LAVINIA NDRAG LAURA CARAULAN

BUSINESS ENGLISH
PRACTICAL COURSE FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS

 Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, 2002

ISBN 973-582-393-4

Redactor: Tehnoredactor: Coperta:

Janeta LUPU Marcela OLARU Marilena BLAN

Bun de tipar: 12.12. 2001; Coli tipar: 9,25 Format: 16/6186 Editura i Tipografia Fundaiei Romnia de Mine Splaiul Independenei nr.313, Bucureti, sector 6, Oficiul Potal 78 Telefon: 410 43 80; Fax. 411 33 84 www. SpiruHaret.ro

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

Conf. univ. dr. LAVINIA NDRAG Asist. univ. LAURA CARAULAN

BUSINESS ENGLISH
PRACTICAL COURSE FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS

EDITURA FUNDAIEI ROMNIA DE MINE Bucureti, 2002

CONTENTS

PREFACE .. Unit 1. EMPLOYMENT FILE .. Unit 2. INTERVIEW STRATEGY ... Unit 3. THE SECRETARY TODAY .... Unit 4. BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS .. Unit 5. FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION .... Unit 6. ACCOUNTING . Appendix A. FUNCTIONAL INDEX ...

7 9 24 33 42 54 61 83

Unit 7. COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 74 Appendix B. ROMANIAN ENGLISH BUSINESS GLOSSARY 101 Appendix C. ENGLISH ROMANIAN BUSINESS GLOSSARY. 115 Appendix D. IDIOMS 138 Appendix E. ABBREVIATIONS . 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 155

Preface

The course is intended for intermediate students who wish to gain practice in the area of BUSINESS ENGLISH. The course consists of seven units. Thematically linked to the topic of each unit are a wide variety of language activities designed to focus on business lexis, and difficult points of grammar as well as developing reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The main emphasis of BUSINESS ENGLISH is to develop the students ability to communicate effectively in a wide range of business situations.

Lavinia Ndrag, Ph. D.

UNIT 1

EMPLOYMENT FILE

PRE READING DISCUSSION 1. When you were a child, what did you want to be when you grew up? Why? Did you change your mind later? 2. Have you ever had a job? How many? What kind were they? (What kind of work did you do? How did you get the job?) 3. What are the things that you think make a good job? What sort of things motivates people to do their job well? List all the things you can think of. 4. Name five different jobs you would like to have. Why do these jobs seem attractive to you? What occupations do you respect the most and why? 5. If you won a great deal of money, for example in a lottery, would you continue working? If not, do you think you would lose anything by giving up work? SOME USEFUL WORDS AND STRUCTURES A. Organizing Ideas We live in a time of rising unemployment. This makes the job market very competitive. Many people are now seeking the services of a new type of company to prepare them for application. The company helps in a variety of ways, from writing the resume to training the applicant in interview techniques. The fee is high but many job seekers consider it a worthwhile investment in the competitive race for a job. The stages involved in applying for a job are as follows : reading the advertisements; telephoning or writing for information; writing or filling in an application form; preparing a resume (CV); the interview.
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Almost everybody who has a job has gone through the process of making applications. Formal job applications are the first contact with your future employer and they can pave the way to a job interview. You should be able to give the following information: 1. name, address, and telephone number of one referee 2. educational background 3. skills, interests, and hobbies 4. reason why an employer should hire you 5. name and address of the last employer 6. volunteer or community work 7. type of work done in the past 8. cities in which the person has worked 9. languages spoken 10. training in progress B. Some useful words and structures : I. profession = an occupation that requires advanced education and special training: He is a lawyer by profession. A professional soldier/tennis player occupation = business, employment, trade, which occupies ones time either permanently, or as a hobby. What is his occupation? trade = an occupation connected to manual or mechanical work and the use of machines or tools (carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, etc. are tradesmen). He is a mason / carpenter by trade to learn a trade trade mark (marca fabricii) trade union (sindicat) II. Jobs: engineer, doctor, teacher, lawyer, architect, office manager, secretary, bank cashier, mechanic, barber, waiter, salesman, shop assistant, housewife, clerk, disc jockey, journalist, judge, model, vet, pilot, chef, carpenter, actor, musician, economist, freelance clothes designer, fitness instructor, social worker. Wages are paid weekly. When you are paid monthly, its called salary. The general word for wages and salary is pay.
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People work to earn a living. When there is a vacancy you can apply for the job (post). Then you are an applicant. When they think you are the right person for the job you are appointed. So you get the appointment. appointed fired (dismissed, sacked) skilled unskilled employed jobless full time part time on the job off the job A job can be: interesting challenging rewarding boring monotonous demanding mechanical exciting varied depressing READING MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS We are leaders in the application of IT for strategic advantage. We add the business perspective to technology excellence, transforming business performance through successful integration of people, process and technology. Our track record includes an impressive portfolio of clients from the financial, high technology, chemical, pharmaceutical, manufacturing and service sectors; most are world class market leaders in their own right. You could be working in multi-discipline, multi-national teams of consultants who deliver the difference, which creates world class success for our clients different style, different process, different outcome. You will enjoy an exceptional support environment of training, tools and knowledge, which exploits our global reach. Our consultants are encouraged and empowered to make major personal contributions, to excel in their own specialist and develop themselves further. They enjoy genuine challenge and excellent career prospects. You will need a strong background in IT from a business perspective, business and process analysis, benchmarking, and benefits assessment, with a commitment to innovative thinking and change. Communication skills and the personality to work effectively with senior business managers are essential: an MBA and foreign language skills would also be advantageous. In Electronic Commerce we need business analysts with recent experience of applying emerging technologies to create new business
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solutions in areas of Electronic Banking, Supply Chain and Electronic Transaction Processing. We also need technology specialists who have focused on networking, messaging and knowledge management in the same business solution areas. Internet / Intranet experience would be of particular interest. Your career resume must show at least five years of relevant experience. In our World Class IT team we need IT performance improvement specialists with experience in benchmarking the IT organization, and designing and managing programs to achieve world class standards for in house and outsource situations. You will need IT qualifications and at least three years experience of performance measurement of software development / maintenance, computer operations or technical infrastructure. All the positions require a good first degree, excellent communication skills both verbal and written together with the energy and imagination to succeed within this fast paced environment. Equally important is a track record of achievement and the intellectual flexibility to work across business sectors and in different countries and cultures. To apply, send your CV. COMPREHENSION PRACTICE 1. Identify the genre the text might be said to belong to. 2. Find the words in the text which have the same meaning as the following definitions: a) Something that helps you to be better or more successful than others (paragraph 1) b) To do something very well, or much better than most people (paragraph 2) c) The hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization (paragraph 3) d) Someones education (paragraph 4) e) A short written account of your education and your previous jobs (paragraph 5) f) The repairs that are necessary to keep something in good condition (paragraph 6) g) The ability to change or be changed easily to suit a different situation (paragraph 7) 3. What do the following acronyms stand for: MBA, BA, MA?
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Pair work Choose a company or business organization, real or imaginary. Prepare to give information on the following: type of business organization (private, public, partnership, sole trader) main business activity location of head office, subsidiaries turnover, profits, work-force period of time you have been with the company your responsibility within the company Be prepared to ask and answer questions. 2. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets : Our company is best known for its success as the (lead) Management Selection Company serving the (inform) industries. We manage search projects on a truly (globe) scale, working on some of the most (excite) senior roles within investment banking, telecomm, IT and (manage) consultancy. Our company is expanding (rapid), mirroring the pace of the high technology environment in which we work. (important) than our current success, is our future success. (meet) our business expansion plans, we require an (experience) senior researcher who (look) for a high profile management position. You will (expect) to know your industry, add value to our business development activities, and (interact) with both clients and candidates. Most (important), you will be expected to support and work with the search Directors, (identify) the most suitable candidates to match our clients requirements. In return we offer an open, (support) environment with commensurate rewards. 3. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below: financially reputation current strategy contract commodity privatized retail expanding sound
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Our company has an enviable (1) in management consulting for providing expert advice on business (2), market positioning, strategic planning and business development particularly to clients in the newly (3). energy industries. Due to rapid growth of our business activities throughout Europe, we are now seeking experienced energy trading professionals to join our (4).consulting team in either Paris or London. We are seeking professionals with tertiary qualifications in commerce, mathematics or a (5) related discipline. Ideally, you will have significant experience in .(6).. trading, .(7).. negotiation and financial markets in the energy industry. A .(8) knowledge of computer modeling for financial analysis is sought for the role. In addition, a thorough understanding of the .(9) and projected developments in the energy supply industry and the impact on distribution and (10) companies is considered essential. GRAMMAR PRACTICE (Simple or Progressive) 1. Read through the following examples and say which form is used in each case. One sentence is incorrect. Which one? 1) The retailer is becoming more and more important in present-day society. 2) We currently develop a new distribution network. 3) The shopkeeper always tries to satisfy his customers. 4) Our chairman is always complaining about the quality of raw materials. 5) According to the latest official figures, the inflation rate is beginning to increase. 6) The chairman of our company is trying to take over another public company. 7) I have been working working in this company for ten years. 8) Over the last ten months, the company has made a net profit of more than $2 milion. 9) The product workers have had a 8% rise. 10) Have you ever been to see our regional branches? 11) Tom has finished his probationary period. 12) His firm has gone bankrupt and he still hasnt found a job as an accountant. 13) We produce a full range of domestic appliances.
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14) Our computer network controls everything, from orders to delivery. 15) An industrial psychologist has carried out a number of tests. 16) The candidates have had lunch with the interviewing team. 2. Complete the following sentences, using suitable phrasal verbs with BE. a) I like this job. The moneys good and I .. two days a week. b) Leave me alone. I with my work. c) After every night shift, the firemen .. .. for two days. d) Do people realize the daily problems that one-parent families . ..? e) The air-conditioning .. . f) The menu looked impressive, but whatever we ordered . g) We . . a new car (want) h) These eggs must .. .. .They smell bad. PRE READING 1. What are some feeling people have when they are looking for jobs? 2. Name the stages involved in applying for a job. READING You are looking for a job. Read the advertisements as fast as you can and find the one that would most attract you if you were the following people. 1. You are outgoing, enjoy working with people, travelling, have an entrepreneurial spirit and have a strong network of contacts within your chosen field. 2. You are 35 years old. You have some experience in sales and you would like to join an expanding international company. UK SALES MANAGER PACKAGE UP TO 50 000 The launch of this new Telecomm/IT product onto the UK market presents a tremendous opportunity for a committed professional with an entrepreneurial spirit. Your technical knowledge and successful sales
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management career to date mean you will be confident in developing your own business strategies and taking total responsibility for this green field development role. Based in London. ACCOUNT MANAGER 25, 000 30, 000 basic Bonuses, car & benefits You will currently be a proactive Account Manager with at least 5 years sales experience behind you. Of degree caliber you will now have the desire to work closely with clients to develop sponsorship and market analysis projects. Strong presentation and communication skills essential. CONSULTANCY IN CARD PAYMENT SYSTEM The management team responsible for building the European Market Leader in this field has now established MAIN Consultants: a new consultancy practice, focusing only upon card payment systems. In order to meet aggressive expansion plans, EXPERIENCED PAYMENT CARD PROFESSIONALS are now required. FLEXIBILITY is one of your keys selling propositions and this also applies to terms of engagement, place and hours of work. Most of our assignments will be in the EU, requiring a mix of home and onsite work. If you feel that you are special enough to grasp this rare opportunity, please fax a summary CV to our Resourcing Director. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Look through your newspaper to locate the following: a job requiring a minimum of 10 years experience a job requiring a science degree an employment ad for a business person a display ad for a product that you would like to sell a classified ad for a job that a student could apply for a display ad for a company where you would like to work an ad that advertises a job in another city a news article about a woman and her job a picture, caption or classified ad for the oddest job that you can find
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2. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box.

Dealer broker distributor agent representative (rep.)

a. sole b. stock c. sole .. d. insurance e. car f. company.. 3. Fill in the gaps with words from the box: resumption sick-leave closed shop make overtime vocational training benefits payroll seniority redundant

a) To make decent wages, we have to work b) How much does he . in his job? c) Mr. Johnson is no longer in the companys. d) of work was the preliminary condition for the reopening of talks. e) Unemployment . have been extended to all categories of workers. f) How long has he been on ..? g) With automation many workers may become.. h) A . is a firm that only hires union members. i) Stronger emphasis is to be laid on j) He only joined the firm three years ago, and is not eligible for the job in terms of .

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4. Read the letter of application and identify what each numbered box in the following diagram refers to. 39, Floral Street London 21st May, 2000 ATTN: The Personnel Director Dear Sir, With reference to your advertisement in the Sunday Times of May 20th, I should like to apply for the post of Sales Operations Director. I am an automotive sale professional with established management track record including dealership, selection and development. I would be grateful if you could send me further details and arrange an appointment on June 10th. I look forward to hearing from you, Yours faithfully, JOHN SMITH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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5. ROLE-PLAY a) Sit back to back with a partner. You are the Secretary at Rolls Royce Motor Cars and your colleague is a Job Applicant. Practice your telephone skills. b) Ask your partner the necessary questions to complete the following application form. Surname .. Forenames Mr./ Mrs./Miss First name Permanent home address Telephone Date of birth. Place of birth Nationality . Marital status .. Number of children (sex and age) Present occupation . Previous occupation .. Qualifications and schools attended Training courses of further studies Languages (state proficiency) Interests and hobbies .. Names and addresses of previous employers WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT I. Look in your dictionary for each of the underlined words and choose the correct definition. Write the definition on the lines provided. 1. Lets assume for a moment that the dollar starts losing value rapidly. How do you think that affect markets? ________________________________________________________ 2. How do you assess the present economic situation in Germany? ________________________________________________________ 3. It is my feeling that the Manager will not approve of this plan. ________________________________________________________

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4. In my view, the whole problem could have been avoided with proper training. ________________________________________________________ 5. John presumed that Tom had gone for the day since the lights were out in the office. ________________________________________________________ 6. You must not let members of the group sidetrack the discussion. ________________________________________________________ 7. The group leaders job is to keep the discussion on the track. ________________________________________________________ 8. If the discussion goes off the track, lead it back as smoothly as you can. ________________________________________________________ II. Select the correct word(s) to complete the following sentences. sidetrack off the track on the track sidetracking a. One of the group leaders jobs is to prevent ___________ b. When the discussion wanders away from the subject, the group leader is responsible for getting the group back ____________ c. If the discussion should go ___________, the group leader should lead it back to the subject. d. As group leader, you should not let a member ___________ the group. assume assumption assumed a. Working on the ___________ that Congress will not approve the tax cut, where else can we look to save money? b. ___________ for the moment that government approves our plan, how are we going to get the supplies we need? c. Adeline ___________ that Alice had gone for the day since the lights were out in the office.

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III. Study Appendix A, then match the functions listed below with the sentences that illustrate them. a. personal opinion b. personal experience c. hypothetical situation 1. Let us assume that productivity increases by 10% next year. 2. When I faced a similar situation in London, this is what I did. 3. In my view, having the gate guards check everyone who enters the base will help reduce the incidents of crime caused by nonbiased personnel. 4. Put yourself in Johns place. How would you solve his problem? 5. I remember one time in World War II our government had a similar decision to make. 6. If you ask me, we should increase productivity by all means. 7. Let us presume for a moment that the temperature continues to drop below zero. 8. I recall a situation just like the one we are discussing when I worked in London. 9. It is my feeling that more training is the only answer. 10. If you had been in Marys place, how would you have handled the discipline problem? IV. Respond to each of the following situations using expressions presented in Appendix A. 1. You want to be sure that everyone understands that what you will say next is your own opinion. How can you introduce your statement? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. You want to get some possible situations to a problem that may come up soon. How would you ask the group to consider a problem that does not now exist? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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3. Your group is discussing a problem just like one you had two years ago. You want to tell the group how you handled the problem. How would you introduce this story? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. As the group leader, you want to get your groups opinions about what they would do if they had Johns job. How would you ask for their opinions? John is having a problem in the department. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 5. The Chairman of the Board wants to tell the shareholders what he thinks about the solution that they are considering for adoption. What can be said to introduce the comment? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ V. Look at the resume below and complete it with your own personal data. Name Street Address .. City, State Zip/ Postal Code .. Telephone Objective . Professional Experience .. Company Name . City, State . Position held Details of position.. Education . Institution Name .. City, State .. Degree / Achievement .

