Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 189 (2010) 111

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j vo l g e o r e s

Relationship of voluminous ignimbrites to continental arc plutons: Petrology of Jurassic ignimbrites and contemporaneous plutons in southern California
N.K. Fohey-Breting a,,1, A.P. Barth a, J.L. Wooden b,2, F.K. Mazdab b,3, C.A. Carter a, E.R. Schermer c
a b c

Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana UniversityPurdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, United States

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Volcanism was broadly associated in both space and time with Mesozoic plutonism in the Cordillera continental margin arc, but the precise petrogenetic relationships between volcanic rocks and adjacent zoned plutons are not known. Igneous rocks in a tilted crustal section in California include four laterally extensive Jurassic ash ow tuffs from 550 to >1100 m thick underlain at deeper structural levels by Jurassic plutons. Zircon geochronology conrms previous correlations of individual tuffs, suggesting ignimbrites with eruptive volumes up to 800 km3 were deposited both during the apparent Early Jurassic plutonic lull as well as contemporaneous with solidication of regionally widespread Middle and Late Jurassic plutons. The tuffs are weakly to strongly porphyritic (5 to 55% phenocrysts) monotonous intermediate porphyritic dacite to low-silica rhyolite and show strong bulk rock chemical afnity to contemporaneous plutons. Trace element compositions of zircons from the tuffs and contemporaneous plutonic rocks record large and consistent differences in Hf/Zr and REE over similar ranges in Ti abundances, supporting bulk compositional similarities and illuminating similarities and variations in thermal histories despite the effects of hydrothermal alteration. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 27 January 2009 Accepted 22 July 2009 Available online 29 July 2009 Keywords: Mesozoic Jurassic plutons Sidewinder California zircons tuff ignimbrite trace element contemporaneous plutons

1. Introduction The relationship between a pluton, or batholith, and its explosive extrusive counterpart, an ignimbrite, is thought to be a direct one (Smith, 1979), meaning ignimbrites represent the upper portion of a voluminous magma chamber prior to eruption. However, this idea is being questioned due to the recent hypothesis that batholiths are the constructed product of multiple, relatively small increments of magma (Coleman et al., 2004). Whether plutons are constructed in a primarily incremental fashion over relatively long time scales (millions of years) or from comparatively large magma batches ascending and solidifying over much shorter time periods (tens to hundreds of thousands of years) is fundamental to understanding both the magma generation process and the structural and tectonic controls on magma transfer and pluton assembly in active margin settings (de Silva and Gosnold, 2007; Lipman, 2007). Specically, if plutons are assembled over short

Corresponding author. E-mail address: nicole.fohey@gmail.com (N.K. Fohey-Breting). 1 Now at ATC Associates Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46256, United States. 2 Now at Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States. 3 Now at Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States. 0377-0273/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.010

times, magmatic evolution in the upper crust can be evaluated by considering the integrated volcanic and plutonic record, whereas if plutons are assembled slowly and incrementally, then plutons and volcanic rocks may not be related in any straightforward way, and regular variations in source rock composition and/or thermal structure are required to generate compositionally zoned intrusive suites in the upper crust. One means of addressing these larger questions is to examine in detail the relationship between plutons and volcanic rocks in a voluminous magmatic arc; ignimbrites may be the manifestation of synchronous growth of petrogenetically linked upper crustal plutons (Hamilton and Myers, 1967; Smith, 1979; Lipman, 2007), or plutons and large volume volcanic eruptions may alternate in time and/or in composition as a reection of changes in tectonic regime and/or heat ow (Glazner, 1991; Glazner et al., 2004). Here we focus on Jurassic ignimbrites of the Sidewinder volcanic series (SVS) which appear to be approximately synchronous with plutons in the continental margin part of the Cordilleran arc (Riggs and Busby-Spera, 1990; Schermer and Busby, 1994; Schermer et al., 2002). This region is critical because a sequence of structural settings and subsequent exhumation events have left remnants of extensive Jurassic volcanic elds in close proximity to basement blocks which have undergone greater exhumation, exposing in very close proximity a variety of upper to middle crustal plutonic rocks of the same arc segment. This region thus affords the opportunity to construct an

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Fig. 1. Simplied geologic map (adapted from Schermer and Busby, 1994), showing outcrops of main SVS tuff units and stratigraphically-inferred remnants of caldera margins. Ellipses are geochronology sample localities (unlabelled: Schermer et al., 2002; labeled: this study). Abbreviations: BMBlack Mountain, TMTurtle Mountain, SRStoddard Ridge.

integrated volcano-plutonic model for evolution of the Jurassic part of the Cordilleran continental margin magmatic arc to at least middle crustal depths, albeit with less geochronologic resolution in comparison to younger, comparatively little exhumed volcanicsubvolcanic systems.

