G-20 major economies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#Summits

G-20 major economies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-20, G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank.[2] The G-20 heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies account for approximately 80 percent of the gross world product (GWP),[3] 80 percent of world trade (including EU intra-trade), and two-thirds of the world population.[2] They furthermore account for 84.1 percent and 82.2 percent of the world's economic growth by nominal GDP and GDP (PPP) respectively from the years 2010 to 2016, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin[4] as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system. The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999, and held its first meeting in December 1999. It studies, reviews, and promotes high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. With the G-20 growing in stature after the 2008 Washington summit, its leaders announced on 25 September 2009, that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[5] Since its inception, the G-20's membership policies have been criticized by numerous intellectuals,[6][7] and its summits have been a focus for major protests.[8] The heads of the G-20 nations met biannually at G-20 summits between 2008 and 2011. Since the November 2011 Cannes summit, all G-20 summits have been held annually.[2] Russia currently holds the chair of the G-20, and will host the eighth G-20 summit in September 2013.[9]

Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors

Member countries in the G-20 Permanent guest Members of the European Union not individually represented Abbreviation G-20 or G20 Formation 1999 2008 (Heads of State Summits) Purpose/focus Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1] Membership 20 None[2] www.g20.org (http://www.g20.org/)

Contents
1 History 1.1 Summits 1.2 G-20 leaders' chair rotation 2 Organization 2.1 Proposed permanent secretariat 3 List of members 3.1 Leaders 3.2 Member countries data 3.3 Role of Asian countries 4 Invitees 5 Criticisms 5.1 Exclusivity of membership 5.1.1 Norwegian perspective 5.1.2 Global Governance Group (3G) response 5.1.3 Foreign Policy critiques 5.2 Wider concerns 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Current chair Russia (2013) Staff Website

History
The G-20, which superseded the G33 (which had itself superseded the G22), was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was only formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on 1516 December 1999 in Berlin. In 2008, Spain and the Netherlands were included, by French invitation, in the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. The theme of the 2006 G-20 meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, 'reform' of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging population. Trevor A. Manuel, the South African Minister of Finance, was the chairperson of the G-20 when South Africa hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the chairperson of the G-20 in 2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on 11 October 2008, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on 15 November 2008.[10] Despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules, the G-20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy. However, there remain disputes over the legitimacy of the G-20,[11] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.[12]

A group photo of the participants of the 2008 G-20 Washington summit.

Summits
See also: List of G-20 summits The G-20 Summit was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 20072010 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. The G-20 Summits of heads of state or government were held in addition to the G-20 Meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who continued to meet to prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions. After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, D.C., G-20 leaders met twice a year in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[13] Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G-20, the summits have been held only once a year.[14] Mexico chaired and hosted the most recent leaders' summit in 2012.[15] Future summits will be held in Russia in 2013, Australia in 2014[16] and Turkey in 2015.[17]
2009 G-20 London summit group photo.

2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit group photo.

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Date 1st[18] November 2008 2nd[18] April 2009 3rd[18] September 2009 4th[19] June 2010 5th[20] November 2010 6th
[21] [22]

Host country United States

Host city Washington, D.C.

[1] (http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk/)

Website

United Kingdom London United States Canada South Korea France Mexico Russia Australia Turkey Pittsburgh Toronto Seoul Cannes Los Cabos

[2] (http://www.g20pittsburghsummit.org/) [3] (http://canadainternational.gc.ca/g20/summit-sommet/2010/toronto-toronto.aspx?view=d) [4] (http://www.seoulsummit.kr/) [5] (http://www.g20-g8.com/) [6] (http://g20mexico.org/en)

November 2011

2010 G-20 Toronto summit group photo.

7th[15] June 2012[23] 8th

[9]

September 2013 November 2014

Saint Petersburg [7] (http://en.g20russia.ru/) Brisbane TBA

9th[9]