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VI. Translate into English. 1. Cutm un director de vnzri. 2. Pentru a fi acceptai, candidaii trebuie s aib vrsta cuprins ntre 25-30 de ani i s fie, de preferin, absolveni ai unei faculti. 3. Salariul iniial este n funcie de vrsta, competena i experiena anterioar. 4. Postul solicit un sim comercial dezvoltat. 5. Dosarele de candidaturi vor fi tratate strict confidenial. 6. Candidaii trebuie s fie disponibili imediat. 7. Postul presupune deplasri frecvente. 8. Doi ani de experien n aceast funcie sau ntr-un post similar ar constitui un avantaj. 9. El nu ndeplinete condiiile necesare pentru a ocupa acest post. 10. Remuneraia va include un salariu fix, plus prime, plus cheltuieli. 11. De ctva timp, societatea dispune de propria cas de pensii. 12. Nu avem posturi libere n prezent, dar putei depune cererea. 13. A vrea s candidez pentru postul de maistru care, n prezent, este vacant n ntreprinderea dumneavoastr. 14. El a fost concediat. 15. Asigurarea mpotriva accidentelor de munc este obligatorie. 16. Dac revendicrile lor nu sunt satisfcute cel putin parial, greva poate fi declanat. 17. Contractul colectiv prevede c majorrile salariale vor fi acordate n funcie de realizri i nu n funcie de vrst. 18. Disponibilizrile au fost anunate ntr-o declaraie emis ieri. 19. Angajaii cu jumtate de norm sunt asigurai n caz de accident de munc. 20. Sunt de ateptat disponibilizri masive n urmtoarele sptmni. 21. Negocierile sunt n impas. 22. Am aderat la sindicat acum cinci ani. 23. Printre numeroasele avantaje oferite, menionm cazarea gratuit i folosirea unui automobil de serviciu. 24. Nu am vzut nc nimic interesant la mica publicitate.

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UNIT 2

INTERVIEW STRATEGY

PRE READING 1. Have you ever been interviewed? What was the interview for? Where did it take place? Who was present? What kinds of questions were asked? How would you do things differently in a future interview? 2. What about yourself would you like the interviewer to know? 3. What do you need to know about the job? READING TIPS FOR A SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW 1. Be neat and well groomed. 2. Be natural, friendly, relaxed but not sloppy or overly casual. 3. Be more interested in the work involved in the job than in salary and benefits. 4. Have definite vocational goals, know exactly what you want to do. 5. Be ready to articulate the goals you have in mind. 6. When you go to an interview, you should go alone. 7. If your interview is for 10:00 a.m., you should arrive 10 minutes earlier. 8. When you meet the interviewer, you should shake the interviewers hand. 9. If you are a smoker, during the interview you should refrain from smoking until after the interview.
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10. During the interview, you should sit up straight in your chair. 11. If you feel nervous you should try to relax by concentrating on the questions and your answers. 12. If the interviewer asks why you want the job, you should answer I feel I could do a good job for this company. 13. When the interviewer asks questions, you should answer the questions as directly as you can. 14. Before the interview, you should find out about the company and the job you are applying for. 15. If the interviewer looks tired during the interview, you should say nothing and continue the interview. 16. If the interviewer answers a phone call, you should sit quietly and look at something on the wall. 17. If you are kept waiting for an interview, you should read a book or magazine while you wait. What to bring to the interview Look through your autobiography and select those items from your background that demonstrate those characteristic employers look for. Bring extra copies of your resume (CV), the names, addresses and telephone numbers of references if you didnt put them on your CV. Bring something to write on and something to write with. Parts of an Interview Every interview has an opening, a body and a close. In the opening (2 to 5 minutes) the interviewers will try to set you at ease. They will open with easy questions about your major interests or by telling you about the job of the company. You have to control your wear, your posture, your handshake and what you say. The body of the interview (10 to 25 minutes) is a too brief time to highlight your qualifications. Normally the interviewer will give you an opportunity to raise questions. In the close of the interview (2 to 5 minutes) the interviewer will usually tell you what happens next.

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Here are some possible interview questions 1) Tell me something about yourself. 2) Why do you want to work for us? 3) What two or three accomplishments have given you the greatest satisfactions? 4) What college subjects did you like best and least? 5) What have you read recently? 6) Show me some samples of your writing. 7) Where do you see yourself in 5 years? 8) What would you see as the ideal job for you? 9) What have you done to learn about the company? 10) What are your interests outside work? 11) What is your greatest strength? 12) Have you ever been fired? 13) What are your salary requirements? 14) What questions do you have? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Group Work Drawing upon your experience either as interviewer or interviewee, consider in terms of the following areas what helps or hinders interviews. Preparation for an interview room board questions prepared Introduction put candidates at ease outline structure of the interview clarify purpose of the interview Elicitation obtain information clarify summarize

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Non-verbal communication non-linguistic gestures can have great impact on interviewee encouraging discouraging Questions should follow a pattern the hardest questions should be in the middle of the interview they should follow a chronological pattern should be able to ask additional questions or to replace some questions Listening you have to wait for the answer patiently you have to be ready to listen it is important to listen attentively you should take notes be alert to cope with non-standard questions or behavior Conclusion give information (terms and conditions) handle questions outline what happens next close the interview 2. Pair Work Your letter of application has been accepted by the Personnel Director at the company you wrote to. Role-play the interview (First, prepare different questions that you will ask the job applicant in the job interview). 3. Make short sentences using the correct idiom from the list. They all have to do with information, understanding and knowledge. a) hear something on the grapevine b) at your fingertips c) from the horses mouth d) have your ear to the ground e) read between the lines
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f) rule of thumb g) know the ropes h) put your finger on something 4. Look up the phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions with PUT. Study their meanings very carefully then use them in sentences of your own. 5. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in Italics with phrasal verbs or idiomatic expressions with PUT. a) He has presented an interesting plan. b) I think wed better hold the meeting a week later. c) A foreign company has provided $ 10 million to finance our project. d) At such short notice, we cant postpone our visit. e) I cant understand what the problem is. f) I wont accept any inefficiency from my staff. 6. Respond to each of the following situations using expressions presented in Appendix A. a) During a group discussion, Mr. Hoffman doesnt understand a point that Mr. Williams raises. What can Mr. Hoffman say? Mr. Hoffman: ___________________________________________ b) Mrs. Trays notices that her colleagues do not understand what she is trying to say. She wants to rephrase her message. Which words can be used to do it? Mrs. Trays: ______________________________________________ c) Mr. Allen is not clear about the amount of support the department is expected to provide in the suggested solution. What can he ask? Mr. Allen: _______________________________________________ d) In a seminar examining the strengths and weaknesses of various Asian economies, the group leader asks Professor Johnson to express his opinion on the chances for increased East West trade. Professor Johnson will respond that chances are great. Group leader: ____________________________________________ Prof. Johnson: ____________________________________________
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e) Mr. Black offers a plan to reduce costs, which will involve Mr. Jones department. Mr. Jones is unclear about his part in Mr. Blacks plan and asks for clarification. Mr. Jones: _______________________________________________ 7. Look in your dictionary for each of the underlined words and choose the correct definition. Write the definition on the lines provided. a) What is your rationale for choosing that model? ________________________________________________________ b) Let me elaborate on what I have said. ________________________________________________________ c) The members of the group had assembled to study the significance of the latest world developments for their established Southeast Asia strategy. ________________________________________________________ d) What conclusion can we draw from the facts and figures that Mr. Johnson has presented? ________________________________________________________ e) Seminar participants have the responsibility of avoiding biased opinions. ________________________________________________________ f) The details of the plan are spelled out in the papers on the table in front of you. ________________________________________________________ GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1. Use the Infinitive or the Gerund of the verbs in brackets. Our society is made up of all kinds of organizations. They are essential to our existence, (help) to create our standard of (live). In all these organizations, there are people (carry out) the work of a manager althrough they do not have that title. They have a responsibility (use) the resources of their organization effectively (achieve) its objectives. Henry Fayol said that to manage is (forecast) and (plan), (organize), (command), (coordinate) and
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(control). Managers spend a great deal of time (communicate), (coordinate) and (make) decisions affecting the daily operation of their organization. 2. Match the sentences (1-20) with their appropriate translations (A-T). 1) He can send it (the letter) 2) He could send it. 3) He was able to send it. 4) He could have sent it. 5) He will be able to send it. 6) He must send it. 7) He will have to send it. 8) He had to send it. 9) He must have sent it. 10) He should send it. 11) He should have sent it. 12) He would have sent it. 13) He may send it. 14) He might send it. 15) He may have sent it. 16) He might have sent it. 17) He didnt need to send it. 18) He neednt have sent it. 19) He wasnt allowed to send it. 20) If he should write it... A) Se poate s o trimit. B) El va trebui s o trimit. C) S-ar putea s o trimit. D) Ar fi trebuit s o trimit. E) Nu era nevoie s o trimit. F) Nu i s-a permis s o trimit. G) Nu a fost nevoie s o trimit. H) Ar fi putut s o trimit. I) Dac ar trimite-o... S-ar putea s o fi trimis. K) Ar trebui s o trimit. L) Trebuie s o trimit. M) A putut s o trimit. N) Se poate s o fi trimis. O) Probabil c a trimis-o. P) A trebuit s o trimit. Q) Poate s o trimit. R) Ar fi trimis-o. S) Va putea s o trimit. T) Ar putea s o trimit.

3. Put the suitable verb in each gap to form a complex with the adverbial particle OUT. Model: When war broke out my fathers factory was closed down. 1) Well be .. out tomorrow. Could you have our bill ready, please? 2) The tablet had .. him out for three hours. 3) The firm .. out one thousand cars a year. 4) Some employees out a lot of information. 5) We hope to . out our problems soon.
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6) We are interested in . out what the facts are. 7) Visitors us out more than the children do. 8) Would you know what to do if a fire out in your work place? 9) The drug produces side effects, tending to out the benefits. 10) The firm doesnt make a profit, so the owners will .. out. 11) I think I ..out among all the candidates because my qualifications for the job were so good. 12) Please, out the advantages of this strategy. 13) You can out a market survey to find out if potential customers will buy the product. 14) He said that I was not out for a career in banking. 15) An argument .. out about the wisdom of the decision. 16) This firm has .. out a new product. 17) I think theyre trying to out of their obligations under the agreement. 18) We were rapidly .. out of money. 19) Would you out the check to John Smith, please? 20) I got my letters and papers together and . out for the address he gave me. 21) This report . out yesterday. 22) Weve had to .. out a lot of research lately. 23) They had a guard dog to .. out intruders. 24) I t might be difficult to transfer your money, so . it out with the manager. 25) A couple of possible candidates have already been ..out. 26) You havent got time to rewrite it, just . out clearly what you want to change and write it above. 27) Regularly . out food cupboard. 28) You have . out a strategy which will enable you to improve your performance in the market. 29) Can you read Marys writing? I cant .. out what she has put on this report. 30) He tried to . out of political and economic decision making. 31) Shops almost immediately out of the advertised goods.
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32) Tom wants to out the training sessions he runs on Sundays. He is too busy to hold them. 33) Weve invested too much money and manpower to out now. 34) When reviewing my performance, Mr. Black out several weaknesses. 35) How did you .. out in the interview, Paul? Written Assignment A.Answer the following questions: 1. Do men and women have equal job opportunities in Romania? 2. How would you feel working for a female manager? 3. Are there many unemployed people in our country? Who? Young? Old? People in the north or south (east or west)? How can they find jobs? 4. Very often in our country children do not agree with their parents ideas of success. Do you and your parents (or children) agree about what kinds of success are important? B. Translate into English: Directorul pentru dezvoltarea afacerilor (Business Development Director) raporteaz directorului general avnd responsabilitatea de a fi informat cu noutile (keep abreast of) de pe piaa internaional i lucreaz cu o echip clasa I pentru stabilirea obiectivelor strategice n vederea obinerii unei creteri semnificative. El trebuie s fie un operator practic (down-to-earth), cu deprinderi analitice necesare identificrii i ndeplinirii unor probleme majore att n Marea Britanie, ct i n strintate. Afacerea a nregistrat (to have a track record of) creteri i profituri consistente, punnd accentul pe dezvoltare, service i oferte de produse creative. Candidatul care va reui (the successful candidate), este ateptat s contribuie activ la dezvoltarea strategic i viitoare a filialei.

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UNIT 3

THE SECRETARY TODAY

PRE READING Group Work 1. Make a word web of as many different office skills as you can think of for a secretary. 2. How many secretarial specialties do you know? READING Read the text and decide what the main topic is. Which of these sentences best describes the main topic: a) Professional development b) What it means to be a professional secretary c) Secretarial specialties The secretary is a professional not only because of the knowledge and preparation necessary for the job, but also because being a professional implies competence, pride in ones work and a dedication to excellence. The secretary, sometimes known as an administrative assistant, administrative secretary, or private secretary, is a professional with each of these qualities. Moreover, the secretary is an important member of the executives wishes but also for helping to maintain a well organized and efficient office. The word secretary comes from the Latin secretarius, meaning confidential employee. The secretary of today is still an employee who is privy to confidential information. However, the tools of the trade have changed over the years. Office automation and computers have revolutionized the type of work that the secretary does, and changes are continuing at a rapid pace. A high school education, typing, shorthand, machine transcription, filing skills, knowledge of office procedures, computer equipment, and
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software packages will enable one to advance along a career path. Although the conditions under which a secretary works are fairly standard, a choice can certainly be made about location, the size of the company, and the companys services or products. Weekly pay and fringe benefits are as important as ever, but todays secretary is also concerned with the possibilities for professional growth within a company. The responsibilities of the secretary are multifunctional: typing /keyboarding, processing mail, telephoning, scheduling appointments, greeting visitors, composing and editing documents, researching, coordinating meetings, conferences, and teleconferences, making travel arrangements, managing inventory and organizing time and work. One of the great benefits of a well developed education and training program is that people on the secretarial level can move into supervisory, administrative, and managerial positions if they have the desire and the ability to do so. (Adapted from Websters New World. Office Professionals Handbook. The Standard Reference for Every Office Need) COMPREHENSION PRACTICE Find the words in the text, which have the same meaning as the following definitions: 1. the facts, skills and understanding that you have gained through learning or experience 2. the ability and skill to do what is needed 3. a group of people who have been chosen to work together to do a particular job 4. the rate or speed at which something happens 5. a fast method of writing using special signs or shorter forms to represent letters, words and phrases 6. different from the most or accepted ways of thinking or doing things VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Fill in the gaps with words from the box: employees itineraries customers reservations
34

to spend short sincere

adventures free comfort

Excitement and (1). are the fruits of secretarial work in the travel industry. Airlines, resorts and travel agencies often offer .(2) or reduced rates in transportation, hotel accomodations, and tours to their (3) . The job requires hard work. One must have a (4)liking for and desire to help people. You are helping them (5).. the money for which they have often worked hard all year. A secretary in the travel industry must know geography well, be able to read different companies timetables, plan .(6), and make (7)through computer. In (8)., you must know how to do everything and anything that will contribute to the .(9) and enjoyment of your companys (10).. 2. The words in capitals at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space. 1) In some companies the terms administrative assistants and administrative secretary seam to be . (CHANGE) 2) The executive secretary has top skills and keeps them .. (DATE) 3) Confidence of the executives staff is built (CARE) 4) . must be made promptly. (DECIDE) 5) The secretary must always be aware of being a .............. of the executive. (REPRESENT) 6) If the secretarys personal opinion is given, the subordinate may be as to the executives actual sentiments on the matter. (LEAD) 7) The boss may have a higher opinion of the former than of the . (LATE) 8) By the enthusiasm of one and giving a false sense of confidence to the other, the companys objectives may be impeded. (DAMP) 3. Read the following text and think of suitable words or phrases which could go in the spaces. Keyboard, shorthand, filing office procedures and knowledge of word processing systems and .(1). are the skills for which the secretary was (2). The ability to use the languages and a .(3). to professionalism will earn respect and (4).
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Participation in professional organizations is one way a secretary can grow .(5). Organizations offer the (6) to network with other professionals and promote personal development by providing information, contacts and (7) Several professional organizations .(8) annual conventions, .(9), seminars and courses to .(10) secretarial performance. 4. Pair Work The secretary who has the obligation to look after office supplies should keep a running record of what supplies are on hand. Complete the chart below with the following items: Typing paper; envelops; keys; almanac; printer cartridges; diskettes, binders; first aid kit; telephone directory; secretarial handbook; correction fluid; dictation notebooks; staplers; letter openers; fire extinguisher; pen and pencil holders; rulers; paper clips; telex paper (in rolls); ZIP Code directory; batteries; magnifying glasses; scissors; memo pads, etc. Papers and Filing Products (1) Computer Supplies (2) Desk Supplies (3) Miscellaneous (4) Desk Reference Sources (5)