Valley Formation (Miller, 1978; Walker 1988; Schermer et al., 2002; Stone et al., 2005; Stone, 2006), and an upper section of basaltic and rhyolitic lavas and dikes. Conventional UPb zircon data collected by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) suggest the lower section formed in Early to Late Jurassic time, between about 180 and 150 Ma (Schermer et al., 2002), in large part contemporaneous with regional Jurassic plutonism from 167 to 149 Ma and widespread ash deposition

2. Geologic setting of the sidewinder volcanic series The purpose of this research is twofold. The rst objective is to characterize Mesozoic ignimbrites from the western Mojave Desert (Fig. 1) in order to compare and contrast their geochemistry and magmatic history. The second objective is to compare these ignimbrites to nearby plutonic suites in order to determine their temporal and compositional relationships. The SVS contains a relatively complete record of regional Jurassic volcanism (Dibblee, 1967; Karish et al., 1987). The SVS is composed of two sections (Schermer and Busby, 1994), a lower section of thick dacitic to rhyolitic ignimbrites and associated lavas, resting conformably on basement composed of Triassic plutons (Miller et al., 1995, Barth and Wooden, 2006) and the Early Jurassic Fairview

Fig. 2. Phenocryst assemblage summary diagram for SVS ignimbrites.

Fig. 3. Whole rock geochemical variations in lower SVS tuffs.

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Fig. 4. Jensen cation plot (Rollinson, 1993) for lower SVS tuffs. Bold line divides the upper tholeiite from the lower calc-alkaline eld.

in the continental interior (Tosdal et al., 1989; Miller and Glazner, 1995; Barth et al., 2008a). The lower SVS ignimbrites thus provide a signicant and extended record of potentially large volume explosive eruptions contemporaneous with emplacement of a major continental margin batholithic belt. The lower SVS is a nested caldera sequence primarily composed of four widespread, thick ignimbrites (Fig. 1). The oldest of these is the ~550800 m thick, aphanitic to crystal-poor Early Jurassic tuff of Black Mountain, with 517% phenocrysts of feldspar, quartz, and minor poorly preserved mac minerals (Fig. 2). This tuff is overlain by two comparatively crystal-rich tuffs, the >1100 m thick tuff of Sidewinder Mountain and the ~600800 m thick tuff of Turtle Mountain, with an average of 33% phenocrysts of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz and mac minerals. Both of these tuffs yielded scattered TIMS UPb data which suggest Middle Jurassic eruption ages (Schermer et al., 2002). The stratigraphically highest and youngest tuff is the comparatively

Table 1 Whole rock geochemistry of SVS tuffs. SiO2 05TM-05 05TM-06 05TM-07 05TM-08 05TM-09 05TM-10 05TM-11 05-BM12 05-BM14 05-BM15 05-BM17 05-BM19 05-SR22 05-SR23 05-SR24 05-SR25 65.8 66.2 66.31 65.53 65.24 65.41 64.99 70.93 71 71.87 70.23 67.14 63.68 67.62 72.08 67.85 TiO2 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.6 0.59 0.62 0.56 0.31 0.3 0.32 0.38 0.51 0.58 0.52 0.36 0.49 Al2O3 16.3 16.85 16.02 16.51 16.28 16.56 16.04 14.89 14.43 14.59 14.22 15.64 17.97 15.93 14.95 15.29 Fe2O3 4.55 4.95 4.56 4.77 4.62 4.66 4.25 1.38 1.75 1.72 0.62 1.68 3.3 3.06 1.91 2.9 MnO 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.15 MgO 0.98 0.94 0.95 0.93 1.17 1.19 1.13 2.07 0.65 0.39 0.37 0.94 0.78 0.9 0.65 0.88 CaO 2.46 2.58 2.68 3.15 3.23 2.67 3.25 2.54 1.81 1.21 2.68 3.13 1.08 1.91 0.38 2.58 Na2O 3.3 3.22 3.2 3.19 3.05 2.89 2.86 1.96 2.44 2.58 3.01 1.32 4.34 4.99 2.64 4.71 K2O 3.76 3.46 3.37 3.73 3.57 4.14 4.35 1.92 4.26 5.15 4.09 4.51 5.82 3.89 4.91 3.61 P2O5 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.58 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.06 0.14 Sum 97.95 99.00 97.91 98.64 98.07 98.40 98.10 96.09 96.74 97.92 95.72 95.02 97.74 99.11 98.01 98.60 LOI 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.7 2.0 1.7 0.8 4.0 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.4

Ba 05TM-05 05TM-06 05TM-07 05TM-08 05TM-09 05TM-10 05TM-11 05-BM12 05-BM14 05-BM15 05-BM17 05-BM19 05-SR22 05-SR23 05-SR24 05-SR25 1009 1092 970 1217 1212 1121 1104 194 944 1133 795 809 1450 1028 1045 1016

Rb 130 120 129 129 115 144 149 62 119 115 113 168 163 91 148 98

Sr 381 416 408 418 427 392 388 152 183 163 128 161 268 257 79 269

Zr 205 217 222 212 220 232 218 252 232 242 360 367 360 485 361 457

Y 41 40 44 40 44 48 51 39 50 51 49 60 54 48 60 48

Nb 12 12 13 11 12 13 12 22 19 18 17 17 19 17 24 17

Zn 47 49 46 41 52 54 49 24 9 6 26 13 57 62 42 60

Pb 30.81 23.69 26.94 22.81 33.45 22.92 27.8 28.97 18.44 15.94 45.36 14.93 50.25 26.94 17.67 26.42

