 1 + 30 dB which yields (10 dB) log(I2/I0) = (10 dB) log(I1/I0) + 30 dB, or (10 dB) log(I2/I0) (10 dB) log(I1/I0) = 30 dB. Divide by 10 dB and use log(I2/I0) log(I1/I0) = log(I2/I1) to obtain log(I2/I1) = 3. Now use each side as an exponent of 10 and recognize that 10log( I 2 I1 ) = I 2 / I1 . The result is I2/I1 = 103. The intensity is increased by a factor of 1.0103. (b) The pressure amplitude is proportional to the square root of the intensity so it is increased by a factor of 1000 = 32. 43. (a) When the string (fixed at both ends) is vibrating at its lowest resonant frequency, exactly one-half of a wavelength fits between the ends. Thus, = 2L. We obtain v = f = 2Lf = 2(0.220 m)(920 Hz) = 405 m/s. (b) The wave speed is given by v = / , where is the tension in the string and is the linear mass density of the string. If M is the mass of the (uniform) string, then = M/L. Thus

= v2 = (M/L)v2 = [(800 106 kg)/(0.220 m)] (405 m/s)2 = 596 N.

(c) The wavelength is = 2L = 2(0.220 m) = 0.440 m. (d) The frequency of the sound wave in air is the same as the frequency of oscillation of the string. The wavelength is different because the wave speed is different. If va is the speed of sound in air the wavelength in air is

a = va/f = (343 m/s)/(920 Hz) = 0.373 m. 45. (a) Since the pipe is open at both ends there are displacement antinodes at both ends and an integer number of half-wavelengths fit into the length of the pipe. If L is the pipe length and is the wavelength then = 2L/n, where n is an integer. If v is the speed of sound then the resonant frequencies are given by f = v/ = nv/2L. Now L = 0.457 m, so f = n(344 m/s)/2(0.457 m) = 376.4n Hz. To find the resonant frequencies that lie between 1000 Hz and 2000 Hz, first set f = 1000 Hz and solve for n, then set f = 2000 Hz and again solve for n. The results are 2.66 and 5.32, which imply that n = 3, 4, and 5 are the appropriate values of n. Thus, there are 3 frequencies. (b) The lowest frequency at which resonance occurs is (n = 3) f = 3(376.4 Hz) = 1129 Hz. (c) The second lowest frequency at which resonance occurs is (n = 4) f = 4(376.4 Hz) = 1506 Hz. 47. The string is fixed at both ends so the resonant wavelengths are given by = 2L/n, where L is the length of the string and n is an integer. The resonant frequencies are given by f = v/ = nv/2L, where v is the wave speed on the string. Now v = / , where is the tension in the string and is the linear mass density of the string. Thus f = (n / 2 L) / . Suppose the lower frequency is associated with n = n1 and the higher frequency is associated with n = n1 + 1. There are no resonant frequencies between so you know that the integers associated with the given frequencies differ by 1. Thus f1 = (n1 / 2 L) / and
f2 = n1 + 1 n 1 1 = 1 + = f1 + . 2L 2L 2L 2L

This means f 2 f1 = (1/ 2 L) / and

= 4 L2 ( f 2 f1 ) 2 = 4(0.300 m) 2 (0.650 103 kg/m)(1320 Hz 880 Hz) 2 = 45.3 N.

53. Each wire is vibrating in its fundamental mode so the wavelength is twice the length of the wire ( = 2L) and the frequency is f = v / = (1/ 2 L) / , where v = / is the wave speed for the wire, is the tension in the wire, and is the linear mass density of the wire. Suppose the tension in one wire is and the oscillation frequency of that wire is f1. The tension in the other wire is + and its frequency is f2. You want to calculate

/ for f1 = 600 Hz and f2 = 606 Hz. Now, f1 = (1/ 2 L) / and

f 2 = (1/ 2 L) ( + / , so f 2 / f1 = ( + ) / = 1 + ( / ).
This leads to / = ( f 2 / f1 ) 2 1 = [(606 Hz) /(600 Hz)]2 1 = 0.020. 65. (a) The expression for the Doppler shifted frequency is
f= f v vD , v vS

where f is the unshifted frequency, v is the speed of sound, vD is the speed of the detector (the uncle), and vS is the speed of the source (the locomotive). All speeds are relative to the air. The uncle is at rest with respect to the air, so vD = 0. The speed of the source is vS = 10 m/s. Since the locomotive is moving away from the uncle the frequency decreases and we use the plus sign in the denominator. Thus

f= f

v = (500.0 Hz) v + vS

343m/s = 485.8 Hz. 343m/s + 10.00 m/s

(b) The girl is now the detector. Relative to the air she is moving with speed vD = 10.00 m/s toward the source. This tends to increase the frequency and we use the plus sign in the numerator. The source is moving at vS = 10.00 m/s away from the girl. This tends to decrease the frequency and we use the plus sign in the denominator. Thus (v + vD) = (v + vS) and f = f = 500.0 Hz. (c) Relative to the air the locomotive is moving at vS = 20.00 m/s away from the uncle. Use the plus sign in the denominator. Relative to the air the uncle is moving at vD = 10.00 m/s toward the locomotive. Use the plus sign in the numerator. Thus