5. Group Work Most secretaries are employed on a full time basis. However, there are other types of employment situations. Which is the difference between temporary work and part time work (temporary secretary and part time secretary)? 6. Pair Work Practice your telephone skills. Use the following expressions when speaking on the phone. Hello, this is Could I speak to ? Can / Could I leave a message? Do you know the extension number? Sorry, I didnt catch that, could you say that again? Sorry, wrong number. We got cut off? Would you like him / her to call you back?
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Hold on a moment, please. The line is busy / engaged. Would you like to hold? 7. Look in your dictionary for each of the underlined words and choose the correct definition. Write the definition on the lines provided. a) The statistics convinced everyone that the new program had been effective. ________________________________________________________ b) Do you have any evidence to support your claim to this property? ________________________________________________________ c) The speaker provided an ample number of facts to back up his argument. ________________________________________________________ d) What was the managers response to the news that the funds for the new project were being reduced by fifty percent? ________________________________________________________ 8. Match the phrases on the right with the terms on the left and write the letters in the spaces provided. ______1) back up a. skill or ability to do a job ______2) statistics b. extreme honesty and sincer ______3) evidence c. to support ______4) response d. having knowledge of ______5) competence e. numerical facts ______6) integrity f. ability to take action without orders ______7) awareness g. that which shows the truth of something ______8) initiative h. something said or done in answer ______9) restrain i. to limit or hold back from action ______10) ultimate j. listeners response to a speakers comments ______11) convey k. beyond which there is nothing more ______12) feedback l. to communicate information
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9. Match the functions listed below with the sentences that illustrate them. a. relevancy b. basis for conclusion c. reaction ______1) Do you have any statistics to back up your comment? ______2) I dont see the connection between your statement and our discussion. ______3) Can you give us some facts to support your conclusion? ______4) Mr. Smith, what do you think about this proposal? ______5) Thats a good point but lets wait to expand on that until we get to the question of sales to foreign countries? ______6) How do you respond to this suggestion, John? ______7) How does your question relate to our discussion? ______8) How did you arrive at that conclusion? ______9) What facts support your statement? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 10. Match the following idioms with the correct definitions. Burn the candle at both ends a) alert Keep you on your toes b) thinking or acting quickly Not up to scratch c) to behave quietly Pull your weight d) to deliberately ignore someone On the ball e) to work too hard for too long cut corners f) to be not as good as someone else cant hold a candle to someone g) to begin to do something that a lot scrape the bottom of the barrel of other people are doing at arms length h) not to be good enough for a keep a low profile particular standard give someone the cold shoulder i) to start to do something with turn a blind eye to something eagerness and energy jump on the bandwagon j) to do things too quickly and not get your teeth into something carefully k) to deliberately ignore something that you know should not be happening l) you hold it away from your body m) to have to use something even though it is not very good n) to do your full share of work

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11. Complete the following sentences, using suitable phrasal verbs with SET. a) The strike production at least two months. b) A recession is about to .. c) Some companies. certain business losses taxes. d) Our competitor has .. a distribution network in our area. e) Most companies .. a part of their profits for future investment. f) How are we going to reducing our costs? 12. Complete each of the sentences below with PAY, PAY FOR, PAY OFF, making sure that they fit grammatically into the sentence. a) Did you .. the bill? b) We are .. 5 % interest on the loan. c) I am $20,000 a year. d) The job .. well. e) He .. the car in cash. f) We have already .. our mortgage. 13. Fill in the gaps with the words: wages, salary or perks. a) A .. is paid monthly and usually by bank transfer. b) are paid weekly to manual or unskilled workers. c) ., also known as fringe benefits are extra payments. In many job advertisements the combination of salary plus .. is called a remuneration package. 14. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below. price fee rate commission charge

a) What is the of this book? b) The .. of unemployment fell in Germany last year. c) A lawyer is paid a contingency . Which is a proportion of the damages granted by the count. d) The bank .. me 10 % commission.
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e) Please this bill to my account. f) Salesmen are often paid a fixed salary plus .. on sales made. g) Please pay the conference directly to the Registrar. h) The of inflation is over 30 %. GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1. Insert the correct plural in each space below: 1) portofolio - ...................... 11) pub - ......................... 2) garage - ............................ 12) embargo - ........................... 3) knife - .......................... 13) trout - ......................... 4) outcome - ........................... 14) gentlemen farmer - ............ 5) passer-by - ........................... 15) furniture - ........................... 6) intelligence - ........................ 16) income - ......................... 7) killo - ........................... 17) potato - .......................... 8) herring - .......................... 18) merchandise - .................... 9) editor-in-chief - .................... 19) progress - ........................... 10)wheat - ........................... 20) loaf - .......................... 2. Translate into English: 1) dou duzini de cutii 2) zece milioane de cri 3) mii de duzini 4) excursie de trei zile 5) conversaie de cinci minute 6) pauz de zece minute 7) plimbare de trei mile 8) vacan de dou sptmni 9) ziua de lucru de opt ore 10) cntar 11) foarfece 12) informatic 13) statistic 14) economii 15) stimuli 16) analiz 17) baze 18) criz 19) criterii 20) proces-verbal
40

Written Assignment 1. Write a short composition with the title: a) The Competent Secretary Include information about: languages, professional reading, information processing, professional manner, and effective use of time, relationship with executive. b) The Secretarys Day 2. Translate into English: Cererea de secretare profesioniste va continua s creasc. Secretara de astzi i de mine poate intra n domeniu de la liceu, coal profesional sau colegiu; se poate ntoarce la munc dup muli ani dedicai creterii copilului; sau poate s fac o schimbare de carier la mijlocul vieii. Ceea ce au n comun toate aceste secretare este profesionalismul i recunoaterea importanei muncii pe care o fac. Secretara profesionist i alege o cale n carier cu mult atenie. Secretara profesionist care i va asuma un loc important n afaceri i n societate va fi nevoie s fie capabil s rspund la conceptul i tehnologia de procesare a informaiilor, care s posede abilitatea de a lua decizii i deprinderi n privina relaiilor interumane, s fie adaptabil la nsuirea unor noi deprinderi ntr-un mediu aflat ntr-o rapid shimbare.

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UNIT 4

BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS

PRE READING Fill the word web below with as many words related to communications as you can think of.

means

phone COMMUNICATIONS

letters

READING COMPREHENSION PRACTICE 1. Read the following letters then complete the table below.
LETTER STYLE SALUTATION COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE PARAGRAPHS INDENTED/ NOT INDENTED PUNCTUATION

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SAMPLE 1 October, 20,2001 [Date] Media Research, Inc [Inside Address] Attention Communications Division [Attention Line] 20 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10001 3572 Dear Media Research, Inc [Inside Address]: Gentlemen [Salutation] Enclosed find Survey Form that you have requested from us. We have studied the results of your letter survey and are considering using this style for business letters. Let us go over each element. This letter is typed in block style. All lines begin at the left margin. The salutation and complimentary close are used. The style is flexible. Some executives prefer to use the conventional marks of punctuation. More often, the colon after the salutation and the comma after the complimentary close are omitted. This punctuation style is known as open punctuation. You will see that the company name is given before the signature of the writer of the letter. It is typed in all capital letters. The typed signature follows the space for the written signature. Below or following the typed signature is the title of the writer. Sincerely yours [Complementary Close] Communications Company [Company] John Smith [Writers Name] Public Relations Director [Title]

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SAMPLE 2 October 25, 2001 [Date]

Mr. John Brown [Inside Address] Vice President United Books International 10 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10001 2863 Dear Mr. Brown: [Salutation] [Subject Line Centered]

Subject: The Modified Block Style Letter

[Body of letter] This letter is typed in modified block style with blocked paragraphs. Mixed punctuation is used in the opening and closing lines. This punctuation style calls for a colon after the salutation and a comma after the complimentary close. In contrast to the block style letter, the date, complimentary close, typed signature line, and title line have been moved to the center point. All other lines begin at the left margin. These modifications of the block style letter give this letter its name - modified block. If a subject line is used, it begins at the left margin or is centered over the body of the letter a double space below the salutation, or it may begin at the left margin. Sincerely, [Complimentary Close] Michael D. Johnson [Writers Name] Director [Title]

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SAMPLE 3 October 28, 2001 [Date]

Ms. Joan Smith [Inside Address] 101 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10001 3852 Simplified Style Letter [Subject Line]

[Body of Letter] This letter is typed in the simplified style that is recommended by the Administrative Management Society (AMS). It is typed in block form with all lines beginning at the left margin. Note that there is no salutation and no complimentary close. This feature saves the typist time not only in typing, but also sometimes in trying to determine what title is proper for a salutation. A subject line is typed in ALL CAPS a triple space below the inside address; the first line of the body is typed a triple space below the subject line. Note the word subject is omitted. The writers name and title are typed in ALL CAPS four lines below the last line of the body of the letter. The reference initials of the typist are typed a double space below the writers name. David Gaines [Writers Name] Assistant Manager [Title] ln [Typists initials] 2. Read the following text. Match the headlines with the paragraphs: 1. Dateline 2. Inside Address 3. Business Letter Punctuation 4. Letterhead

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a) There are two punctuation styles for business letters. In mixed punctuation style, a colon is placed after the salutation and a comma is placed after the complimentary close. In open punctuation style, no punctuation is used after the salutation or the complimentary close. b) Most business letters are typed on printed letterhead. The format of the letterhead differs with each firm, but the contents of the letterhead are fairly standard: the company name, the street address, the name of the city and state, and the ZIP code. Other elements that may appear in the letterhead are the telephone number with area code of the firm and the names and titles of the corporate officers. c) The dateline begins on about the third line below the company letterhead or on line 14. The dateline consists of the month, the day, and the year. The month is always spelled in full. The date and the year are given as numerals, and a comma follows the date, e.g. December 10, 1999. In the block style letter and the simplified style letter the date is typed at the left margin. In the modified block style, the date begins at the center. d) A complete inside address is very important to ensure not only that the letter is directed to the correct person but also those accurate files may be established. The inside address may be typed anywhere from three to twelve lines below the date line, depending on the length of the letter. It is typed at the left margin for all letter styles. The inside address should include the following elements: persons name, persons title, name of company or organization, street address, city name, state name, and ZIP Code. If you are unable to determine a specific persons name, then you may use an attention line with a business title. In this way, the letter will be directed to the proper person. The attention line is the second line of the inside address. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below. comma ZIP figures punctuation street letterhead abbreviations addresses

If the address includes an apartment number or room number, type these elements on the same line as the (1) State names should be
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abbreviated in the address according to the two-letter state (2). Type names as they appear in the .(3). House numbers, with the exception of one, are typed in .(4). When street names are numbers, write out names below ten and use figures for names above ten. When figures are used in street (5), it is not necessary to use endings such as st., nd., or rd. after the numbered street name. Type the city name, state name, and (6) Code on the same line. Type the city name in full, followed by a .(7) , and then the two-letter state abbreviation. There is no (8) after the state abbreviation. 2. Complete the following table, providing guidelines for salutations when a letter is addressed to a firm or an individual. Use one word only in each space. Addressee a. Firms name b. Firms name and an attention line c. Married woman, a widow, or a divorced woman who uses the title Mrs. d. _____________ Salutation a. Gentlemen b. ____________ c. ________ _______ Smith

d. Dear Miss Smith Dear Ms. Smith e. Unknown whether woman is e. ________ ________ Smith married or single f. Group composed of men and women f. _______ and _______ g. Married couple g. ________ and ________ Smith h. Man and a woman h. Dear Mr. Smith and Mrs. Brown or _______ and ________ 3. Pair Work Complete the following table with the following complimentary closings. Respectfully yours, Yours truly, Sincerely yours, Cordially yours, Very truly yours, Yours very truly, Very respectfully yours, Yours very respectfully, Yours respectfully, Sincerely, Cordially, Yours sincerely.

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Less formal and more personal tone (a) 1. Sincerely 2. 3. 4. 5.

Formal tone (b) 1. Yours truly 2. 3.

More formal tone (c) 1. Respectfully yours 2. 3. 4.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1. Transform the following sentences into the passive. 1) We are considering two candidates for the position. 2) The Managing Director and a team of senior executives have interviewed the two men. 3) During the interview it came out that they had expelled him from two schools for indiscipline. 4) They buy shares on the stock exchange. 5) They use a warehouse for storing goods. 6) We check all our products before shipping them to dealers. 7) The chartered accountant drew up the balance sheet. 8) The auditors have checked the accounts. 9) The firm gave a divident to the shareholders. 10) They often write memos on paper specially printed for that purpose. 11) We can use these forms for inter-office memos or for writing down phone messages. 12) They can import the goods into France. 2. Put the suitable verb in each gap to form a complex with the adverbial particle OVER. a) She .. over the samples. b) Neither of us got the job. We were both over in mysterious circumstances. c) Ill .. it over with John tonight. d) To .. over a company means to gain control of it. e) Your report is full of mistakes, youd better . it over. f) it over for a while, and give me a call next week.
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g) He gave a short welcoming speech and over to his assistant. h) We began to .. over a sizeable number of members to our cause. i) If a vehicle over someone, it hits them or drives over them causing injury or damage. j) Weve just .. over our computer system to IBM. k) Lets try and .. this meeting over with as quickly as possible. l) If you over a problem or difficulty, you talk about it in a way that makes it seem less serious and easier to deal with. m) Im .. the shop over to my son when I retire. n) After her husbands death, she . herself over to work. o) His speech over well. p) He .. over the whole estate to his son. q) The policeman signalled to him to .. over. r) We were . over $ 1 000 a week when business was good. PRE READING Answer the following question. How many types of reports do you know? Read the text and check your answer. A business report is a lengthy in depth communication, with facts and ideas. Reports may be catalogical, analytical, or compartmentalized. There are several types of business reports, including corporate report executive summaries, and abstracts. Corporate Report This category includes memorandum reports, letter reports, and megareports (very lengthy, complex reports containing hundreds of pages). A corporate report might introduce and analyze a specific problem, discuss it, and provide impetus for its resolution. Executive Summary An executive summary is a brief description and summation of a reports contents. Significant data are summarized. A summary of this type is used for problem solving and covers the problem, how it should be solved, and what the benefits are.