La 50.03 47.68 52.91 47.77 53 56.24 49.12 75.85 55.35 54.28 52.28 50.82 50.11 61.56 53.54 59.15

Ce 99.36 94.23 106.58 93.55 108.51 117.53 100.1 160.18 118.71 115.87 107.06 111.82 108.4 131.96 120.81 122.9

Pr 10.55 10.64 11.71 10.16 11.78 13 10.99 16.86 12.58 12.81 11.55 12.36 11.56 14.36 12.65 13.43

Nd 36.52 38.57 41.69 36.15 41.32 47.16 38.56 58.65 45.02 46.27 39.79 43.24 40.95 50.61 45.17 47.5

Sm 05TM-05 05TM-06 05TM-07 05TM-08 05TM-09 05TM-10 05TM-11 05-BM12 05-BM14 05-BM15 05-BM17 05-BM19 05-SR22 05-SR23 05-SR24 05-SR25 6.44 8.27 7.36 7.39 8.61 9.55 7.03 10.55 8.25 9.57 7.22 7.93 7.16 10.08 8.39 9.77

Eu 1.44 1.79 1.61 1.74 1.88 1.97 1.48 1.78 1.59 2 1.68 1.61 1.86 2.07 1.79 1.95

Gd 7.05 8.13 8.02 7.35 9.93 9.52 7.54 11.18 9.28 10.27 7.96 8.77 8.36 10.9 9.97 10.28

Tb 0.95 1.2 1.06 1.06 1.32 1.31 1.05 1.49 1.27 1.46 1.16 1.25 1.18 1.63 1.35 1.54

Dy 4.55 5.63 5.22 4.99 6.27 6.477 5.15 6.74 6.41 7.39 5.8 6.56 5.68 7.9 7.11 7.49

Ho 0.94 1.22 1.08 1.1 1.37 1.39 1.11 1.46 1.36 1.64 1.23 1.37 1.19 1.71 1.54 1.63

Er 2.68 4.03 3.12 3.53 4.42 4.3 3.3 4.59 3.91 5.26 3.78 4.07 3.53 5.44 4.65 5.09

Yb 3.95 4.99 4.3 4.51 5.45 5.49 4.17 6.4 4.93 5.72 4.7 4.73 4.21 6.4 5.09 5.97

Lu 0.43 0.69 0.49 0.6 0.73 0.73 0.51 0.78 0.6 0.79 0.61 0.6 0.54 0.89 0.7 0.81

Th 22.87 23.52 22.72 23.13 23.37 24.03 22.26 20.22 18.97 18.94 15.75 23.16 14.39 11.63 14.12 12.36

Hf 5.25 7.03 5.58 6.64 6.98 7.21 5.45 8.09 6.59 8.02 8.36 8.68 8.7 11.39 9.48 11.07

Ta 1.94 2.21 1.91 2.05 2.22 2.21 1.76 2.01 2.72 4 2.19 1.87 5.03 2.89 6.75 2.48

U 4.8 4.86 5.72 5.47 7.1 4.59 6.52 2.94 3.83 3.16 4.27 6.13 4.14 3.59 3.92 3.63

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Stanford University, using analytical and data analysis procedures described in Barth and Wooden (2006). Isotopic ratios were standardized against Braintree Complex zircon R33 (419 Ma; Black et al., 2004). Errors on ages of individual grains are reported at one sigma, and errors on the calculated crystallization age are reported at the 95% condence level. For zircon trace elements we attempted to analyze a zircon volume directly adjacent to that analyzed for U/Pb, as well as adding additional points to more fully describe trace element variations. Grain mounts described above were lightly polished to remove the original gold coating and sputtered pits, and recoated with gold. Zircons were analyzed for a suite of trace elements using a ~15 m diameter, 1 to 2 nA O 2 primary beam on the SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe. Trace element data collection and analysis techniques are described in detail in Mazdab and Wooden (2006). Isotope abundance ratios were calibrated to Sri Lanka zircon megacryst CZ3. The elements F, Al, P, Ca and Fe were monitored to detect inclusions in the analytical volume, especially apatite, titanite, and/or oxide minerals. Detection of inclusions is critical

Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE variations in lower SVS tuffs, in stratigraphic order. Samples within each tuff unit are colored in reverse stratigraphic order, with lled symbols erupted from lowermost levels of a potentially vertically zoned magma chamber.

crystal-poor Late Jurassic tuff of Stoddard Ridge, >1000 m thick in its type locality on Stoddard Ridge, with 1520% phenocrysts of feldspar, quartz, and poorly preserved mac minerals. 3. Analytical methods Samples were crushed in a two-step jaw crushing procedure and ground in an alumina ceramic vial. X-ray uorescence analyses for major and trace elements were performed on fused glass at Michigan State University. A second set of trace elements was analyzed on the same glass by ICP-MS at Michigan State University. Zircons were extracted from samples of tuff, mounted in epoxy and polished prior to examination using a cathodoluminescence (CL) detector on a scanning electron microscope. These images were used to guide selection of analysis points. U and Pb concentrations and isotopic ratios were measured on the USGS SHRIMP-RG ion microprobe housed at

Fig. 6. Cathodoluminescence images of zircons from middle and highest tuffs of the lower SVS, illustrating euhedral to subhedral shape and the scale and persistence of oscillatory zoning. Circles locate ion microprobe analytical spots; temperatures (C) derived from Ti contents of these spots and calculated using the thermometer of Ferry and Watson (2007).