f= f

343m/s + 10.00 m/s v + vD = (500.0 Hz) = 486.2 Hz. v + vS 343m/s + 20.00 m/s

(d) Relative to the air the locomotive is moving at vS = 20.00 m/s away from the girl and the girl is moving at vD = 20.00 m/s toward the locomotive. Use the plus signs in both the numerator and the denominator. Thus (v + vD) = (v + vS) and f = f = 500.0 Hz. 77. The siren is between you and the cliff, moving away from you and towards the cliff. Both detectors (you and the cliff) are stationary, so vD = 0 in Eq. 1747 (and see the discussion in the textbook immediately after that equation regarding the selection of signs). The source is the siren with vS = 10 m/s. The problem asks us to use v = 330 m/s for the speed of sound.

(a) With f = 1000 Hz, the frequency fy you hear becomes

v+0 fy = f v + vS

2 = 970.6 Hz 9.7 10 Hz.

(b) The frequency heard by an observer at the cliff (and thus the frequency of the sound reflected by the cliff, ultimately reaching your ears at some distance from the cliff) is

v+0 3 fc = f = 1031.3Hz 1.0 10 Hz. v vS

(c) The beat frequency is fc fy = 60 beats/s (which, due to specific features of the human ear, is too large to be perceptible). 81. (a) With r = 10 m in Eq. 1728, we have
I= P 4 r 2 P = 10 W.

(b) Using that value of P in Eq. 1728 with a new value for r, we obtain
I= P 4 ( 5.0 )
2

= 0.032

W . m2

Alternatively, a ratio I /I = (r/r )2 could have been used. (c) Using Eq. 1729 with I = 0.0080 W/m2, we have

= 10 log
where I0 = 1.0 1012 W/m2.

I = 99 dB I0

2 2 85. (a) The intensity is given by I = 1 2 v sm , where is the density of the medium, v is the speed of sound, is the angular frequency, and sm is the displacement amplitude. The displacement and pressure amplitudes are related by pm = vsm, so sm = pm/v and I = (pm)2/2v. For waves of the same frequency the ratio of the intensity for propagation in water to the intensity for propagation in air is

I w pmw a va = , I a pma w vw

where the subscript a denotes air and the subscript w denotes water. Since Ia = Iw, pmw = pma

w vw (0.998 103 kg/m3 )(1482 m/s) = = 59.7. a va (1.21kg/m 3 )(343m/s)

The speeds of sound are given in Table 17-1 and the densities are given in Table 15-1. (b) Now, pmw = pma, so I w a va (1.21kg/m 3 )(343m/s) = = = 2.81 104. I a w vw (0.998 103 kg/m3 )(1482 m/s) 87. (a) When the right side of the instrument is pulled out a distance d the path length for sound waves increases by 2d. Since the interference pattern changes from a minimum to the next maximum, this distance must be half a wavelength of the sound. So 2d = /2, where is the wavelength. Thus = 4d and, if v is the speed of sound, the frequency is f = v/ = v/4d = (343 m/s)/4(0.0165 m) = 5.2 103 Hz. (b) The displacement amplitude is proportional to the square root of the intensity (see Eq. 1727). Write I = Csm , where I is the intensity, sm is the displacement amplitude, and C is a constant of proportionality. At the minimum, interference is destructive and the displacement amplitude is the difference in the amplitudes of the individual waves: sm = sSAD sSBD, where the subscripts indicate the paths of the waves. At the maximum, the waves interfere constructively and the displacement amplitude is the sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves: sm = sSAD + sSBD. Solve

100 = C ( sSAD sSBD ) and 900 = C ( sSAD sSBD )

for sSAD and sSBD. Add the equations to obtain sSAD = ( 100 + 900 / 2C = 20 / C , then subtract them to obtain sSBD = ( 900 100) / 2C = 10 / C . The ratio of the amplitudes is sSAD/sSBD = 2. (c) Any energy losses, such as might be caused by frictional forces of the walls on the air in the tubes, result in a decrease in the displacement amplitude. Those losses are greater on path B since it is longer than path A.

101. (a) The blood is moving towards the right (towards the detector), because the Doppler shift in frequency is an increase: f > 0. (b) The reception of the ultrasound by the blood and the subsequent remitting of the signal by the blood back toward the detector is a two step process which may be compactly written as

v + vx f + f = f v vx

where vx = vblood cos .

If we write the ratio of frequencies as R = (f + f)/f, then the solution of the above equation for the speed of the blood is
vblood =

( R 1) v ( R + 1) cos

= 0.90 m/s

where v = 1540 m/s, = 20, and R = 1 + 5495/5 106. (c) We interpret the question as asking how f (still taken to be positive, since the detector is in the forward direction) changes as the detection angle changes. Since larger means smaller horizontal component of velocity vx then we expect f to decrease towards zero as is increased towards 90.