49

Abstract An abstract, like an executive summary is a brief description or overview of the contents of a report. There are two types of abstracts: informative and descriptive. An informative abstract is a summary, an internal discussion. A descriptive abstract lists the elements covered in a complete report without stating the supporting data; it is an external discussion or framework. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1. Match the parts of business report given in list A with definitions or explanations in B. a. lists in order the members and titles of the chapters in the report and the pages on which they begin 2. preface b. the list of tables precedes the list of figures 3. table of contents c. will contain the name or title of the report, the name and title of the organization for whom it was written and the date it was submitted 4. list of tables and d. is a supplementary section figures 5. body of the report e. is also called the foreword 6. bibliography f. a listing of subjects 7. appendix g. is arranged alphabetically by names of authors 8. index h. the main, central part 2. Role-play an organizational meeting. Read the following interoffice memo (memorandum) first. TO: DAVID JOHNSON, Executive Director FROM: JULIA SMITH, Chairperson, Board of Directors DATE: May 10, 2000 SUBJECT: Organizational Meeting A Board of Directors meeting has been scheduled for Wednesday, May 10,2000, in Conference Room A, East Building.
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1. title page

The agenda will include: Approval of Minutes Report for the Chairperson Discussion of Goals New Business Since this is the first meeting, your attendance is necessary. Please bring business report No.10, located in the central database file. 3. Group Work a) What types of business letters do you know? b) Give the general guidelines for organizing /initiating/writing/answering a business letter. 4. Pair Work a) Imagine that you are the Chief Executive of the Johnson Group. Write a letter to the President of Backer Brothers, suggesting that Johnson and Backer Brothers should merge and form one group. Explain why you think the merger is desirable. Finally, invite Backer Brothers President to meet you to discuss your proposal. b) Plan an advertisement for the product you are responsible for. Draft the written text and if possible provide some rough artwork. When you have finished, present your advertisement to the rest of the class. 5. What abbreviations would you use if you want to shorten: for the attention of, please, confirm, with reference to, as soon as possible, limited, Incorporated, gross domestic product, I owe you, a thousand, company, account, bill of exchange, not applicable, namely (see Appendix E)? 6. Explain the meaning of the following idioms. 1) The family expenses are on his shoulders. Thats why he is on pins and needles. 2) Im breaking my neck at two jobs so I dont fall behind in my bills. 3) I cant believe Im down and out. Im living hand to mouth and pinching pennies. 4) I am trying to find a way to keep my head above water. 5) The money you want to give me is just a drop in the bucket. I need too much to get back on my feet. Written Assignment 1. Write a letter of inquiry or request. See the sample below a) Give background to explain why the letter is being written. b) Ask question or make request. c) Tell when information or material is needed. d) Close with expression of appreciation or good will.
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SAMPLE LETTER OF INQUIRY OR REQUEST November 10, 2000 Mr. Thomas Jones Marketing Manager Consumers Corporation 109 Green Street N.Y. 10 000 3 856 Dear Mr. Jones: Our company is planning its annual sales meeting, to be held in New York Over 300 salespersons will attend. We would appreciate having copies of your booklet to pass out to those attending our conference. Could you please have them sent directly to the Imperial Hotel, addressed to me, by November 25? Your cooperation would be greatly appreciated. Sincerely yours, David Smith Consumer Affairs Specialist 2. Write a collection letter a. State the problem, i.e. the amount due, dates of letters or orders, and mention of specific merchandise where necessary. b. Present the argument for payment (two paragraphs). c. Motivate action in the closing paragraph. 3. Translate into English. 1) Confirm primirea scrisorii dumneavoastr din ziua de 15 a lunii curente. 2) Ar fi trebuit s efectuai comanda mai devreme. 3) Suntem de acord s v acordm un rabat de 5%. 4) Mi s-a cerut s depun un avans de 25% odat cu comanda. 5) Lada avea marcajul fragil. 6) Bunurile nu sunt n conformitate cu mostra.
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7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30)

V-am sftuit s anulai comanda. Anexm o copie a facturii. Vom fi fericii s executm comanda dumneavoastr. Ambalajele goale nu sunt returnabile. Toate cumprturile trebuie pltite n numerar. Va trebui s prezentai recipisa. Ai nregistrat comanda mea? Termenele de livrare nu au fost respectate. Ei tocmai au deschis filiala n provincie. Productorii caut noi piee de desfacere. Vnztorii cu amnuntul independeni sunt liberi s-i aleag furnizorii. n unele cazuri, angrosistul are grija de sortare i ambalare. Cifra de afaceri a acestei case de comenzi prin coresponden s-a dublat n doi ani. Noi cumprm n vrac i pe credit. Exist un loc de parcare n apropierea centrului comercial. Rezultatele sondajului sunt dezamgitoare: 50% dintre persoanele chestionate nu auziser niciodat de produsul nostru. Plata va trebui efectuat n dou sptmni de la primirea facturii. Sunai la numrul nostru gratuit. Reducerile de iarn ne-au permis s ne lichidm stocurile. Vnzarile la domiciliu sunt nca nfloritoare. Am modificat configuraia magazinului: casele se afl acum unde era nainte raionul de fructe i legume. Magazinul acord un rabat de 20% pentru orice cumprare care depete 100 de dolari i o reducere suplimentar de 5% pentru plata n numerar. Anexez ultima noastr list de preuri incluznd toate taxele. Este mai usor s-i pstrezi clienii dect s-i pierzi timpul ncercnd s gseti alii.

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UNIT 5

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

PRE-READING What types of business organization do you know? READING ONE-MAN BUSINESS is the simplest form of business organization. In this type of business, one person is solely responsible for providing the capital, managerial skill and for bearing the risks of the enterprise. He is the owner, and the only one to take a profit or stand a loss. It is often referred to as SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP or SOLE TRADER. A sole trader has no longer the obligation to make his accounts publicly available; and he is responsible for the day-to-day management of the business. Examples of sole traders are small shopkeepers, plumbers and hairdressers. PARTNERSHIP These are unincorporated associations. They are associations of persons. The number of partners must not exceed 20. The partners provide the finance for the organization, and the profits and losses will normally be shared in an agreed proportion. The partners agree on the day-to-day running of the business and they have unlimited liability. Each partner is jointly liable with the other partners for any debts. Well-known examples of partnership occur in the professions, such as solicitors, accountants and estate agents. PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANIES has the letters LTD after their name and consists of a number of at least two members (shareholders). Membership of the company is restricted to private individuals. Members of the general public cannot buy shares in a private limited company. The profits are distributed to the members as dividends on their shareholding. Losses are borne by the company. The day-to-day management of the company is carried out by a board of directors. Private limited companies are often local family businesses and are common in the building, retailing and clothing industries.
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PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANIES have the letters PLC added to their name. They are corporations and obtain their share capital from members of the public. Profits are distributed as dividends to shareholders and the liability of members is restricted to their shareholdings. Management of the company is conducted by a board of directors who are responsible to the shareholders. Most industries include public limited companies. READING COMPREHENSION 1. Read the text again and list information under the following headings: a) type of organization b) ownership c) profit and loss responsibility d) day-to-day management-of-business responsibility e) examples 2. Translate into English: societate n nume colectiv (asociaie); S.R.L.; S.A.; ntreprindere individual (cu un singur asociat). VOCABULARY PRACTICE REMEMBER to go up to go down to rise to fall to increase to drop to move to decrease to inch up to slump to skyrocket to collapse to peak

to recover to look up to turn up to improve

Group work: a) Choose some companies or organizations that you know well. Then, in each case, discuss: what the objectives of each business are; what strategies the management are using to achieve their objectives Is all the businesses using the right strategies? If not, what changes should they make? b) Give a short oral presentation of any organization you are familiar with. Try to point out its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
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Talk about its objectives and strategies, and say what you think its future prospects are. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in italics. a) Our (produce) increased by 10% last year. b) We have recently put on the market two new (produce). c) (Produce) per worker will increase soon. d) Our main (compete) is Company Z. e) We try to stay (compete) by investing heavily in advertising. f) The meeting did not go as (plan). g) Some projects take years of (plan). h) The (manage) has worked out a new strategy. i) This machine is more (economy). j) Our standard of (live) is much higher than it used to be. 2. Fill in prepositions where required. REMEMBER our expense a profit/loss AT your risk BEYOND our control advance bulk your name good conditions debt demand due course force stock

BY

mistake monthly installments law

a check FOR $ 100 business delivery display request a regular basis loan sale

IN

ON

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OUT WHITIN

order stock

UNDER the hour a fortnight

orders separate covers

The partnership differs theory the business corporation in that the latter is viewed as a legal person, separate and apart from its shareholders. The partnership is generally regarded as merely an aggregation persons doing business a common name. The corporation is liable creditors. Partners also could achieve limited liability contract. Partnerships may be dissolved any time withdrawal of a partner, and operation of law they are dissolved the death of a partner. 3. Match the words in list A with definitions in B: A B 1) back up a) admit that you are wrong 2) back down b) make effective from an earlier date 3) back out c) support someone 4) back-date d) be in a difficult situation 5) break the back of e) withdraw 6) have your back against the wall f) finish the most difficult part of a job/task 7) put your back into it g) very hard, tiring physical work 8) back-breaking h) work very hard 4. Answer the following questions using suitable verbs and phrases from the list above. a) If you are not happy when negotiating a contract, whats the best thing to do? b) Some workers have to spend all day lifting heavy cases. How would you describe that sort of work? c) How does the owner of a firm feel when he/she is faced with a desperate situation?

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5. Translate into Romanian. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) I have so much money today. Im loaded. I dont have any money. Im broke. You pay for your meal, Ill pay for mine. Well go Dutch. I dont like to throw my money down the drain. We are always running out of food. It is difficult to make ends meet. We have to cut corners. The casino took him to the cleaners. How can I tighten my belt? This car is in A-1 condition, but it cost an arm and a leg. I would like to find a way to keep my head above water. Out of the blue, he opened up a business on a shoestring. My bank account has been in the red for two months. The job was a piece of cake. We are meeting again next week to tie up loose ends.

6. Read the following sentences and determine the meaning of each underlined word or expression. Write what you think the word or expression means on the line provided. a) This is not to say that committee action is any bed of roses. As a matter of fact, there are some very real difficulties in committees. ________________________________________________________ b) If you need any help or advice, go and speak to Mr. Martin. Hes an old pro and knows the ropes. ________________________________________________________ c) Some committee members do not offer suggestions because they do not want to run the risk of ridicule from other group members. ________________________________________________________ d) There are some of us who become impatient and willing to accept almost any solution in order to get on with the show. How many times have you heard the expression, Lets go ahead and get this show on the road.? ________________________________________________________

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e) One of the things I think that are seriously needed in teaching people how to solve problems is committee training. This may come as something of a shock to some of you to think that a committee needs to be trained. After all, many of us have been on committees since we were very young. ________________________________________________________ f) It is possible to develop an atmosphere in which everybodys ideas are welcome without putting the silent member on the spot by saying, Well, George, we havent heard from you. What do you have to say? George may not be ready to say anything and it isnt good to force him to speak before he is ready. ________________________________________________________ Written Assignment 1. Supposing you were Communications Manager in a large organization, what advice would you give managers to avoid communications problems? 2. Choose a famous leader, either living or dead, then answer the following questions: What did the leader achieve? What qualities have the leader? Are leaders born or made? 3. Identify the main characteristics of the leadership, styles of effective company chairmen and chief executives. 4. Translate into English. I. a) Situaia economic nu a fost ncurajatoare n ultimele luni. b) Ne ndreptm spre o criz. c) Perspectivele imediate sunt sumbre. d) Situaia este agravat prin inflaie i micri sociale. e) omajul a crescut ncet n tot cursul anului. f) Guvernul are n vedere o ngheare a salariilor. g) Conform previziunilor experilor, consumul casnic ar trebui s creasc n anul urmtor. h) Consumatorii au fost cuprini de febra cumprturilor. i) Produsul naional brut a crescut cu 3%. j) Producia a sczut cu 2% fa de anul trecut.
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k) Reducerea sptmnii de lucru i angajarea cu o jumtate de norm sunt adesea mijloace de combatere a omajului. l) Contractul include o clauz referitoare la transferul de tehnologie. m) Automatele bancare i-au nlocuit pe funcionarii de la ghieu. n) Noi angajm personal neinnd seama de ras, religie sau sex. o) Baza noastr de date este reactualizat n permanen. p) Internetul este accesibil oricrui individ capabil s apese pe un mouse sau s tasteze cteva cuvinte. q) Furnizorii serioi includ asistena tehnic i instruirea personalului n serviciile pe care le ofer. r) Datorit sistemului bncii la domiciliu ne putem verifica contul bancar de la domiciliu, n orice moment. II. a) Procesul vebal pe care secretarul general ni l-a citit menioneaz aceast problem. b) Dou documente trebuie ntocmite pentru constituirea unei societi pe aciuni: Actul constitutiv i Statutul. c) Actul constitutiv stipuleaz obiectul de activitate al firmei, scopul pentru care a fost nfiinat, adresa sediului social i valoarea capitalului su social. d) Societile publice pot face apel la public, pe care l invit s subscrie pentru aciunile i obligaiunile lor. e) n alocuiunea sa, Preedintele Consiliului de Administraie a subliniat rezultatele remarcabile ale noii filiale. f) Se studiaz posibilitatea fuzionrii cu un grup american. g) Disputele dintre parteneri sunt de resortul tribunalelor comerciale. h) Care este onorariul directorilor? i) Aceast societate va fi lichidat prin hotrre judectoreasc. j) majorare a impozitului asupra societilor nu intr n discuie n prezent. k) Anumite organizaii beneficiaz de scutiri de impozit. l) Dl. Johnson a demisionat din funcia de Preedinte al Consiliului de Administraie. m) Obiectul de activitate al societii a fost modificat. n) edina va fi prezidat de dl. Smith. o) Bilanul este verificat de ctre auditori. p) Ei tocmai i-au depus cererea de declarare n stare de faliment.
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UNIT 6

ACCOUNTING

PRE READING DISCUSSION 1. Make word webs with as much accounting vocabulary as you can brainstorm. 2. What is Accounting? READING The words ACCOUNTS, ACCOUNTING and ACCOUNTANCY may sometimes be synonymous, but accounts correspond to the statements or book entries, accounting to the methods and procedures and accountancy to the profession itself. Accounting deals with the provision of information in financial terms in order to assist managers of companies in decision making on resource allocation. Accounting also provides information to external users such as shareholders, customers, and creditors. The current standard-setting framework came into existence on the 1 August 1990. The standard-setting process began in the late 1960s, early 1970s, when the accountancy profession formed the Accounting Standards Steering Committee (ASSC). This was subsequently renamed simply the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC), which became a committee of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB). The CCAB is made up of the following professional bodies: Chartered Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA) Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) Institute of Chartered Accountants in Scotland (ICS) Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland (ICI) Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW)
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The ASC issued final pronouncements titled Statements of Standard accounting Practice (SSAP) and Statements of Recommended Practice (SORP). SORPs were issued on matters that were not of general application or of fundamental importance, while SSAPs were issued for problems of general application and of fundamental importance. It is important to realize that standard-setting has been going on in the UK for several decades not just since 1990 when the current process was introduced. COMPREHENSION PRACTICE 1. Find the words in the text, which have the same meaning as the following definitions. a. a list showing amounts of money paid, received, owing etc., and their total; b. the amount or share of something that has been allocated to an organization; c. group of people; d. something produced officially; e. a period of ten years. 2. What do the following acronyms stand for: ASSC, CCAB, CIMA, CIPFA and SSAP? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below. ASB accounting approval predecessor for example obviously exert skills subject

The Accounting Standards Board develops and publishes . (1). standards. Members of this committee must have the technical (2) necessary to appreciate fully the accounting issues involved. The (3) is free of many of the constraints suffered by its (4) , the ASC (Accounting Standards Committee). It does not (5). need the (6) of the CCAB
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(Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies) members before issuing standards. This means the Board is not (7) to the political pressures that these accountancy bodies used to (8) . on the ASC, although their views are (9) considered. 2. Match the words in list A with definitions in B.

1) bookkeeper 2) bottom line 3) break-even

point

a. the point at which the margin from the sales is sufficient to cover a firms expenses without either profit or loss b. money you owe to someone else or money that is owing to you and that you can recover. c. the total business a firm has done in a given time. d. a reduction in the value or price of something e. clerk in charge of recording business transactions and entering them in the accounts books, but nor a chartered or certified public accountant. f. the receipt from sales of a product or service, of assets. g. the cash coming in less the cash going out during a given period h. the last line of an income statement, that indicates the net result (profit or loss) of the firm.