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to evaluation of temperature-dependent compositional variations using trace element thermometry. 4. Whole rock geochemistry of lower sidewinder ignimbrites Due to the documented hydrothermal alteration of these tuffs, especially associated with their great age and surrounding antagonists such as younger hypabyssal intrusions, faults, and surrounding Cretaceous batholiths (Solomon and Taylor, 1991), the geochemical classication for SVS ignimbrites is based on a combination of phenocryst abundances, silica content, and cation abundances (Figs. 2 and 3). The latter classication scheme utilizes aluminum, magnesium, and total iron + titanium cations to characterize metamorphosed and hydrothermally-altered volcanic rocks (Fig. 4). Variations in silica and moderately immobile major elements in the tuffs of Black Mountain, Turtle Mountain, and Stoddard Ridge show that they are geochemically distinct (Table 1 and Fig. 3); the distinction between the three tuffs is more prominent and reliable in high charge cation abundances, largely due to the uid immobility of these elements. There is very little geochemical variation within the comparatively crystal-rich tuff of Turtle Mountain, despite the fact that crystal contents increase from about 20% to 40% in the upper parts of the tuff (Fig. 2), suggesting its classication as a porphyritic, monotonous intermediate dacite (HilTable 2 SHRIMP-RG UPb zircon data for SVS tuffs. Tuff of Black Mountain U (ppm) 140 202 431 102 207 142 159 179 287 85 140 Th (ppm) 175 123 442 134 662 192 183 288 486 86 112
238

dreth, 1981). Unlike the tuff of Turtle Mountain, the tuffs of Black Mountain and Stoddard Ridge are inhomogeneous: as silica increases relatively immobile elements decrease in abundance, suggesting classication of these tuffs as relatively phenocryst-poor, low-silica rhyodacite to rhyolite. Rare earth element (REE) variations are expected to be important in that they tend to remain immobile during weathering, hydrothermal alteration, and low-grade metamorphism, (Rollinson, 1993), all post-depositional factors that have affected SVS tuffs. All three tuffs show similar overall patterns (Fig. 5), with strong light REE enrichment and moderate negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.50 to 0.73). In the tuff of Black Mountain, later-erupted samples have lower total REE contents, but this pattern is not discernible in either the monotonous tuff of Turtle Mountain or the tuff of Stoddard Ridge. 5. Zircon geochemistry A sample collected on the north slope of Black Mountain from the oldest exposed large-volume ignimbrite, the tuff of Black Mountain, yielded euhedral, equant to weakly prismatic zircons with welldeveloped oscillatory zoning visible in CL (Fig. 6). A single subrounded grain with a thin partial CL-bright rim yielded a Mesoproterozoic U/Pb age, and is not considered further here. The zircons as a group show

U/206Pb 3832562 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.6 1.3 3833652 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 3836017 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.7 1.9

207

Pb/206Pb

206

Pb*/238U age (Ma) 2.3 9.0 1.3 2.7 1.8 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.7 2.3

488827 BM15-1.1 BM15-2.1 BM15-3.1 BM15-4.1 BM15-5.1 BM15-6.1 BM15-7.1 BM15-8.1 BM15-9.1 M15-10.1 M15-11.1 Tuff of Turtle Mountain TM11-1 TM11-2.1 TM11-3.1 TM11-4.1 TM11-5.1 TM11-6.1 TM11-7.1 TM11-8.1 TM11-9.1 M11-10.1 M11-11.1 M11-12.1 M11-13.1 M11-14.1 Tuff of Stoddard Ridge SR25-1.1 SR25-2.1 SR25-3.1 SR25-4.1 SR25-5.1 SR25-7.1 SR25-8.1 SR25-9.1 R25-10.1 R25-11.1 R25-12.1 R25-13.1 R25-14.1 83 70 82 49 43 47 45 65 130 78 205 84 71 84 103 104 62 43 51 64 116 211 86 204 93 125 468 328 736 706 663 330 682 644 705 527 608 740 834 1141 306 345 546 1409 460 269 523 482 551 443 501 509 720 1734 35.3376 4.2025 34.8178 34.7123 36.0349 35.4147 34.6829 37.4582 36.6855 37.8944 35.9807 483378 40.0624 40.8055 39.1178 40.6044 38.0970 39.2621 38.9297 39.9687 39.3250 38.4311 37.7461 38.8367 38.9980 38.8416 497046 42.2833 43.4042 42.2889 41.7156 42.6549 39.3512 42.5754 42.4938 42.6480 42.0084 42.2064 42.4519 42.3425