10th[9] 2015

G-20 leaders' chair rotation

To decide which nation gets to chair the G-20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all 19 nations are assigned to one of five different groupings. Each group holds a maximum of four nations. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G-20 chair. Mexico, the host of the 2012 summit, is in Group 3. In 2013, Russia, which is in Group 2, will host the G-20 leaders' summit. Australia, the host of the 2014 G-20 summit, is in Group 1. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[24]
Group Nations Australia Group 1 Canada Saudi Arabia United States Group 2 Group Nations India Russia South Africa Turkey Group 3 Group Nations Argentina Brazil Mexico Group 4 Group Nations France Germany Italy United Kingdom Group 5 Group Nations China Indonesia Japan South Korea
2011 G-20 Cannes summit group photo. 2010 G-20 Seoul summit group photo.

Organization
The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management group of past, present and future chairs referred to as the Troika. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years. The current chair of the G-20 is Russia; the chair was handed over from Mexico after the June 2012 G-20 Summit.

Proposed permanent secretariat

2012 G-20 Mexico summit group photo.

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G-20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[25] China and Brazil supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy expressed opposition to the proposal.[25] South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[25]

List of members
Currently, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include, at the leaders summits, the leaders of 19 countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union. In addition, Spain has participated in every meeting so far, despite not being a formally recognized member.[2][26] The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their heads of government, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organisations, such as the G8 or BRICS. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

Leaders

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Region Africa North America North America North America South America South America Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia Eurasia Eurasia

Member South Africa President

Official title

Head of government Jacob Zuma Barack Obama Stephen Harper Enrique Pea Nieto Dilma Rousseff Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner Xi Jinping Li Keqiang Shinzo Abe Park Geun-hye Jung Hong-won Manmohan Singh Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Recep Tayyip Erdoan Herman Van Rompuy Jos Manuel Duro Barroso Angela Merkel Franois Hollande Jean-Marc Ayrault David Cameron Enrico Letta

Official title Minister of Finance Secretary of the Treasury Minister of Finance Secretary of Finance Minister of Finance Minister of Economy

Finance minister Pravin Gordhan Jack Lew Jim Flaherty Luis Videgaray Caso Guido Mantega Hernn Lorenzino

Central bank governor Gill Marcus Ben Bernanke Stephen Poloz Agustn Carstens Alexandre Tombini Mercedes Marc del Pont

United States President Canada Mexico Brazil Argentina Prime Minister President President President President China Premier Prime Minister President South Korea Prime Minister Prime Minister President President Russia Prime Minister Prime Minister European Council President[27]

Minister of Finance Minister of Finance Minister of Strategy and Finance Minister of Finance Minister of Finance Minister of Finance Minister of Finance Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro Minister of Finance Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment Chancellor of the Exchequer Minister of Economy and Finance Minister of Finance Treasurer

Lou Jiwei Taro Aso Hyun Oh-seok P. Chidambaram Muhammad Chatib Basri Anton Siluanov Mehmet imek

Zhou Xiaochuan Haruhiko Kuroda Kim Choong-soo Duvvuri Subbarao Agus Martowardojo Sergey Mikhaylovich Ignatyev Erdem Ba

Japan

India Indonesia

Turkey European Union Germany

Europe

Commission President Chancellor President

[27]

Olli Rehn

Mario Draghi

Europe Europe

Wolfgang Schuble Pierre Moscovici

Jens Weidmann Christian Noyer

France

Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister King

Europe Europe

United Kingdom Italy

George Osborne Fabrizio Saccomanni

Sir Mervyn King Ignazio Visco

Middle East Oceania

Saudi Arabia

Prime Minister Prime Minister

Abdullah Kevin Rudd

Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf Chris Bowen

Fahad Almubarak Glenn Stevens

Australia

Member countries data

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Region

Member

Trade mil. USD (2012) 208,000

Nominal GDP mil. USD (2012)[28]

PPP GDP mil. USD (2012)[29]

Nominal GDP per capita USD (2012)[30]

PPP GDP per capita USD (2012)[31]

HDI (2012)[32]

Population

P5

G8

BRICS

MIKT

DAC

OECD

G4

UfC

APEC

Economic classification (IMF)[33]