4) cash-flow 5) debt 6) depreciation 7) turnover 8) revenue

READING Read the text quickly and decide what the main topic is. The Accounting Department (or the Ledger Department) is a branch of economics which deals with the keeping of account books as well as with the processing of data from the account books in order to obtain the periodic and other types of financial statements required. In the ledgers (its main books), there is a separate account for every legal or natural person from whom goods are bought or to whom they are sold. The supplier is credited for his commodity in the Purchases Ledger, while the customer is debited for the goods sold to him in the Sales Ledger. These two books are known as
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Personal Ledger. The impersonal ledger hold accounts for goods, capital, plant, interest, rent, depreciation, profit and loss, etc. The Accounting Department also uses subsidiary books such as the sales Day Book, the Cash Book, the Purchase Book, the Bill Book, the Journal. The Journal indicates what happened or changed during that year, while the Ledger contains, not only the current years events but it also tells us where we were when we started out at the beginning of the year. A basic principle of modern book keeping is the double entry, i.e. for every debit in one account, another account must be credited and vice versa. A normal accounting practice for revenues and expenses is the accrual accounting. As distinct from the cash accounting which accounts only for cash receipts and payments, the accrual accounting applies for revenues in the period in which they are earned and for expenses in the period in which they are incurred.
LEDGER DEPARTMENT

LEDGERS

BOOKS

PERSONAL LEDGER

PRE - READING 1. Do you know the difference between assets and liabilities? 2. What types of assets / liabilities do you know? 3. Name the financial reports.
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READING Assets represent any items that can be given monetary values. They may be mainly divided into three categories: fixed or capital, or permanent assets, current or circulating or floating assets and wasting assets. A fixed asset is expected to be used for a long time in the activity of a company: land, plant and machinery. Most fixed assets have a limited life because of wear, tear and obsolescence. The cost of these assets is written off against profits over their anticipated useful life. This is done by deducting an item for depreciation from the book value of the assets every year. This category includes the intangible assets referring to goodwill, patents, trade, marks, etc., the tangible assets, namely land, buildings, chattels and fixtures and the financial assets, namely investments such as stocks and shares or advances to other companies. Current assets are also called liquid or available assets since they represent cash or any other item which can be easily converted into cash and mainly refer to stock and shares, Treasury Bills, bills receivable, discounted commercial bills, certificates of deposit, etc. Wasting assets are those items which are given a determined life span and which require depreciation from the annual profits. The total debts of a company represent the category of liabilities. They include: current liabilities (the debts due for payment within one year) and long term or deferred liabilities. Current liabilities mainly refer to creditors or accounts payable, taxation payable, debts due to trade and hire purchase, the amount owed to banks, while long terms liabilities include the loan capital, mortgages and debentures. Financial accounting works out a number of financial statements such as the balance sheet, the cash flow statement and the profit and loss account or income statement. The balance sheet is a statement at one point of time which shows all the assets (what the company owns) against all the liabilities of a company (what a company owes; assets liabilities = owners equity). READING COMPREHENSION 1. Insert in the table below the appropriate types of assets and liabilities: Trade marks, loans, land, copyright, goodwill, fixtures, stock and shares, Treasury Bills, certificates of deposit, patents, loan capital, debentures, bills receivable, buildings, chattels, creditors, consumables, mortgages, taxation payable.
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ASSETS

LIABILITIES

2. Identify in the text words or phrases that mean: a) concerned with or relating to money; b) a factory or building where an individual process happens; c) a hole in a piece of cloth, paper, etc.; d) the state of becoming old fashioned and no longer useful; e) cancelled f) a special document that says that you have the right to make or sell a new invention or product; g) something that belongs to you; h) a period of time between two dates or events; i) the amount of debts that must be paid; j) an official document given by a company, showing that it has borrowed money and that it will pay a fixed rate of interest; k) to formulate a solution; to devise a plan; l) the value of a piece of property or of a companys shares after debts have been paid. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Translate into Romanian:
Balance Sheet at 31.12.2000 LEI Nr. CALLED UP SHARE CAPITAL NOT PAID FIXED ASSETS (=+3+4+5+6+7+8+9) Intangible Land Buildings Plant and machinery Fixtures, fittings and equipment Payments on account and assets in course of construction Investments 66 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12/31/2000 0 135,124,808 8,339 21,041,488 51,821,120 52,125,574 4,731,743 1,344,157 4,052,387 Euro 12/31/2000 0 3,498 0 545 1,342 1,349 122 35 105

LEI Nr. CURRENT ASSETS (=+11+12+13+14) Stock Debtors Cash bank and hand Adjustment accounts CURRENT LIABILITIES (=+16+17+18+19) Bank balance/overdraft Provision for risk Creditors Taxation Adjustment accounts NET CURRENT ASSETS/LIABILITIES (=+10+15) NET ASSETS (=+1+2-20) CAPITAL AND RESERVES (=+23+24+25+26-27-28+29+30+31) Subscribed and paid capital stock Share premium account Reserves Revaluation proceeds Profit Loss Profit distribution Other funds Subsidies for investments DIFF (=+21-22) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 31 12/31/2000 243,140,892 174,169,501 36,275,998 13,857,723 18,837,670 206,115,885 138,094,384 21,127,732 15,963,344 30,737,604 192,821 37,025,007 172,149,815 172,149,815 119,243,100 516,613 9,556,184 106 56,899,839 56,899,839 42,833,812 -

Euro 12/31/2000 6,295 4,509 939 359 488 5,336 3,575 547 413 796 5 959 4,457 4,457 3,087 13 247 0 1,473 1,473 1,109 -

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2. Read the following text about ScotiaLine. Match the paragraphs with the titles a) ScotiaLine offers you a range of flexible repayment choices: Pay the minimum installment shown on your monthly statement. The minimum required payment is generally 3 % of the outstanding balance. However, in some cases your minimum payment may be even less. If your account is fully secured, for example, you may qualify to make a minimum payment of only the interest owing on the outstanding balance. Pay more than your minimum installment or pay off your outstanding balance. Youre never charged a pre-payment penalty. b) Using ScotiaLine is as simple as filling out a personalized ScotiaLine cheque. Each cheque will be debited from your approved ScotiaLine credit limit. And its confidential. Only you know your cheque is being drawn on a line of credit. And now you can even access your ScotiaLine account through Scotiabank Cashstop banking machines. c) Some credit and department store cards charge significantly higher interest rates. By using your ScotiaLine account to pay off certain debts, you could end up saving hundreds of dollars a year in interest costs. Ask for your own ScotiaLine account today at your nearest Scotiabank branch! d) We all need extra money from time to time. With ScotiaLine, youll have the financial resources to be ready for these occasions without having to apply for a loan each time. Whether its for home improvements, a new car, travel, a childs education, taking advantage of a personal investment opportunity or other important reason. e) Although credit cards are useful for short-term purchases, they can be of limited use in pursuing your long-term financial goals. That's where ScotiaLine comes through placing up to $500,000 at your immediate disposal, whenever you need it (subject to credit approval). With either a secured or unsecured ScotiaLine account, you have access to a pre-determined credit limit. An unsecured ScotiaLine is designed for the consumer borrowing needs of most people. Or, if you prefer, you can apply for a fully secured ScotiaLine of up to $500,000 using collateral such as the equity in your home, bonds, T-bills or other approved securities. f) Once approved, youll receive a supply of personalized ScotiaLine cheque and detailed monthly statements when your ScotiaLine account is
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active. Yet there are no annual fees or transaction charges. And you dont pay any interest until you access your account. Financial opportunity is close at hand. Its as easy as writing a cheque. A ready source of funds. Flexible repayment options. No annual fees or transaction charges. Plus, ScotiaLines attractive interest rates could save you money! 3. Fill in the gaps with words from the box: wholesaler shop-lifters deposit instalments C.W.O. order I.O.U. loan enclose display overdue paying-in-slip household deadlines creditor overdraft

The firm deals in electrical appliances and ... goods. These articles are on in our showrooms. means that you must pay for the goods when ordering them. Please your check with your next letter. The is a middleman between the manufacturers and the retail traders. steal merchandise in stores. An is a promise to pay on the part of the debtor. They cannot meet the delivery Your payment is and your account is in the red. We grant loans to our clients and arrange for facilities. When making a deposit you have to fill in the A hire purchase transaction involves payment by The contract provides for the borrower to leave 10% off the on deposit. I have been requested to leave a A bill of exchange is drawn up by the This is the biggest weve ever placed with them.
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VOCABULARY Group work 1. Match the words in the list A with definitions in B A a) collateral b) credit rating c) credit worthiness d) instalment e) interest f) loan-sharking g) mortgage h) overdraft i) pawnbroker j) statement of account B 1) the numerical assessment of the risk a bank runs in granting a loan 2) the payment made by a borrower for the use of money lent to him, calculated as a percentage of the capital borrowed 3) debt instrument by which the borrower gives the lender a lien on his property as security for the repayment of the loan 4) list of debts and credits 5) lends money against the security of personal property pledged in his keeping 6) property offered as a guaranty to obtain a loan 7) the money paid in regular amounts at regular intervals when paying back a loan 8) lending money at extortionate interest rates 9) a bank account from which money has been overdrawn 10) the assessment of an individuals or a firms capability of repaying loans

2. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below. interest loan instalments security overdraft repayment

A bank is a sum of money, which a bank will lend to a person or organization for a fixed period and usually with some kind of approved. Those who borrow money in this way have to pay
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The interest payable on a personal loan is added to the sum at the start and the is usually by equal monthly In the U.K., if you have an you are allowed to take out more money from your bank account than you have in it. 3. Fill in the gaps, using the words EARNINGS, INCOME and REVENUE are the sums of money earned by working. may include unearned income acquired from other sources e.g. share dividends, property or other investments. It is subject to income tax is similar in meaning to income but is more likely to refer to the money that a company or organization receives through sales. We would not normally refer to a private individuals income as 4. Classify the idioms below according to the following topics: Help and Encourage ment (a) 1. 2. 3. 4 Honesty & Directness (b) 1. 2. Fairness (c) 1. 2. 3. Deception (d) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Revealing & Hiding (e) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pull someones leg; you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours; in the same boat; cook the books; wash your dirty linen in public; put/lay your cards on the table; bite the hand that feeds you; sweep something under the carpet; take someone under your wing; take something with a pinch of salt; behind your back; above board; give someone a hand; a stab in the back; pay lip service to something; a white lie; let the cat out of the bag; get something off your chest; below the belt; pull the wool over someones eyes.
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GRAMMAR PRACTICE (THE ARTICLE) REMEMBER 1. The Definite Article THE has the same form for singular and plural, and for all genders. It is used when the noun has already been mentioned: Yesterday I read a book. The book was very interesting. 2. The Indefinite Article A/AN is used: a) when a countable noun is mentioned for the first time: I visited a big firm yesterday. b) before a singular countable noun used as a representative of a whole class. A public limited company must have an authorized and issued share capital of at least 50,000. 3. The Zero Article is used before plural nouns used in a general sense: Public Limited Companies or PLCs are usually larger, wellestablished companies with a good track record in the business world. Supply A/AN or THE if they are necessary: In the case of ...(1)... sole trader, the net profit is transferred from ...(2)... profit and loss account direct to the capital account. The owners of ...(3)... limited company are its shareholders. Any shareholder who invests in ...(4)... limited company by buying ...(5)... shares is only responsible for ...(6)... payment of those shares. ...(7)... good example of the type of person who would profit from ...(8)... limited company status is a husband and wife team who are presently sole traders running ...(9)... large guest house. By converting to a limited company they may issue all ...(10)... shares between them. Written Assignment 1. Prepare a short talk on the topic: Shares and Shareholders 2. Fill each of the numbered blanks. Use one word only in each space. The financial accounting is responsible for the .(1) of business in monetary values, the .(2). of the company and their presentation in quarterly or .(3) financial statements. It is (4) to record the financial history of a business entity. Unlike the financial accounting, the management accounting is a process of accumulation, .(5).. and communication of
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both .(6). and operating data to the management of the company with the .(7). of assisting managers to (8). the most appropriate decisions. 3. Translate into English a) provizioane; adaos comercial; profit net; profit brut; anexe la bilan; cheltuieli generale; contabilitate n dubl partid; declaraie de venituri; b) V rog s-mi trimitei lista facturilor neachitate. Ei nu au respectat termenele de livrare. Ne declinm orice rspundere n eventualitatea c partenerul nu respect condiiile clientului. Extrasul arat c, contul meu este descoperit. Spre deosebire de o cambie, un bilet la ordin este emis de debitor. Tocmai am deschis un cont de economii la aceast sucursal. Dou vrsminte, dou transferuri i o retragere efectuate la sfritul lunii octombrie nu apar n ultimul meu extras de cont. Confirmm cu mulumiri recepionarea cererii dumneavoastr din 20, data n curs. Confirmm primirea comenzii dumneavoastr pentru mrfuri n valoare de $10,000. V remitem anexat brourile noastre. Nu vom fi n msur s satisfacem comanda dumneavoastr la data cuvenit. Firma n discuie se bucur de o reputaie excelent printre furnizorii i clienii ei. Avei intenia s participai cu o ofert la licitaia pentru acest proiect? Exist posibilitai de desfacere pentru produsele noastre n strintate. Zvonuri nefondate au provocat confuzie pe pia. Cotaiile au atins nivelul cel mai sczut din ultimii 10 ani.

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UNIT 7

COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

PRE READING DISCUSSION 1. Do you have your own computer? What do you use it for? 2. What does the hardware that makes up the most basic computer system include? READING Read the text and check your answers. Your computer is made up of many parts called hardware. Your hardware runs software programs that translate the instructions you send to your computer into a language it can understand. The hardware that makes up the most basic computer system includes a monitor, a keyboard, and a system unit. The system unit holds your computers processor, memory, disk, drives, and video card. A file is an electronic document or an application that has been given a name and stored on your computer. A file could be a memo you have written or it might be the word processing application you used to write the memo. Files have names and can be stored on your computer in directories. COMPREHENSION PRACTICE 1. Labelling Parts of Equipment. Instruction: Write the names for the parts of the computer pictured below.

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(1)

(2) (3) (4) (5)

2. Find the words in the text, which have the same meaning as the following definitions. a) an electronic machine that can store information and do things with it according to a set of instructions called a program b) a system of instructions and commands for operating a computer c) the part of a computer that looks like a television and that shows information d) a piece/of software e) to keep facts or information in a computer f) a short official note to another person in the same company or organization PRE READING DISCUSSION What do you know about portable computers? What about bubble memory?

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READING Read the following text. The first digital computer was built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It weighed 30 tones and filled a large room. It was called ENIAC. In its early days it required 18,500 vacuum tubes to store information. Scientists and engineers worked to make it better. The use of transistors as small amplifiers in place of the large vacuum tubes reduced the size and cost of computers. In the early 1960s, the first minicomputers were made commercially. They were the size of a two-drawer file cabinet. Less than a decade later, the microcomputer was invented. The basic unit of the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip less than 1 cm on a side. Each chip is a miniature electronic circuit that serves the different computer function. Each circuit contains thousands of elements. The great advances in microelectronics have helped achieve the moon landing, satellites, digital watches, computer games, etc. One of the latest developments is bubble memory. In bubble memory, the information is stored in tiny magnetic spots or islands that look like bubbles floating on the chip. One great advantage of bubble memory is that it does not lose stored information when the power is turned off. Portable computers, ranging from briefcase size down to hand - holds, are the latest innovation. Hand-held computers is very light in weight and sits in the palm of ones hand. COMPREHENSION PRACTICE 1. Are the following statements true or false? Correct any false statements and give reasons for your choice. a. The first digital computer was built in the U.S.A. b. It was huge. c. Smaller was better. d. The first minicomputers were made commercially in 1968. e. The microcomputer was invented in the 70s. f. Hand held computers are amazingly light.

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2. Find words in the texts that could be replaced by: a. boosters; b. a semiconducting element; c. very small; d. able to be carried; e. new invention. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1. Complete the following sentences using suitable words from the box below: celebration artificial task alphabetical current payrolls filing

There are millions of computers in use in the world now. But not even hundreds of them are dedicated to the sophisticated work of .(1). intelligence. Though there has been much (2) of coming of the computer revolution, it can hardly be said to apply to our (3) use of these machines. They do little beyond arithmetic and (4) sorting. In practice they are no more than automated (5) systems with central controls, and still the chief (6) they are assigned around the world is to keep track of company (7) 2. Match the following words with their appropriate definitions.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

laptop hardware scanner bold font frame shadow

8) icon

a. an automatic electronic means of inputting data b. the series of characters available for use c. another word for a window d. a computer that can be carried easily e. to put dark edging round letters f. the computer and its peripherals g. a symbol that represents a document, wastepaper basket, etc h. thick typeface used to highlight a word or a group of words
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3. Match the idiom in the left hand column with its appropriate definition in righthand column. The idioms used deal with memory and mind, progress and expectations. 1) off the top of your head 2) ring a bell 3) 4) 5) 6) on the tip of your tongue make headway the light at end of the tunnel on the right track a) you know it but cannot remember it b) to think in a way that is likely to lead to a correct result c) unexpectedly d) to seem likely to happen e) without checking the facts f) to finish the main or worst part of something g) to have a wrong idea h) you think you have heard that before j) a sudden success that ends quickly and is unlikely to happen again k) something that gives you hope for the future l) to waste your efforts m) to make progress

7) break the back of something 8) bang your head against a brick wall 9) bark up the wrong tree 10) out of the blue 11) on/in the cards 12) a flash in the pan

4. Look in your dictionary for each of the underlined words and choose the correct definition. Write the definition on the lines provided. a) Paul went along with our plan after he understood his part in it. _______________________________________________________ b) Before beginning the discussion, Mr. Smith gave a brief sketch of the events leading up to the discovery of the problem. ________________________________________________________

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c) The other committee members recognized that Mary Johnson had a good point when she reminded them that leadership was an important quality. ________________________________________________________ d) In order to wrap up the meeting, I would like to review the various suggestions presented to the group to solve our problem, our reasons for selecting the one we did, and finally the responsibilities that each of us now have in the accomplishment of the solutions. ________________________________________________________ e) The mans face is very familiar but I cant recall his name. ________________________________________________________ f)Michael Thomson gave a rundown of what occurred at the last meeting to bring everyone up to date. ________________________________________________________ g) After the accident, in which our car was badly damaged, we had only two alternatives: have it repaired at a very high cost, or buy a new one. ________________________________________________________ h) After a lengthy discussion, the staff members recommended that Mr. Smiths proposed change to the budget be approved. ________________________________________________________ i) The paper given to all those who attended the two-day meeting recapitulated the information presented in the generals speech. ________________________________________________________ j) The group leader wanted to find out where Mr. Collins stood on this issue. ________________________________________________________

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5. Match the phrases on the right with the terms on the left by writing the letters in the spaces provided.