NAD27 0.0490 0.0889 0.0470 0.0485 0.0508 0.0522 0.0468 0.0515 0.0474 0.0526 0.0503 NAD27 0.0478 0.0510 0.0496 0.0488 0.0616 0.0497 0.0506 0.0502 0.0500 0.0487 0.0527 0.0501 0.0513 0.0493 NAD27 0.0487 0.0554 0.0481 0.0575 0.0606 0.0601 0.0616 0.0619 0.0500 0.0582 0.0520 0.0531 0.0573 6.0 6.5 8.3 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.5 5.0 6.0 3.9 6.1 6.4 150.7 145.7 150.8 151.1 147.2 159.6 147.3 147.5 149.2 149.9 150.4 149.3 148.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.1 2.7 1.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 159.2 155.7 162.7 156.9 164.5 162.0 163.2 159.1 161.7 165.7 167.9 163.7 162.8 163.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 4.5 1.0 2.6 5.3 3.6 5.4 4.2 4.0 3.2 5.6 4.5 180.0 1374.2 183.2 183.4 176.2 178.9 183.9 169.4 173.8 167.2 176.6

Indicates that the Pb used in this ratio is not the measured value, but has been corrected to its initial value by removing the common Pb, and then calculating the age.

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scatter in excess of analytical error (Table 2 and Fig. 7), but seven of ten grains yield a coherent group with a weighted mean age of 1813 Ma (MSWD = 2.8), which we interpret to be the magmatic age. This age is within error of the TIMS age of 179.4 3.4 Ma from a sample of this tuff collected on the opposite side of Black Mountain (Schermer et al., 2002). Zircons from the tuff of Turtle Mountain are euhedral, oscillatory-zoned, equant to weakly prismatic grains up to ~200 m long. A few grains preserve distinct CL-dark or CL-bright cores; one analyzed dark core is not signicantly older than the more common zoned zircon in this sample. Fourteen grains yielded a scatter of measured ages, but

signicantly higher precision due to U contents about 3 times higher than magmatic zircons in the tuff of Black Mountain. Excluding two grains which show higher 207Pb/206Pb suggestive of a minor premagmatic zircon component in the analytical spot, eight zircons form a coherent group with a weighted mean age of 163 1 Ma (MSWD = 1.4). Four grains scatter toward ages as young 156 Ma, which we infer to be a result of minor Pb loss. This calculated age is in excellent agreement with 163 6 Ma TIMS zircon age for this tuff from about 5 km to the east in the northern Sidewinder Mountains (Schermer et al., 2002). Zircons from the tuff of Stoddard Ridge are prismatic euhedral grains or broken grain fragments up to ~300 m long, with oscillatory zoning. A few grains preserve very small dark cores which we have not analyzed. The zircons have very low U contents, typically <100 ppm, and excluding one inherited grain they show the least scatter in measured ages of any of the three analyzed samples. Twelve of thirteen analyzed zircons form a coherent group with a weighted mean age of 149.3 1.5 Ma (MSWD = 0.4), a magmatic age in agreement within error of the 151.1 1.3 Ma TIMS zircon age of this tuff from about 8 km to the southwest in the Sidewinder Mountains (Schermer et al., 2002). In summary, ion microprobe ages in each case are in agreement with conventional TIMS bulk fraction zircon ages for samples collected 2 to 8 km distant from our samples, which serves to increase condence in correlation of these tuffs and hence their large eruptive volumes when considered in light of estimates of stratigraphic thicknesses. The ages of the Turtle Mountains and Stoddard Ridge tuffs also overlap with the ages of abundant plutonic rocks of the Middle Jurassic and Late Jurassic plutonic arcs of the Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges; below we consider comparison of tuffs and their contained zircons to nearby plutons of similar age. Tuff zircons are usually oscillatory-zoned, with individual CL band thicknesses much less than the diameter of the ion microprobe beam. We thus make general compositional zoning inferences for zircons from the two younger tuffs based on analytical spot positions and compositions (Table 3). Zircons are systematically chemically zoned, with interiors that are enriched in Ti and depleted in Hf relative to rims (Fig. 8). This observation is common in magmatic zircons in
Table 3 Representative ion microprobe analyses of zircons from SVS tuffs. CZ-3 (s.d.) Tuff of Stoddard Ridge SR25-3.1E T (C)aFW1 T (C)bFW2 F 1.15 Al 0.97 P 12.9 Ca 0.93 Sc 4.42 Ti 6.33 Fe 0.98 Y 44.1 La 0.026 Ce 0.519 Pr 0.012 Nd 0.063 Sm 0.134 Eu 0.050 Ho 1.850 Gd 1.016 Tb 0.385 Dy 4.801 Er 8.823 Tm 1.841 Yb 15.702 Lu 2.776 Hf 11512.6 Th 29.4 U 549.6 757 724 0.56 0.38 238.8 1.13 40.70 7.91 2.55 873.8 0.005 52.437 0.094 0.471 1.473 0.696 39.025 19.157 7.220 91.886 202.493 43.067 382.712 77.215 9118.0 49.3 57.4 SR25-3.2GC 861 821 0.69 0.46 298.0 1.39 56.85 20.97 1.27 1970.2 0.053 68.436 0.276 4.985 9.234 6.044 90.415 78.992 22.170 240.547 409.125 79.293 648.596 126.713 6724.3 102.7 50.2 Tuff of Turtle Mountain TM11-7.1DC 851 811 2.16 3.08 1172.7 1.69 186.96 19.23 156.68 10042.8 0.287 550.488 0.893 17.963 42.387 13.817 448.541 354.876 107.141 1170.088 1956.211 373.049 2942.972 529.511 8376.1 5399.2 2813.5 TM11-7.2E 726 694 0.65 0.52 168.8 1.09 35.06 5.61 5.33 648.6 0.010 50.600 0.054 0.323 0.973 0.337 23.605 10.318 3.864 52.348 134.725 31.894 320.153 71.551 11235.4 512.2 635.3