Africa North America North America North America South America South America Asia Asia Asia Asia Asia Eurasia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Middle East Oceania

South Africa United States Canada Mexico Brazil Argentina China Japan South Korea India Indonesia Russia Turkey European Union Germany France United Kingdom Italy Saudi Arabia Australia

384,315

582,391

7,506 49,922 52,231 10,247 12,078 11,576 6,075 46,735 23,112 1,491 3,592 14,246 10,609 32,708 41,512 41,140 38,588 33,115 25,084 67,722

11,375 49,922 42,734 15,311 11,875 18,112 9,161 36,265 32,272 3,829 4,977 17,708 15,001 32,028 39,028 35,547 36,941 30,136 31,275 42,640

0.629 0.937 0.911 0.775 0.730 0.811

49,320,500 309,173,000 34,088,000 112,211,789 193,088,765 40,117,096

Developing Advanced Advanced Developing Developing Developing Developing Advanced Advanced Developing Developing Developing Developing N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Developing Advanced

3,969,000 15,684,750 15,684,750 962,600 1,819,081 1,488,311

756,800 1,177,116 1,758,896 494,800 2,395,968 2,355,586 152,690 474,954 743,121

3,801,000 8,227,037 12,405,670 1,649,800 5,963,969 4,627,891 1,068,700 1,155,872 1,613,921 809,400 1,824,832 4,684,372 384,100 878,198 1,216,738

0.699 1,339,724,852 0.912 0.909 127,390,000 50,004,441

0.554 1,210,193,422 0.629 0.788 0.722 0.853 0.920 0.893 0.875 0.881 0.782 0.938 237,556,363 143,400,000 72,561,312 501,259,840 N/A N/A 81,757,600 65,447,374 62,041,708 60,325,805 27,123,977 22,328,632

900,600 2,021,960 2,513,299 370,800 794,468 1,123,380

4,567,000 16,414,483 16,073,550 2,768,000 3,400,579 3,197,069 1,226,400 2,608,699 2,254,067 1,127,000 2,440,505 2,336,295 953,000 2,014,079 1,832,916 518,300 727,307 906,806 970,764

522,000 1,541,797

In addition to these 20 members, several other international forums and institutions, as represented by their respective chief executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20.[2] These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee. The G-20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:[1]

In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G-20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G-20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.

All 19 member nations are among the top 29 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2013.[28] Not represented by membership in the G-20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Iran (21), Norway (23) and Taiwan (27), even though they rank higher than some members. Spain (13), the Netherlands (18), Sweden (22), Poland (24), Belgium (25) and Austria (28) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates,[29] all 19 members are among the top 25 in the world on April 2013, according to the IMF. Iran (17), Taiwan (20) and Thailand (24) are not G-20 members, while Spain (14), Poland (21) and the Netherlands (23) are only included in the EU slot. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's creation (19992008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and Poland appear above any G-20 member in both lists simultaneously. Spain, being the 13th largest economy in the world and 5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, is a "permanent guest" of the organization, although the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership.[34][35] As such, a Spanish delegation has been invited to, and has attended, every G-20 heads of state summit since the G-20's inception.

Role of Asian countries

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report stated that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G-20 would become the global economic steering committee.[36] The report furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G-20 agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.[36]

Invitees
Typically, several countries that are not permanent members of the G-20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. The invitees are chosen by the host country. For the 2010 summits, for example, both Canada and South Korea invited Ethiopia (chair of NEPAD), Malawi (chair of the African Union), Vietnam (chair of ASEAN), and Spain. Canada also invited the Netherlands, while South Korea invited Singapore. Both Canada and South Korea invited seven international organizations: the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, and the Financial Stability Board.[37][38]

Criticisms
Exclusivity of membership
Although the G-20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial

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system,"[39] its legitimacy has been challenged. With respect to the membership issue, U.S. President Barack Obama has noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."[40] A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies, entitled "The G-20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance", criticised the G-20's exclusivity, highlighting in particular its under-representation of the African continent. Moreover, the report stated that the G-20's practice of inviting observers from non-member states is a mere "concession at the margins", and does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.[41] However, Global Policy stated in 2011 that the G-20's exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem, and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.[42] Norwegian perspective In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel,[6] Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Stre called the G-20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II." Although Norway is the seventh-largest contributor to international development programs in the United Nations,[43] it is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G-20 even indirectly.[6] Norway, like the other 170 nations not among the G-20, has little or no voice within the group. Stre characterized the G-20 as a "self-appointed group", arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations: The G-20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G-7 or the G-8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna. Jonas Gahr Stre, 2010[6] Global Governance Group (3G) response According to Singapore's representative to the United Nations, UN members who are not G-20 members have responded to the G-20's exclusivity by either reacting with indifference, refusing to acknowledge the G-20's legitimacy, or accepting the G-20's status while hoping to "engage the G-20 as the latter continues to evolve so that [their] interests are taken on board."[44] Out of this latter group, Singapore has taken a leading role in organizing an informal "Global Governance Group" of 28 non-G-20 countries, seeking to collectively channel their views into the G-20 process more effectively.[45][46] Singapore's chairing of the Global Governance Group was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G-20 summit in South Korea.[47] Foreign Policy critiques The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G-20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G-20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. For example, it has suggested that Argentina should be formally replaced in the group by Spain, because Spain's economy is larger.[7] Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G-20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failed.[48] On 14 June 2012, an essay published by the National Taxpayers Union was forwarded to Foreign Policy, espousing a critical view of the application of G-20 membership. The essay's authors, Alex Brill and James K. Glassman, used a numerical table with seven criteria to conclude that Indonesia, Argentina, Russia and Mexico do not qualify for G-20 membership, and that Switzerland, Singapore, Norway and Malaysia had overtaken some of the current members. However, the gap between current members Mexico and Russia and the lower-ranked entries in the authors' list (Malaysia and Saudi Arabia) was only slight. Thus, it was concluded that there is no obvious group of twenty nations that should be included in the G20, and that fair and transparent metrics are essential, as they justify the difficult decisions that will be required in order to differentiate among similarly situated countries.[49]

Wider concerns
The G-20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G-20 meetings are closed-door.[50] In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G-20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance in the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.[51] The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G-20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, nationalists, and opponents of Fractional Reserve Banking and crony capitalism. In 2010, the Toronto G-20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.[8]

See also
BRICS Emerging powers Global Governance, an academic journal on international relations Great power MIKT Regional power

References
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19 October 2011. 25. ^ a b c "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat?" (http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11 /15/2010111500563.html) Chosun Ilbo. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013. 26. ^ "What is the G-20" (http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx). G20.org. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 27. ^ a b "Van Rompuy and Barroso to both represent EU at G20" (http://euobserver.com/9/29713). EUobserver.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2012. "The permanent president of the EU Council, former Belgian premier Herman Van Rompuy, also represents the bloc abroad in foreign policy and security matters...in other areas, such as climate change, President Barroso will speak on behalf of the 27-member club." 28. ^ a b "Gross domestic product, current prices" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013 /01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1& pr1.x=63&pr1.y=8& c=512%2C666%2C914%2C668%2C612%2C672%2C614%2C946%2C311%2C137%2C213%2C962 %2C911%2C674%2C193%2C676%2C122%2C548%2C912%2C556%2C313%2C678%2C419%2C18 1%2C513%2C867%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C868%2C638%2C9 21%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C 728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2 C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233% 2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960 %2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C24 3%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C9 39%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C 648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2 C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923% 2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369 %2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C92 6%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C8 46%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698& s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=). IMF World Economic Outlook. April 2013 data. Retrieved 17 April 2013. 29. ^ a b "Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=8&sy=2011& ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1& c=512%2C666%2C914%2C668%2C612%2C672%2C614%2C946%2C311%2C137%2C213%2C962 %2C911%2C674%2C193%2C676%2C122%2C548%2C912%2C556%2C313%2C678%2C419%2C18 1%2C513%2C867%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C868%2C638%2C9 21%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C 728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2 C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233% 2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960 %2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C24 3%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C9 39%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C 648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2 C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923% 2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369 %2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C92 6%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C8 46%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698& s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=). IMF World Economic Outlook. April 2013 data. Retrieved 17 April 2013. 30. ^ "World Economic Outlook: GDP per capita" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013 /01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=11&sy=2011&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country& ds=.&br=1& c=512%2C666%2C914%2C668%2C612%2C672%2C614%2C946%2C311%2C137%2C213%2C962 %2C911%2C674%2C193%2C676%2C122%2C548%2C912%2C556%2C313%2C678%2C419%2C18 1%2C513%2C867%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C868%2C638%2C9 21%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C 728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2 C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233% 2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960 %2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C24 3%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C9 39%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C 648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2 C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923% 2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369 %2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C92 6%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C8 46%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698& s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=). International Monetary Fund. April 2013 data. Retrieved 17 April 2013. 31. ^ "World Economic Outlook: GDP (PPP) per capita" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013 /01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2011&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&