...1) ...2) ...3) ...4) ...5)

alternative despite go along with have a point paraphrase

...6) propose ...7) recall ...8) recapitulate ...9) rephrase ...10) rundown ...11) sketch ...12) summary ...13) where he stands ...14) wrap up

a. to give a summarizing statement b. a quick, oral review or summary c. remember d. what his opinion / attitude is e. a brief, comprehensive statement which gives all the important parts of a longer subject f. to summarize briefly g. to make a list h. to restate or reword ideas in a different form i. in spite of j. to do again or do over k. possible choice l. to agree with m. to make a true statement or statement of value n. a brief or quick outline of facts or occurrences o. to make available for consideration or approval p. to put into different words q. what he understands

6. Match the terms listed below with the sentences that illustrate. a. agreement b. disagreement c. paraphrase d. summary ...1) Although Mr. Cottons suggestion has good possibilities, I dont think it will work in this case. ...2) Does everyone go along with his proposal?
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...3) Lets briefly go over what weve covered today. ...4) In other words, I feel that we need to reconsider our plan. ...5) Let me quickly review what weve talked about so far. ...6) Let me rephrase that. GRAMMAR PRACTICE Handling Figures Programming involves handling figures. Here are a few guidelines. 0 is pronounced : nought, zero or 0 After the decimal point, each figure is pronounced individually. For example 4.394 is pronounced as four point three nine four. N.B. For an English person 6,254 means six thousand two hundred and fifty-four. There is no s after hundred, thousand, million, etc. except when followed by of. e.g. 2,586 = two thousand five hundred and eighty-six. Fractions: = a half; 1/3 = a third, = a quarter; 1/5 = a fifth; 2/6 = two sixths. 1. Say the following numbers aloud: 572; 48; 1999; 20,643; 15.232; 350,000,000. 2. Translate into English: 1) Putei retrage pn la 1200 de dolari pe sptmn prin automatele noastre pentru cri de credit. 2) Avem onoarea s v informm c la ora actual contul dumneavoastr are un sold debitor de 1,324 de dolari. 3) Ultimele rezultate naintea impozitrii evideniaz o cretere de 32% fa de primul trimestru al anului 1989. 4) Mai mult de 25% din personal lucreaz cu norm redus. 5) Ne-au fcut dou comenzi pentru piese de schimb n valoare total de 54.000 de dolari i nc nu ne-au pltit, dei le-am scris de trei ori i le-am telefonat de dou ori. 6) Am putea s le cerem 10% penalizri pentru ntrziere. 7) Vnzrile au depit nivelul de patru milioane la sfritul anului. 8) Preurile au nregistrat o cretere continu ntre 1989 i 1990.

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Written Assignment Translate into English 1. a introduce date; a afia pe ecran; codificat; strat; model; a terge; a actualiza, n curs; a ncrca; cunosctor de informatic. 2. Mica disciplin universitar n care sunt testate limitele calculatoarelor este domeniul inteligenei artificiale. Dintre sutele de mii de programatori de calculatoare numai cteva sute s-au devotat ntrebrii referitoare la capacitatea computerelor, ntrebndu-se dac vechea zictoare science fiction despre creiere i computere ca fiind echivalente este de fapt, adevrat. ntr-o form uor diferit, aceeai idee a fost exprimat mai mult de dou mii de ani prin construirea roboilor (automatons/robots) care imit comportamentul uman i animal. Numai n ultimii 25 de ani, totui, ntrebrile Ce este inteligena? i Cum poate fi realizat mecanic? au fost ntr-adevr ridicate la nivelul ntrebrilor academice serioase.

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Appendix A

FUNCTIONAL INDEX INTRODUCING YOURSELF

FIRST SPEAKER How do you do? My names John Smith Hello. Let me introduce myself. Im John Smith Hello. Allow me to introduce myself. Hello. Im John Smith. Hi! Im John Smith.

SECOND SPEAKER How do you do? Im Joan Robinson. How do you do? Please to meet you. Oh hello. Im Joan Robinson. Oh hello. Joan Robinson.

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Some useful structures: 1. How are you? Great. (enthusiastic). Not too good. (sad) Dont ask! (fed up) Great just great. (sarcastic) Okay. (glad) Terrible! (angry) 2. How re you doing? Lousy. (gloomy) All right. (neutral) Terrific! (very positive)
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3. Hello. Howre things? Couldnt be better. (very positive) Pretty good. (cheery = cheerful = in good spirits) 4. Hows it going? Well . Could be better. (down) No complaints. (neutral) So so. (neutral) Just awful! (very depressed) 5. Well, see you around. Good luck anyway. Take care. Bye. Nice seeing you. Good bye. Have a good day. GIVING DETAILS ABOUT YOUR ORGANISATION Im with the GKN Group. We make/manufacture/sell/deal in electrical products. My companys based in .. Our head office is in .. Ive been with / worked for the company for five years. We have branch offices / subsidiaries in .. Our turnover is Weve got a work force of .. PERSONAL OPINION During a group discussion, you will be asked to give facts and also personal opinions. Here are some expressions introducing personal opinion, which you should learn to recognize and use. They will help you avoid confusing personal opinion with factual information.

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In my opinion, In my view, In my estimation, The way I look at it, The way I see it, The way it looks to me, It seems (to me) that It appears (to me) that If you ask me, I think that My conclusion is that In my judgment, From my point of view, From my viewpoint My assessment is that I have an idea I have a feeling Its my feeling Its my impression ASKING FOR OPINIONS

the cost of this program is too high.

the whole problem could have been avoided with proper training.

that John wont like this plan.

What is your

judgment of view of conclusion about feeling about opinion of impression of assessment of

the current situation in Europe?

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How do you view What do you think about How do you assess What do you like? How do you feel about this?

the current situation in Africa? Id like to hear your view on this.

ASKING ABOUT PROBLEMS up? the problem / matter?

You dont look too happy. Whats

You look worried. Is everything all right? EXPRESSING WORRIES a bit / little rather very really extremely unhappy worried concerned apprehensive afraid REASSURING Dont worry. Everything will be fine. all right. O.K. as bad as all that. the end of the world. as bad as you think.

Im

about .. (that.)

Come on, now. Its not Cheer up!

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FIRM SUGGESTIONS In my opinion we ought to / should launch the product in June. Surely we ought to / must I (would) recommend / suggest launching it earlier. I recommend (that) / suggest (that) we put it on the market in June. I think (that) / feel (that) we should do a marketing study first. How / What about introducing it just before the summer season? TENTATIVE SUGGESTIONS It might be a good idea to launch it in September. It might be worth (while) bringing it out in the summer. One possibility / option would be to put off the launch for a while. STATING PRIORITIES Saying what it is essential to do Ive got to I must I have to I need to visit this new factory.

Its essential Its vital Its important

I go for me to go

to Paris.

Saying what it is desirable to do I should I ought spend a morning in London.

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It would be a good idea to talk to Jim Seymour. It would be helpful / useful to GIVING ADVICE If I were you, Id I think you ought to / should try to stay a day longer.

You could always get Dan to do some of your work. I would advise you to I think it would be best to It might be advisable to talk to Dan (formal).

TALKING ABOUT STATISTICS (very) few (of) almost none (of) hardly any (of) Almost (slightly) less than (just) fewer than (a little) under (just) more than (well) over at least quite a few (of) a (large) number (of) a lot of ..

a quarter (of) . a third (of) about half (of).. roughly three quarters (of). Approximately

35% (of)

half (of).. 50% (of).

the (vast) majority (of). nearly all (of).. Virtually all (of)

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PLANS AND INTENTIONS We plan / Were planning We intend / Were intending We aim / Were aiming to bring it out in June. to produce a revolutionary hair-drier to sell 30,000 units in the first year.

POSSIBILITY Its possible (that) well have the prototype ready by Christmas. We may be able to might be able to could a good chance launch it next autumn. (that) itll be ready next month. of becoming the leaders in this field.

Theres We have

PROBABILITY Its (highly) Its likely (that) probable (that) well sell 10,000 next year.

obvious (that) wed need to do some more market research first. clear (that) COMPLAINING

Im not happy (about) .. Im really annoyed / upset (about) .. I object to . Id like to complain (about) THREATENING If you , Ill Unless you , Ill .. I warn you. Im warning you. Ill . Youd better not . Or else .
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PERSUADING Dont you Wouldnt you agree (that).. accept (that) think (that)

Im sure youd Surely youd agree (that) Isnt it a fact that GIVING WAY IN ARGUMENTS Thats true. That may be true. Youve got a point there. I can see that but INTERRUPTING Now, hold on a second. Wait a minute. Could I just make a quick point, please? Id like to come in here, if I may. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS We can plan our response or reaction to a situation that has already occurred, but how do we plan for unknown future events? During a group discussion, the group leader can ask other members of the group to consider an unreal situation in order to get their reactions, proposals, or ideas for a plan of action. Such unreal situations are called hypothetical situations and can be used when planning for the future. Using hypothetical situations, the group can discuss different possible reactions and select the one that will be followed should the situation actually occur. Here are some expressions that can be used to introduce a hypothetical situation.

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(Let us) assume (for a moment) suppose (for discussion purposes) that this investment imagine (for arguments sake) outperforms presume (for the sake of argument) the market Assuming that Working on the assumption that Given a situation in which Let me give you a hypothetical Suppose .. Put yourself in Johns position. place. shoes. position place. shoes. What would you do? this investment outperforms the market, how do you think we should proceed? situation case.

Put yourself in Johns

and tell us what you would do.

Suppose you were in Johns

position. place. shoes. position. place. shoes.

What would you do?

Imagine you are in Johns

What will you do?

If you were in Johns

position. What would you do? place. shoes.

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If I were in Johns

position. place. shoes. position. place. shoes.

I would ..

Put yourself in Johns

and tell us what you would have done.

Suppose you had been in Johns

position. What would you have done? place. shoes. What would you have done?

If you had been in Johns position. place. shoes. Put yourself in Johns

position. What would you have done? place. shoes. position. I would (not) have done the same thing. place. shoes. CLARIFICATION

If I had been in Johns

When you dont understand a speakers ideas, ask for clarification. Here are some suggested expressions to use when introducing or asking for a statement of clarification. Let me make myself clear. Let me clarify what I just said. Let me make that clearer. Could you please clarify the plan? Could you make the plan a little clearer?
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Rather than asking a question, you could also state that you are having difficulty understanding what the speaker means. For example: Im having trouble understanding your idea. I dont follow you. I dont understand what you mean. The preceding statements, which indicate confusion or a lack of understanding, can be combined with a question. For example: Im having trouble understanding your idea. Could you please clarify it? I dont follow you. Could you please clarify what you mean by .? Im confused about my participation in the overall plan. Could you please clarify our responsibilities? EXPLANATION Explanations are used to clarify previous statements, which are unclear or need further comment. For example: Let me explain. Let me expand on this. Let me elaborate on this. Let me clarify this point. The details are spelled out in the papers in front of you. The papers in front of you spell out the details. If you want an explanation, you can ask: What does that mean to us? Can you please explain how this plan will be put into operation? Would you expand on your idea? Would you clarify the role my department is expected to have? Would you elaborate on your plan? What is the reason for revising our plan? What is the justification for your request for an increase in funds? What is the rationale behind a reorganization of the department? Why do we need to increase spending? Why is it necessary to reduce the size of the staff here?
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What is your explanation for the suggestion that we need more money? How can you justify our request for more money? How do you explain your request for more money? We need more support because of an increase in writing production. A reduction in staff is necessary because of the decrease in student population. This action is justified because of the decrease in student population. How would /do you explain these facts/events? How would/do you interpret these facts/events? How would/do you account for these facts/events? What can we conclude from these facts/events? What conclusion can we draw from these facts/events? What is the meaning of these facts/events? What is the significance of these facts/events? What is your explanation of these facts/events? What is your interpretation of these facts/events? What do these events/facts signify? What do these events/facts suggest to you? Possible responses to the previous questions include: I think these events mean I would interpret these facts to mean I think these facts indicate My interpretation is The facts seem to suggest My conclusion is You can conclude that AGREEMENT/DISAGREEMENT One of the functions of the group leader is to check frequently to be sure the group is in agreement. This is especially important if the members are involved in analyzing problems and arriving at solutions. The following expressions can be used to check for agreement and disagreement.
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Does everyone agree with Marys proposal? Do you agree with Marys assessment of the situation? Do you go along with Marys proposal? Do you accept this view? Does anyone disagree with this idea? Before moving on to a new topic in a discussion, the group leader should check for agreement on the topic just covered. Before we go on to the next questions, move to the next problem, take up the next point, do we all agree? is there anyone who disagrees? are we all in agreement? Do we all go along with?

To express your agreement or disagreement with another group members idea you can use one of the following expressions: Agreement I agree with Toms conclusion. I support Toms plan because Our office can go along with the proposal. My boss can accept that decision. Disagreement: I dont/cant agree with this idea. My department will not be able to support this plan. I cant go along with Toms conclusion. I cant accept that interpretation. I disagree with that suggestion. Since it is the group leaders task to make sure all areas of a problem or topic are thoroughly discussed, the leader should ask for disagreeing opinions and viewpoints from the other group members. Does anyone have a different idea? opinion? viewpoint? etc.
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Does anyone disagree with Marys

plan? conclusion? proposal etc.

Can anyone think of

another alternative? different PARAPHRASE

A useful communicators tool for repeating ideas is the paraphrase. Paraphrasing means rewording the ideas in a different form. The paraphrase can be used for purposes of clarification, explanation, and repetition of information. In other words, practice makes perfect. To put it another way, That is, Let me restate that. Let me rephrase that. Let me put that another way. Paraphrasing statements: You are proposing suggesting advising saying that our department be reorganized.

Sir, if I

followed what you said, you are suggesting that the understood proposing emergency advising medical saying team should be increasing to 6 people.

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Paraphrasing Question: Sir, Id like to ask a question about your last statement. Do you mean Are you suggesting that

If you understood correctly, the speaker will agree with you. If you didnt understand correctly, the speaker will have to clarify or explain his / her ideas. Let me make myself clear. explain. I understand you. Im following you. RELEVANCY One of the tasks of the group leader is to keep the discussion on the subject and moving in an organized manner toward the objective. This will mean determining whether group members comments or questions are relevant to the topic being discussed. Examples: Thats an interesting point. Lets hold our discussion on that until comment. we start question. talking about leadership qualities. Youve raised a good question. Will you hold it until we start our discussion of Please leadership skills. How does this comment question relate to our discussion? the topic?

Let me be sure

Will you show how your

question is related to our discussion? comment

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How is your

comment relevant to the subject under discussion? statement question REACTIONS

When one group member has made a proposal, suggestion, or comment, the group leader can use the following questions to ask other members what they think of it. What is your reaction response to Johns proposal? idea? suggestion? comment? to this proposal? suggestion? idea? comment? proposal? suggestion? idea? comment?

How do you react respond

What do you think about Johns How do you feel

SUMMARY A summary is a brief statement which gives all the important parts of a longer subject. It is normally used at the closing of a meeting to review the groups discussion. The summary should clearly state the conclusions or solutions agreed upon by the group. Let me summarize Lets review Lets briefly go over
98

what weve discussed in our seminar today.

In short, . To sum up, In summary,.. To summarize, A summary does not always occur at the end of a discussion. Before we go on to the next question, let me give you a rundown of what weve covered. point, let s quickly review what weve talked about topic, lets briefly go over what weve discussed lets remind ourselves what weve decided let me summarize what weve covered lets recapitulate our conclusions lets see what we agree on lets see where we stand lets recall what weve discussed so far to this point. up to this point. in this section. Lets briefly go over what weve discussed. Let me summarize what weve covered. Lets review what weve talked about. Lets see what we agree on so far. Lets see where we stand at this point. Let me give you a brief sketch of what Let me outline for you what Let me give you an overview of what Let me give you a short summary of what Let me give you a rundown of what Let me summarize briefly what Im going to say. were going to discuss. we discussed at our last meeting.