0.43 0.19 1.0 0.26 0.17 0.92 0.13 2.1 0.009 0.052 0.002 0.010 0.016 0.007 0.101 0.109 0.032 0.329 0.452 0.095 1.083 0.190 344.6 1.2 19.3

Fig. 7. Tera-Wasserburg Concordia plots of zircon UPb isotopic data for SVS tuffs, in stratigraphic order.

a b

FW1, calibration of Ferry and Watson [aSiO2 = 1.0, aTiO2= 0.7]. FW2, calibration of Ferry and Watson [aSiO2 = 0.7, aTiO2= 0.7].

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Fig. 8. Hf vs. temperature plot for all analyzed magmatic zircons in younger SVS tuffs, with temperatures based on Ti contents and the thermometer of Ferry and Watson (2007; aSiO2 = 0.7, aTiO2 = 0.7). Zircon saturation temperatures (Tsat) calculated from whole rock compositions using the calibration of Watson and Harrison (1983). Watersaturated granodiorite liquidus, Qz-in, and solidus at 4 kb are from Piwinskii (1968) and Stern et al. (1975). Zircons crystallized over the full temperature ranges between bulk saturation and quartz-saturated conditions, but note that, in comparison, zircon in Turtle Mountain tuff primarily crystallized under cooler, near-solidus conditions.

granitic rocks and compositionally similar volcanic rocks, with low and variable Hf in cores and higher Hf in later-crystallized rims (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003; Claiborne et al., 2006; Barth and Wooden, in preparation). Zircons in Turtle Mountain tuff have similar core to rim compositional zonation but higher Hf/Zr. Watson et al.

(2006) developed a combined empirical and experimental calibration that describes the temperature-dependence of Ti variation in zircon, and Ferry and Watson (2007) quantied the dependence of the Ti substitution in zircon on activities of both TiO2 and SiO2. Application of the Ferry and Watson (2007) expression suggests zircons in the two tuffs grew over similar temperature ranges; the resulting calculated temperatures are consistent with zircon growth across the full temperature range between zircon saturation and nal crystallization under near quartz-saturated conditions at 708 17 C for Turtle Mountain tuff and 724 23 C for Stoddard Ridge tuff (Fig. 8). However, despite their similar bulk compositions, the majority of zircon crystallization in the Turtle Mountain tuff occurred at lower temperatures in a more fractionated melt. The lower phenocryst abundance in Stoddard Ridge tuff reects melt saturated with zircon at higher temperature, and most of its zircon thus crystallized at higher temperature compared to zircons in the more fractionated Turtle Mountain melt. All tuff zircons are HREE-enriched with moderate Eu anomalies Eu/Eu* ranges from 0.15 to 0.4 and averages 0.3 in Turtle Mountain tuff and ranges from 0.3 to 0.7 and averages 0.45 in Stoddard Ridge tuff (Fig. 9). Higher Hf, lower total REE, and deeper Eu anomalies in Turtle Mountain tuff are consistent with a more fractionated melt composition during zircon growth. REE patterns suggest zircon cores grew from LREE-enriched melt compositionally similar to the whole rock composition, and rims from a more LREE-depleted melt.

6. Comparison of ignimbrites to contemporaneous plutons With the physical and geochemical characteristics of the three SVS tuffs in hand, it is possible to compare the younger two of them to nearby contemporaneous plutons (Fig. 10). Based on the existing zircon U/Pb database, lower SVS volcanism both predated and was in part synchronous with Jurassic arc plutonism in the Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges (Fig. 11). Progressively greater post-arc exhumation to the south has exposed several plutons assembled synchronous with lower SVS volcanism. Barometric estimates suggest that these plutons crystallized at temperatures between 2 and 4 kb in Jurassic time, and cooling ages suggest they were subsequently exhumed during latest Cretaceous and Tertiary deformation of this region (Mayo et al., 1998; Barth et al., 2008b; Needy et al., 2009). Here we compare plutons from this more deeply exhumed part of the arc whose crystallization ages overlap within error those of the SVS ignimbrites. We do not wish to imply that a specic magmatic link existed between any of the tuffs and plutons. However, the petrology of these exhumed plutons does provides insight into processes in contemporaneous magma chambers of the same arc segment whose relatively shallow paleodepths of crystallization and wide areal extent at the present exposure level suggest they could have been large enough to have produced voluminous ignimbrite eruptions. The tuff of Black Mountain is older than all dated Jurassic plutons in this region; this may be due to an inadequate UPb zircon data set, because there remain signicant volumes of undated or poorly dated plutonic rock in this region, or an indication that commencement of explosive volcanism predated large volume plutonism. On the other hand, the tuffs of Turtle Mountain and Stoddard Ridge do have contemporaneous plutons. Eruption of the tuff of Turtle Mountain was contemporaneous with emplacement of 167 to 161 Ma diorite, granodioritequartz monzodiorite, and granitequartz monzonite of the Bullion Mountains intrusive suite (BMIS) and satellite plutons (Mayo et al., 1998; Howard, 2002), part of the Middle Jurassic Kitt PeakTrigo Peaks superunit (Tosdal et al., 1989), and compositionally similar quartz monzonite in the Rodman Mountains (Miller and Glazner, 1995). Eruption of the tuff of Stoddard Ridge was contemporaneous with emplacement of the 155 to 151 Ma calc-alkalic series Rattlesnake Mountain and John Bull Flat plutons as well as 156 to 149 Ma syenite series plutons at Juniper Flats and Crystal Creek.