32. 33. 34.

35.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

50. 51.

ds=.&br=1& c=512%2C666%2C914%2C668%2C612%2C672%2C614%2C946%2C311%2C137%2C213%2C962 %2C911%2C674%2C193%2C676%2C122%2C548%2C912%2C556%2C313%2C678%2C419%2C18 1%2C513%2C867%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C868%2C638%2C9 21%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C 728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2 C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233% 2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960 %2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C24 3%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C9 39%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C 648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2 C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923% 2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369 %2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C92 6%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C8 46%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698&s=PPPPC& grp=0&a=). 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Further reading
Haas, P.M. (1992). "Introduction. Epistemic communities and international policy coordination," International Organization 46,1:135. Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 system and the G20 : Evolution, Role and Documentation. (http://books.google.com/books?id=Bi5JO7FFk7UC&dq=G7+summit+1989&source=gbs_navlinks_s) Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. 13-ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4/10-ISBN 0-7546-4550-9; OCLC 277231920 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/g8-system-and-the-g20-evolution-role-anddocumentation/oclc/277231920). Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. (http://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&client=firefox-a) London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 0-415-16486-9/13-ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; 13-ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7;10-ISBN 0-203-45085-X; OCLC 39013643 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/autonomous-policy-makingby-international-organizations/oclc/39013643&referer=brief_results). Augusto Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Richard Samans and Marc Uzan (2007). The international monetary system and the IMF, and the G-20 : a great transformation in the making? (http://books.google.com/books?id=FX2wAAAAIAAJ&q=g-20&dq=g-20&hl=en&ei=IZEyTJGIEcOblgfdirG-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10-ISBN 0-230-52495-8/13-ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8; OCLC 255621756 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/international-monetary-system-and-the-imf-and-the-g20-a-great-transformation-in-the-making/oclc/255621756). Danish Institute for International Studies (2011). The G-20 and beyond: towards effective global economic governance (http://www.diis.dk/graphics/publications/reports2011/rp2011-04-g20-andbeyond_web.pdf). Copenhagen, Denmark: Jakob Vestergaard.

External links
Official G-20 website (English version) (http://www.g20.org/en), also available in Russian (http://ru.g20russia.ru/) G-20 Seoul Summit 2010 (http://2010g20.korea.kr/newsWeb/pages/special/g20/index.jsp) G-20 Information Centre (http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20) from the University of Toronto A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs (http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/groups.htm) from the International Monetary Fund G-20 Special Report (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/g20) from The Guardian IPS News G-20 Special Report (http://ipsnews.net/new_focus/g20/index.asp) The G-20's role in the post-crisis world by FRIDE (http://www.fride.org/project/21/the-g20%27s-role-in-the-post-crisis-world)

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G-20 major economies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#Summits

The Group of TwentyA History (http://www.g20.org/Documents/history_report_dm1.pdf), 2007 Economics for Everyone: G20 Gearing for Growth (http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Archived/Economics-for-Everyone-G20-Gearing-for-Growth/1035896400) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G-20_major_economies&oldid=561844546" Categories: G20 International economic organizations This page was last modified on 27 June 2013 at 16:47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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