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CONCLUSIONS What is the basis for your conclusions? What do you base your conclusion(s) on? What What statistics facts support your statement? conclusion? statement? conclusion? statement? conclusion?

statistics do you have to support your evidence facts statistics to back up your facts evidence come to reach arrive at your conclusion?

Do you have any Can you give us How did you

Why do you say that..?

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Appendix B

ROMANIAN ENGLISH BUSINESS GLOSARY

A Acciz = excise Achiziie = accession; purchasing, procurement Acont = payment on account; deposit Acord = agreement Acreditiv = letter of credit Acionar = shareholder; stockholder Acionariat = employee shareholding Aciune = share; stock (AE) Aciune gratuit = bonus share, script issue, capitalization issue Aciuni aflate pe pia = outstanding shares Activ corporal = tangible assets Activ necorporal = intangible assets Active = assets Actualiza vb. = to update Adaos comercial = markup percentage Administra (conduce, gestiona) vb. = to manage; to handle Adunarea acionarilor = company meeting, shareholders meeting Afaceri = business Agent economic = businessman, business(-es) Agenie de publicitate = advertising agency Alocaie = allowance; subsidy Amnuntul (cu) = retail, to retail, to sell by retail Ambala vb. = to pack Ambalaj = package Amend = forfeit; penalty; fine Amendament = amendment Amortizare = depreciation; writing off, depreciation fund system, amortization
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An fiscal = fiscal year (f.y.), tax year, year of assessment Andosa vb. = to endorse (GB); to indorse (AE) Anexa la bilant = notes to the account Anexa vb. = to enclose Angaja vb. = to hire; to recruit Angajat = employee Angajator = employer Angro = wholesale Angrosist = wholesaler Antreprenor = entrepreneur; contractor Anuitate = annuity Aport = shareholders contribution Asigurare = insurance Asigurri sociale = Social Security; National Insurance, Social Insurance Autofinanare = selffinancing Automat bancar = automated teller machine Aval = guarantee, warranty, guaranty, suretyship; endorsement (n cazul unei polie) Avans = deposit Aviz de expediere = advice of dispatch Aviz, ntiinare = advice B Balan = balance Balan comercial = balance of trade, trade balance Banc = bank Banca la domiciliu = home banking Bancnot = banknote Bancrut = bankruptcy Bani = money Bani mruni = small change Beneficiu, profit = profit; benefit, employees amenity, fringe benefit Bilan = balance sheet Bilet la ordin = promissory note, note of hand Bunuri i servicii = goods and services Burs de valori = stock exchange Burs de mrfuri = commodity exchange
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C Cdea, scdea, (a se) reduce vb. = to fall; to drop; to decrease Cambie = bill of exchange Capacitate de producie = production capacity Capital = capital Capital circulant, mijloace circulante = circulating capital, working, floating, liquid capital; liquid assets, net current assets, circulating assets, current capital (AE) Capital fix = fixed capital, fixed assets Carte de credit = credit card, plastic card (colloq.) Casa de comenzi prin corespondenta = wailorder firm Casa de pensii = pension fund, superannuation fund Cec = cheque (GB), check (AE) Cec fr acoperire = uncovered cheque Cec n alb = blank cheque Cec la purttor = cheque to bearer, bearer cheque Centru comercial = shopping centre Cerere = demand; request; inquiry, enquiry; application Certificat de calitate = certificate of quality Cheltuieli = expenditure, outlay; expenses Cheltuieli de constituire, nfiinare = formation expenses, promotion expenses Cheltuieli de producie = production outlay Cheltuieli directe = direct expenses Cheltuieli fixe = fixed expenses Cheltuieli generale = overhead expenses Cheltuieli pentru achiziionarea de bunuri i servicii = consumer spending, consumer expenditure Cheltuieli publice = public expenditure Cheltuieli variabile = variable expenses Cifr de afaceri = turnover Clauz = clause, provision Client = customer, client Comanda = to order, to place an order Comandit pe aciuni = joint-stock limited company Comanditar = sleeping partner, silent partner, dormant partner
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Comanditat = acting partner, active partner, general partner, ordinary partner, working partner Comercializare = marketing, merchandising, trading Comerciant = shopkeeper; trader Comer = commerce; trade Comer cu amnuntul = retail Comer cu ridicata = wholesale Comision = commission; errand Concedia vb. = to lay-off; to dismiss; to make (workers) redundant Concuren = competition Condiii de vnzare = terms of sale Conduce vb. = to run; to operate; to lead; to manage Confirmare de primire = acknowledgement of receipt Confiscare = forefeiture Conjunctur = (present) economic trends; the (present) economic situation; the (present) state of the economy; the business outlook; the economic situation Conosament = bill of lading (B/L) Consoriu = consortium (consortia, consortiums), syndicate Constituirea unei intreprinderi = Business Formation Consum intern = home consumption Consum = consumption Consumabile = consumables Consumator = consumer Cont bancar = bank account Cont creditor, activ = accounts receivable (AE), debtors (BE) Cont de cheltuieli = expenses account Cont de economii = saving account Cont de rezultate = profit and loss account (GB), gain and loss statement (AE) Cont debitor, pasiv = accounts payable (AE), creditors (BE) Contabil autorizat = certified accountant (BE), certified public accountant (AE) Contabilitate = accounting (GB), accounting (AE), accountancy (GB) Contabilitate in partida dubla = double entry book - keeping Contraband = smuggling Contract = contract Contract de angajare = contract of employment Contract de locaiune, arend = lease
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Contract de navlosire = charterparty Contract de societate = memorandum of association Contribuabil = taxpayer Control financiar = audit Control inopinant = snap check Controlul calitii = quality control (q.c.) Costuri de producie = costs of production Costuri de regie, indirecte = overhead costs, indirect costs, operating costs Costuri fixe = fixed costs Cot = quota Cotare = quotation Crean = debt Credit = credit Creditor = creditor Crete vb. = to raise; to rise; to increase; to go up Criz = slump; depression; crisis Cumprtor, cumprtoare = buyer, purchaser Cumprturi = purchase D Data rambursrii = redemption date Datorie = debt, liability Datorii curente = current liabilities, short-term liabilities Debit = debit Declaraie de venit = tax return, earning report, income statement Declaraie vamal = bill of entry Decont = settlement of accounts Defalca vb. = to deduct, to subtract Deficit de cas = cash deficit Deficit, lips = deficit, deficiency, shortfall, shortage Degreva vb. = to exempt (from), to forgive, to relieve; to allow Degrevare = a) scutire exemption, forgiveness, relief; b) reducere allowance Deponent = bailor Depozit = warehouse, depot, store, stores, deposit Depozitar = depository, bailee Depuntor = depositor Despgubi vb. = to compensate, to indemnify
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Destinatar = addressee Detailist = retailer Deintor de obligaiuni = bond holder Deviz de cantiti = bill of quantities Distribuie = distribution Dividend = dividend Dotri = facilities E Echivalent = equivalent Economie paralel = underground economy Economii = saving, savings Efecte de comer = commercial papers, short-term money, market instruments (GB), prime commercial papers (p.c.p.) (AE) Elasticitate a cererii = elasticity of demand Elasticitate = elasticity Elasticitatea ofertei = elasticity of supply Emisiune = issue Emite vb. = to issue Eantion, mostr = sample, specimen, pattern, model Etalare (de mrfuri) = display, show Etalon = standard Etalon aur = gold standard Etic = ethics Eviden contabil = bookkeeping Excedent = surplus, excess Exerciiu financiar, an bugetar = financial year, accounting year Expedia vb. = to dispatch, to forward, to send off, to ship, to consign, topost, to mail, to forward Expert contabil atestat = chartered accountant Expertiz = expertise, expertness; know-how (colloq.) Export = export Exterior = foreign; overseas (GB) Extras = statement Extras de cont = statement of account

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F Fabrica vb. = to manufacture; to make Factur pro form = pro forma invoice Factura vb. = to bill; to invoice Factur, not de plat = bill; invoice Faliment = bankruptcy, smash, crash Falit = bankrupt, broke (colloq.) Fals = forgery Fax = facsimile, fax Filial = subsidiary company Financiar = financial Finana vb. = to finance Finanare = financing; funding Fisc = (the) tax authorities; the inland revenue (GB), the internal revenue services (AE) Fiier = file; filing cabinet Foaie de vrsmnt = paying-in slip, credit voucher,credit slip Fond comercial (negativ) = negative goodwill, ill goodwill Fond de rezerv = provision Fond, fonduri = fund, funds; capital money Fonduri proprii = shareholdersequity, stockholders equity (AE) Fragil = handle with care Franco = ex, free Franco de-a lungul cheiului = free alongside quay Franco de-a lungul navei = free alongside ship Franco nav = ex ship, ex steamer, free overside Franiz = franchise Fraud = embezzlement, misappropriation, breach of trust, speculation, fraudulent conversion; fraud, false representation Fraud fiscal = tax evasion Fura vb. = to filch, to purloin, to take; to pilfer; to steal Furniza vb. = to supply Furnizor, ofertant = supplier, vendor (AE); provider Furt = theft, larceny Fuziune = merger

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G Gaj = pledge, gage, pawn, mortgage; security Gaja vb. = to pledge, to pawn, to secure, to mortgage Garanie = guarantee; indemnity Gir = endorsement Gol de producie = downtime Gratificaie = bonus Greutate net = net weight Greutate brut = gross weight Grev = strike, industrial action, direct action, withdrawl of labour Grev de avertizare = token strike I Import = import Importa vb. = to import Importator = importer Impozit = tax Impozit pe salariu = withholding Impozit pe venit = income tax Impozita vb. = to tax, to levy taxes on Indemnizaie = emolument Industrie = industry Inflaie = inflation Infrastructur = infrastructure Iniiativ = enterprise Inspector de sanepid = health inspector Inspector financiar, fiscal = inspector of taxes, tax assessor (AE) Integrare = integration Interior (intern) = domestic; home Intermediar, misit = intermediary, middleman; broker, go-between Inunda o pia vb. = to glut the market Investi vb. = to invest Investiie = investment mprumut = loan
108

mputernicire, procur = release, freight release; power, letter of attorney; delegation; warrant ncrca vb. = to load; to charge ncrctur = freight ncheia (un contract, o afacere) vb. = to sign; to close nchiria vb. = to hire; to rent; to lease, to let nchiriere, leasing = leasing nfiina vb. = to set up, to found, to establish nregistra vb. = to book nregistrare = registration; accounts ntiinare = notice ntrziere la livrare = delay in delivering nelegere = bargain ntreprindere = enterprise, business, firm, company, concern ntreprinderi mici i mijlocii = small and medium sized business ntreprinztor = entrepreneur, enterpriser J Jurisconsult, consilier juridic = solicitor (GB), attorney (AE) Jurnale de nregistrare primar = books of first entry, books of original or prime entry, subsidiary books of account [cash book (registrul de cas); bill book (registrul efectelor de comer); sales day book (registrul vnzri la zi); purchase book (registru de cumprri)] L Lansa vb. = to launch Legea ofertei i a cererii = law of supply and demand Liber schimb = free trade Liber iniiativ = private enterprise, free enterprise Liberalism = laisserfaire; free market economy Licen = licence Lichida vb. = to wind up Lichidator = conservator, liquidator Licita vb. = to bid Licitaie = auction Licitator = bidder; tenderer List de inventar = stock list; stock take (articole de inventar) List de preuri = price list
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M Magazin = shop, store Magazin cu autoservire = selfservice store, shop Majora vb. = to raise, to increase Mn de lucru = labour force, workforce Management, conducere, administrare = management Manager = manager Marca fabricii, marc comercial = trade-mark Marc nregistrat = registered trade-mark, name Mrfuri n consignaie = goods on consignment Marj, adaos = margin Mas monetar = money supply Materii prime = raw materials Mijloace de producie = capital goods, producers production, investment goods Mit = bribe, secret commission Moned = currency Monopol = monopoly Mostra = sample N Navlosi vb. = to charter Navlosire = chartering Negocia vb. = to negotiate Neimpozabil = taxfree, tax-exempt Nivel de trai = standard of living, living standard (GB), level of living (AE) Not de plat = bill O Obligaiune = bond; debenture Ofert = bid; offer; tender; supply; hands, help wanted Onorariu = fee Opri (inflaia, omajul) vb. = to curb; to stern the tide of, to check Ordin = order Ordin de virament = order to transfer credit Organigram = organization chart, flow-process chart P Paritate = parity Pasiv, datorie = liability; liabilities Pia = market Piata de desfacere = outlet
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Pia monetar = money market Piaa muncii = labour market Pierdere = loss, deficit Planificare = planning Plat = payment Plusvaloare = increase in value Poli de asigurare = insurance policy Politic economic = economic policy Pre = price, rate Pre cu amnuntul = retail price Pre de cost = cost price Previziune (prognoz) = forecast Prima = bonus Prim de asigurare = premium Primul intrat, primul ieit = first in, first out Privatiza vb. = to privatize Proces verbal = minutes Producie = output, product, outturn, yield; production Produs intern brut (PIB) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Produs naional brut (PNB) = Gross National Product (GNP) Produs secundar = by-product Profit brut = gross profit Profit net = net profit / income Proprietate imobiliar = real estate (AE), real property (GB), immovable property, realty Proprietate mobiliar = personal property Propunere de amnare = lie-on-the-table motion Putere de cumprare = purchasing power R Rabat = discount; abatement; rebate Rambursa vb. = to reimburse Randament = output; yield; return Raport de schimb = terms of trade Rspundere = responsibility; liability Rat, curs = rate; instalment [exchange rate (cursul de schimb); rate of interest (rata dobnzii)] Realiza un profit vb. = to make a profit Recipis, chitan = receipt; voucher Recomandare = testimonial, recommendation
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Redeven = royalty Regie autonom = statutory company Registratur = registry Registre contabile = books of account, financial books, account books [bookkeeping (nregistrare contabil); double-entry (nregistrare n partid dubl); prime entry (jurnal de nregistrare primar)] Relansa vb. = to spur, to boost, to revive Relaii comerciale = connections, connexions (AE) Rentabilitate = profitability Rest = change Restan de plat = back pay Reinere a impozitului la surs = pay-as-you-earn (p.a.y.e.) Retragere = withdrawal Returnabil = refund, returnable Reziliere = cancellation, termination S Salariu = salary Salariu n regie = salary, stipend Salariu la norm = wage Saturaie = saturation; glut Scdea vb. = to decrease, to fall Scaden = tenor, term; due date; maturity Schimb n natur, troc = barter, switch trading; countertrade Schimb valutar = currency exchange Scont = discount Scrisoare de garanie = letter of guarantee Scrisoare de trsur = waybill Sector privat = private sector Sector public = public sector Servicii bancare = banking [payment - pli; cheque (GB), check (AE)- cec; bill of exchange cambie; letter of credit (L/C) - acreditiv; bank deposit depozite bancare; financial transaction - tranzacii financiare] Sigiliu = common seal Sigl = logogram, logograph; logotype (abr. logo) Societate = company; society Societate cu rspundere limitat = limited (liability) company Societate n comandit pe aciuni = joint-stock company Sold creditor = credit balance, in hand balance Sold debitor = overdraft; balance due, debit balance
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Solvabilitate = solvency Somaie de plat = debt collection letter Speculaie = speculation Speculaie de burs = stock Exchange speculation, commodity Exchange speculation Statut (al unei societi cu rspundere limitat) = Articles of Association Stoc = stock, inventory (AE) Stoca vb. = to stock Strategie = strategy Subvenie = subvention; subsidy; allowance Sucursal = branch (office), branch house edin = sitting; meeting ef = chief, head ef de birou = head clerk ef de compartiment = department chief, head eptel = livestock omaj = unemployment; joblessness (AE) omer = unemployed person T Tarif vamal = customs tariff Tax = tax, duty, fee, toll, charge, dues Tax pe valoarea adugat (TVA) = valueadded tax (VAT) Tax vamal = customs duty Termen lung = long run, long period Termen scurt = short run Termeni de schimb = trade terms, terms to the trade Titlu de crean = acknowledg(e)ment of debt Titlu de participaie = equity Titlu de proprietate = title Trgtor = drawer Transport = transport, conveyance, shipping, freight Tranzacie = transaction Trat bancar = bank draft, bank cheque, bankers cheque, bankers draft Trezorerie = treasury U Ultimul intrat, primul ieit = last in, first out
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Unitate de cont = unit of account Unitate monetar = monetary unit, currency unit Utilizator = user Uzur = wear and tear; usury V Valoare = value Valoarea adugat = value added Valoare n vam = customs value Valoare nominal = face value, nominal value, par value Valut strin = foreign currency; foreign exchange Vmuire = customs clearance Vrsmnt, plat = payment Venit = income; revenue Venit impozabil = taxable income Verificare = check, examination, testing, audit, checking, control, inspection Virament bancar = bank transfer, bankers transfer Vnzare = sale, vendition Vnzare n rate = hirepurchase sale Vnztor = seller; salesman, shopman, shop assistant (n magazin); retailer (cu amnuntul); wholesale dealer (cu ridicata); street vendor (ambulant) Vitez de circulaie a banilor = velocity of circulation, velocity of money Z Zi de srbtoare legal = bank holiday Zon de comer liber = free trade area ABREVIERI GB Great Britain AE American English