Fig. 9. REE abundances in zircons from younger SVS tuffs. Compositions are normalized to average high Ti core composition. Dashed lines are spot analyses in grain interiors, and heavier solid lines are spot analyses on rims and crystal tips. Note the overall depletion in REE and especially LREE with progressive zircon crystallization, and note also the generally more fractionated zircons in the tuff of Turtle Mountain.

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Fig. 10. Regional map of Jurassic volcanic centers and contemporaneous plutons in the western Mojave Desert and central Transverse Ranges.

The dacitic tuff of Turtle Mountain coincides with the overall geochemical trend of the BMIS (Fig. 12) and is most closely similar in composition to BMIS main phase granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite. In most plots Turtle Mountain tuff samples ll a geochemical gap between BMIS enclave-rich granodiorite and quartz monzodiorite and associated, relatively felsic and enclave-poor quartz monzonite and granite. This similarity in bulk composition extends to relatively immobile REE as well (Fig. 13), where the dacitic tuff and the contemporaneous quartz monzodiorites show similarly LREE-enriched whole rock patterns with Eu anomalies of comparable magnitude. The rhyodacitic tuff of Stoddard Ridge has a variety of potentially related plutons within the Late Jurassic plutonic arc exposed to the south (Fig. 12). The tuff is clearly chemically dissimilar to Late Jurassic syenite series plutons. However, there is signicant compositional overlap between the tuff and the main phase of the calc-alkalic Rattlesnake

Mountain pluton. This pluton was originally interpreted as a funnelshaped granite pluton intruding mac and metasedimentary country rocks (MacColl, 1964; Baird et al., 1967). However, our eld and petrologic observations suggest that it is more likely to be a granodiorite granite lopolith emplaced into metasedimentary country rocks, which was subsequently intruded by multiple, stacked syn-magmatic sheets of basaltic andesite, now diorite and quartz diorite (Carter et al., 2007). The tuff of Stoddard Ridge is remarkably similar in compositional range to the granodiorite and mac granite of the main phase of the pluton. The similarity in composition extends to relatively immobile REE as well (Fig. 13) although in this case the rhyodacitic tuff has somewhat less fractionated HREE and a slightly larger positive Eu anomaly than the contemporaneous plutonic rocks. We also compared the temperature ranges of crystallization and extent of melt REE fractionation of the tuffs to samples of chemically comparable intrusive rocks from the plutons (Figs. 13 and 14). High temperature zircon core compositions suggest very similar early melt compositions in Stoddard Ridge tuff and the contemporaneous Rattlesnake Mountain granodiorite. These calculated early melt compositions are broadly similar to bulk rock compositions, but show relatively depleted HREE, outside the range of uncertainty of these distribution coefcients. This may indicate a systematic aw in these coefcients for HREE. It may also reect real differences between melt and whole rock values. This could be due to HREE enrichment in lithic clasts which we failed to avoid in these bulk tuff samples despite careful hand-picking. It could also reect, at least in part, sequestration of HREE in premagmatic zircon, such that the whole rock analyses overestimate the melt HREE budget relative to magma HREE abundances. The tuffs and intrusive rocks also record similar thermal evolution. The phenocryst-rich dacitic tuff of Turtle Mountain has zircons remarkably similar to contemporaneous granodioritequartz monzodiorite in overall composition and recorded temperatures. In contrast, the Stoddard Ridge tuff zircon generally crystallized at higher T and from less fractionated melt than the contemporaneous, compositionally similar granodiorite, consistent with its similar bulk composition but relatively phenocryst-poor nature. 7. Discussion Tuffs of the lower SVS provide insight into the similarities in the evolution of their magma chambers and those which eventually formed

Fig. 11. UPb zircon crystallization ages with 2 sigma errors for lower SVS tuffs (grey) and adjacent Jurassic plutons (black; Barth et al., 2008a,b). Abbreviations: BMIS Bullion Mountains intrusive suite and satellite plutons; SVSlower Sidewinder volcanic series; JCCJuniper Flats and Crystal Creek syenitic plutons; RMRattlesnake Mountain pluton; JBJohn Bull Flat pluton; GCGreenlead Creek pluton.

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Fig. 12. Geochemical comparison of whole rock compositions of tuffs (lled grey symbols) and contemporaneous plutons. Tuff of Turtle Mountain compared to Middle Jurassic Bullion Mountains intrusive suite (Mayo et al., 1998; Howard, 2002) (lower panel). Tuff of Stoddard Ridge compared to Late Jurassic calc-alkalic series plutons (Barth et al., 2008a,b; C. Carter, unpublished data) (upper panel).

contemporaneous upper crustal plutons during Jurassic continental arc magmatism. UPb ages indicate that voluminous ignimbrite volcanism began in Early Jurassic time, during an apparent lull in regional arc plutonism (Barth et al., 2008a). The plutonic record is far from completely sampled, however, so this observation may be due to a real dearth of exhumed plutons or may simply reect an incomplete data set. Ignimbrites were also erupted during Middle and Late Jurassic plutonism; the SVS center is preserved along the western edge of the Middle Jurassic plutonic arc and within the Late Jurassic arc that developed along its western fringe at this latitude. Both felsic volcanism and plutonism ended with emplacement of the Independence dike

swarm and associated mac ows of the upper SVS (Schermer and Busby, 1994; Carl and Glazner, 2002). Comparison of immobile element abundances indicates the Middle and Late Jurassic tuffs are compositionally very similar to main phase intrusive rocks of nearby upper crustal plutons. The Middle Jurassic homogeneous dacite of Turtle Mountain is similar to the main phase, enclave-poor granodiorite of the BMIS, and Late Jurassic dacitic to rhyolitic tuff of Stoddard Ridge is compositionally similar to the main phase granodiorite to granite of the Rattlesnake Mountain pluton. In both cases the voluminous tuffs are compositionally similar to plutonic rocks that were intimately associated with synplutonic

Fig. 13. Comparison of REE abundances in younger SVS tuffs of Turtle Mountain (lower panel) and Stoddard Ridge (upper panel) and contemporaneous plutons (crosses; data sources as in Fig. 12). Note the overall similarities in total REE, La/Lu, and Eu/Eu* in tuffs compared to plutonic rocks. In contrast, leucocratic granite and aplite have markedly lower total REE and Eu/Eu* superimposed on strongly fractionated MREE (c.f. Glazner et al., 2008). Early melt compositions calculated for Stoddard Ridge and Rattlesnake Mountain granodiorite from average high-T zircon core compositions, using partition coefcients of Sano et al. (2002).

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Fig. 14. Comparison of temperatures, Hf contents and Eu anomalies in zircons from younger SVS tuffs (lled grey symbols, this study) and contemporaneous intrusive rocks (J. Wooden, unpublished data). Tuff of Turtle Mountain compared to a representative BMIS main phase granodiorite (lower panel). Tuff of Stoddard Ridge compared to a representative Rattlesnake Mountain main phase granodiorite (upper panel). Temperatures calculated using Ti contents of zircons and the thermometer of Ferry and Watson (2007; aSiO2 = 1.0, aTiO2 = 0.7).

mac magma inputs into their respective chambers, which may thus have played a role in eruption of these ignimbrites (e.g. Hildreth, 2004; Lipman, 2007). Zircon compositions in tuffs and representative samples of main phase plutonic rocks conrm that the tuff magma chambers had early melt compositions and thermal/compositional evolution similar to the magma chambers that eventually formed the main phase plutons at greater depth, with early zircon crystallization near nominal saturation temperatures of 800875 C from relatively Hf-poor and REE-rich interstitial melt. Middle Jurassic Turtle Mountain tuff zircons evolved along a strikingly similar compositional and thermal path to contemporaneous granodiorite zircons, and record magmatic evolution to comparably cool and fractionated melts. Thus the Turtle Mountain magma chamber may have been largely or completely solidied prior to mac magma inputs, thermal rejuvenation and subsequent eruption (e.g. Bachmann et al., 2002). In contrast, the Late Jurassic Stoddard Ridge tuff zircons follow an early thermal and compositional path which parallels that of the Rattlesnake Mountain granodiorite, yet the tuff shows no evidence of the near-solidus crystallization of Hf-enriched low temperature zircon found in the granodiorite. If the analyses of zircon rims approximate pre-eruption conditions, then the rim temperatures and phenocryst abundances provide semi-quantitative limits on pre-eruption water contents (Whitney, 1988). Both tuffs have zircon rim compositions and phenocryst abundances consistent with moderate water contents (35 wt.%) and we therefore infer that the melts were quartzsaturated and near uid-saturated in the latest stages of crystallization preserved in the zircon record. It thus appears that, in addition to input of mac melts, uid saturation may have played a role in eruption of these tuffs.

Acknowledgments The National Science Foundation (EAR-0408730 and 0711119) provided support for this research. We thank Brad Ito for continuing support with SHRIMP maintenance and trouble-shooting. Lily Claiborne, Allen Glazner, Jonathan Miller and Paul Stone provided insightful discussions, and we thank Malcolm Rutherford and Shan de Silva for their reviews of the manuscript. References
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