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Appendix C

ENGLISH ROMANIAN BUSINESS GLOSARY

A Abroad = n strintate Accommodation = mprumut, credit, avans, acord, nelegere Accomplish (to) = a ndeplini Accordingly = n consecin Account = cont, calcul, calculaie, buget, client Account (for) (to) = a explica, a justifica, a reprezenta; a rspunde (de) Accountability = responsabilitate Accountancy = eviden contabil Accountant, bookkeeper = contabil Accounting = calcul, socoteal, contabilitate, eviden contabil, gestiune Accounting Department = serviciul contabilitate, compartimentul contabilitate Accounting year result = rezultatele exerciiului Accrual accounting = contabilitatea nregistrrii tranzitorii (efectuarea nregistrrii contabile a tranzaciei chiar dac plata n numerar nu a fost nc ncasat), contabilitatea cumularilor Accrued dividends = dividende acumulate Accumulated depreciation for fixed assets = amortizri privind imobilizrile Accuracy = exactitate Acquire (to) = a dobndi, a cpta Acquisition = achiziie, procurare Act = act, document, lege Act as (to) = a aciona (ca); n calitate (de) Actual price = pre real Add (to) = a aduna (la); a aduga (la) Adjust (to) = a ajusta, a regla, a adapta Adjustments accounts = conturi de regularizare i asimilate Advance = avans
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Advertise (to) = a face publicitate Advice Note = aviz, ntiinare Agree (to) = a conveni All the year round = n tot cursul anului Allocate (to) = a aloca Allowance = alocaie, subvenie, indemnizaie Amortization = amortizare Amount = sum, valoare Analyze (to) = a analiza Annotate (to) = a nregistra, a ine evidena Annual General Meeting = Adunarea General Anual Application = aplicare, aplicaie, cerere (scris) Appoint (to) = a numi (ntr-o funcie) Appraisal = estimare, evaluare (a costurilor, a preurilor) Approval = aprobare Area = domeniu Arrears = arierate Article of Association, Partnership = contract de asociere, parteneriat As a general rule = ca regul general As a whole = n totalitate, ca un tot unitar As proof = ca dovad As the case may be = dup caz Assess (to) = a evalua, a aprecia Asset based financing = finanare pe baza garantrii cu active Assets = active, mijloace, bunuri Assign (to) = a repartiza (n) (la) Assistant Manager = director adjunct Assume (to) = a presupune, a atribui, a admite Assure of (to) = a asigura de At sight = la vedere Attach (to) = a ataa, a anexa (la) Attrition = reducerea natural a personalului Auction = licitaie Auditing firm = firm care efectueaz audit Auditor = auditor Authorize (to) = a autoriza, a mputernici Authorized, nominal, registered capital = capital social, capital nregistrat
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Available = disponibil Average = mediu B Bad debtor = ru platnic Balance = situaia contului, balana, sold Balance sheet = bilan contabil Ban (to) = a interzice Bank account = cont bancar Bank charges = comisioane Bank rate = curs bancar, rata oficial a scontului Bankrupt = falit Bargain = afacere, tranzacie Be accompanied by (to) = a fi nsoit de Be acquainted with (to) = a fi n cunotin cu, a fi familiarizat cu Be allowed (to) = a fi permis, a avea permisiunea Be applicable (to) = a fi aplicabil, a se putea aplica Be assigned (to) = a fi repartizat (la) Be assisted (to) = a fi ajutat Be assumed that (to) = a se presupune c Be assured of (to) = a se asigura de Be at reach (to) = a fi accesibil Be based on (to) = a se baza pe Be called (to) = a fi numit Be charged for (to) = a fi taxat, a se percepe taxe pentru Be credited (to) = a fi creditat Be debted (to) = a fi debitat Be dependent on (to) = a fi dependent de Be divided into (to) = a fi mprit n Be due (to) = a fi scadent, a fi datorat Be entered (to) = a fi nregistrat Be expected (to) = a fi de dorit Be granted (to) = a fi acordat Be independent from (to) = a fi independent de Be liable to (to) = a fi rspunztor n faa Be limited to (to) = a fi limitat la, a se restrnge la Be linked to (to) = a fi legat de
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Be made of (to) = a fi format, a fi compus din Be met by (to) = a fi satisfacut, a fi onorat, a fi pltit Be passed (to) = a fi supus aprobrii Be performed (to) = a fi realizat Be ready to (to) = a fi gata s Be regulated (to) = a fi reglementat Be required (to) = a fi solicitat Be responsible for (to) = a rspunde de Be secured by (to) = a fi asigurat prin Be set out (to) = a fi stabilit Be split up (to) = a fi mprit, a fi divizat Be staffed (to) = a fi ncadrat cu, a avea ca personal Be subject to (to) = a face obiectul, a se supune la Be summed up (to) = a fi nsumat, a fi totalizat Be tied up (to) = a fi blocat Be willing to (to) = a fi dispus s Bearer cheque = cec la purttor Before maturity = nainte de scaden Benchmarking = standardizare Beneficiary = beneficiar Benefit = beneficiu, ctig, profit, avantaj, alocaie Bid (to) = a face o ofert financiar, a licita, a ncerca preluarea controlului asupra Bid for (to) = a licita, a face o ofert pentru Bill = not de plat, act, document, proiect de lege Bill Book = registru de polite Bill of exchange (B/E) = cambie Bill of lading = conosament Bind bound bound = a obliga Board of Directors = Consiliu de Administraie Body of principles = set de principii Bond = obligaiune Bond issue = emitere de obligaiuni Book = registru contabil Bookkeeper = contabil Boost (to) = a impulsiona, a amplifica Branch = sector, filial, sucursal
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Breach a law = a nclca o lege Break-even point = prag de rentabilitate Break-up = lichidare Bring along (to) = a aduce cu sine Broker = agent specializat, curtier Budget (to) = a stabili bugetul Budget payable and other similar accounts = bugetul statului, fonduri speciale i conturi speciale Bulk = n vrac, engross Business = afaceri By means of = cu ajutorul, prin intermediul C C&F (cost, freight) = cost i navlu C.I.F. (cost, insurance, freight) = cost, asigurare i navlu Call (to) = a convoca (o edin, adunare) Cancel (to) = a anula Capital = capital Capital accounts = conturi de capitaluri Cargo = ncrctur Carriage = transport Carrier = transportator, cru Carry out = a realiza Cash book = registru de cas Cash discount = bonificaie Cash flow = fluxul numerarului Cash in hand = cas Cashier = casier Certificate of Incorporation = certificat de nmatriculare Certify (to) = a certifica, a valida Cessation = ncetare Chairman = preedinte Charge = tax, cheltuial Charge of commission = a percepe un comision Charter of the Company = Statutul Societii Check = verificare Claim = reclamaie
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Claims department = birou de reclamaii Clear of cheque (to) = a achita un cec Clearing bank = banca de decontri Clerical people = funcionari Client = client Coin = moneda Collapse (to) = a suferi un eec, a se prbui Collateral = suplimentar, garanie suplimentar Commercial paper = titluri de credit Commitment = angajament, implicare, consemnare Common stock = aciune ordinar Complaint = reclamaie, plngere Conduct business (to) = a conduce afacerile Consignee = destinatar, comisionar Consignment Note = aviz de expediie, conosament Consist of (to) = a consta din Consumables = consumabile Consumption = consum Contractual requirement = cerin contractual Contractual terms = condiii, termeni contractuali Control sheet = fi de control Convert (to) = a transforma, a schimba Convertible debenture = titlu (de crean) convertibil Core business = miezul afacerii, activitatea de baz Corporation tax = impozitul pe profitul societii Correspondent bank = banc corespondent Counterfeiting = contrafacere, falsificare Credit card = carte de credit Credit Note = not de creditare Creditor = creditor Current account = cont curent Current assets = active curente Customer = client Customer and similar accounts = clieni i conturi asimilate Customs Office = Birou vamal Cut down/ off/ back = a reduce Cutting-edge technology = tehnologie de vrf
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D Damage = pagub(e), avarie Data base = baz de date Day Book = registru, jurnal Dead line = termen final Deadline = data limit, termen Deal in (to) = a comercializa (a vinde i cumpra) Deal-dealt-dealt with (to) = a se ocupa cu, a fi abordat, a se acorda grij (atenie) la Debenture = titlu de crean (datorie neasigurat pe termen lung) Debit Note = not de debitare Debt = datorie Debt management = gestionarea datoriilor Debtors and creditors (46) = debitori i creditori diveri Decree = decret, ordonan Deduct from wages (to) = a reine din salariu Default = neplat Deferred income = venit amnat Deflate (to) = a reduce Delegate (to) = a delega, a mandata Deliver (to) = a livra, a expedia Delivery capacity = capacitate de livrare Demand = cerere Demand and supply = cerere i ofert Demerger = sciziune Department = departament Deposit = depozit, bani depui (n banc), bani cu dobnd Depot = depozit (de mrfuri) Depreciation = amortizare (active fixe) Depreciation and provision expenses (68) = cheltuieli cu amortizri i provizioanele Derive from (to) = a deriva din Development = dezvoltare, evoluie Direct payment = plat direct Discount = a sconta; rabat, reducere a preului Discount a Bill (to) = a sconta o cambie Discount rate (accounting rate) = rat de actualizare, rat de reducere
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Diseharge (to), dismiss (to) = a concedia Dispatch (to) = a expedia, a livra Display (to) = a afia, a etala Dividend = dividend, sum repartizat ntre creditori din bunurile unui debitor insolvabil (n cazul unei lichidri) Do business (to) = a face afaceri Documentary Bill of Exchange = cambie documentar (nsoit de documente) Dole = indemnizaie de somaj Double entry = dubl nregistrare Doubtful accounts = calcule neclare, calcule dubioase, calcule care prezint dubii Downsize (to) = a reduce dimensiunile (i efectivul) Draft (to) = a elabora, a concepe, a schia Draw- drew- drawn up (to) = a pregti, a proiecta, a ntocmi Drawee = tras (instituia financiar care execut plata) Drawer = trgtor (persoana care efectueaz plata) Due to = (aflat) n obligaie de plat, de pltit de ctre/datorit Dues = cotizaii Duration = durat Duty = sarcin, ndatorire, obligaie, plat (vamal), tax E Earn (to) = a ctiga, a aduce profit, a obine Employee = angajat (al unei societi comerciale) Enclose (to) = a anexa End item = element final End result = rezultat final Endorse (to) = a andosa, a aproba, a consimi Engage to (to) = a se angaja s Enquiry (inquiry) = cerere de ofert Ensure (to) = a asigura, a garanta Enterprise = ntreprindere Entity = entitate Entry (to) = a nregistra Equation of accounting = ecuaia contabil
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Equipment = echipament(e), utilaj(e) Equity = echitate, dreptate, (pl.) aciuni cu dobnd variabil Estate agent = agent de vnzri imobliare, administrator funciar Evaluate (to) = a evalua Exchange rate = rat de schimb Executive = executiv, cu spirit practic, activ Expenditure = cheltuial, cheltuieli Expense = cheltuial Expenses accounts = conturi de cheltuieli Expensive = scump (ca valoare) Extra balance sheet accounts (80) = conturi n afara bilanului Extraordinary expenses (67) = cheltuieli excepionale Extraordinary revenues (77) = venituri excepionale F F.O.B.(free on board) = franco la bord Face (to) = a fi confruntat cu Failure = eec, ratare Fair = corect, cinstit Fee = contravaloare, remuneraie, onorariu, tax (de nscriere, admitere) File = fiier, dosar Fill in/ up/ out (to) = a completa (un formular) Finance = finane Financial = financiar Financial accounting = contabilitate financiar Financial investments (26) = investiii financiare Financial reports = rapoarte financiare Financial revenues (76) = venituri financiare Financial statement = situaia financiar (raport) Finished goods = produse finite First of Exchange = exemplarul original al cambiei Fixed assets = mijloace fixe, active fixe, imobilizri Fixed assets in course (23) = imobilizri n curs Fixture = mijloc fix, bun imobiliar Flow = flux Forecast = previziune, prognoz Foreign trade = comer exterior
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Form (to) = a forma, a constitui Format = form, model Franchise = fransiz, (contract prin care o societate comercial cedeaz unei persoane juridice sau fizice dreptul de a vinde produse sau a presta servicii sub firma i marca sa, n schimbul unei redevente) FRANCO = livrat direct Fraud = fraud Freelance (to) = a desfura o munca independent Freelance (to) = a desfura o munc independent Freight = fraht, transport (de mrfuri), ncrctur, navlu Freight Note = navlu, aviz de transport Fund = fond Funding = finanare Further = n plus, suplimentar G Gather (to) = a colecta, a strnge, a aduna General Ledger = Registrul general, Cartea mare general General Manager = Directorul General (la nivel de management mediu) Get a reflection of (to) = a obine o reflectare a Get assessment of (to) = a realiza o evaluare, a-i face o prere/impresie despre Give direction/instruction (to) = a da instruciuni Glut = exces, supraabunden, suprasaturare Go down = a fi n scdere/diminuare Goods (37) = mrfuri Grant = a acorda (un drept, autorizaie), a dona, a cesiona (transmite), a oferi Grid = gril Gross = brut Gross profit = profit brut Group = concern Guarantee = garanie H Hand over (to) = a nmna, a preda, a transmite, a remite Hard currency = devize forte Head of department = ef de departament
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Heading = antet Hereby = prin prezenta (prin acest document) Hire (to) = a angaja, a nchiria, a lua n arend, a lua cu chirie Hired manpower = for de munc nchiriat/folosit temporar Holder = deintor Honour a Bill (to) = a onora o cambie I Import duty = tax vamal pentru import Improve (to) = a mbunti, a perfeciona In charge of = responsabil de/cu In compliance with = n conformitate cu In exchange for = n schimbul In one form or another = ntr-o form sau alta In reply to = ca rspuns la In terms of = n condiii de, viznd, care vizeaz In the event of = n cazul (n care) Income = venit, ctig Income Statement = situaia veniturilor Income tax = taxa pe venit Income tax expenses (69) = cheltuieli cu impozitul pe profit Increase = cretere Incremental benefits = sporul/creterea costurilor, evoluia costurilor Indebtedness = ndatorare Index (indices) = indice (indici) Inflation = inflaie Inform of/about (to) = a informa despre Information Technology (IT) = Tehnologie Informaional Input = aprovizionare, intrare, introducere Instalment = acont, rat, plata n rate, vrsmnt parial Insurance = asigurare Intangible assets (20) (intangibles) = imobilizri necorporale Inter-company and shareholders transactions (45) = grup i asociai Interest = dobnd Interest income = venit din dobnd Interest rate = rata dobnzii Internal rate of return = rata intern a rentabilitii/recuperrii
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Inventories undelivered (35) = stocuri aflate la teri Inventory = stocuri; inventar Investment = investiie Investment income = venit din investiii Invoice = factur Irredeemable debenture = titlu (de crean) nerambursabil Irrevocable Documentary Credit = acreditiv documentar irevocabil Issue (to) = a emite, a pune n circulaie, a elibera Issued capital = capital emis (pus n circulaie) J Job = ocupaie, activitate, treab, munc, loc de munc Joint stock company = societate pe aciuni Joint venture = societate mixt Journal = jurnal Journal entry = nregistrare n jurnal K Keep in balance (to) = a ine n echilibru, a menine echilibru L Labour/manpower = for de munc Last (to) = a dura Laundering = splare a banilor Law = lege Lead to (to) = a conduce la Lease (to) = a concesiona, a nchiria Leasing = concesionare, nchiriere (pe termen lung) Ledger = registru contabil principal, cartea mare Legal person = persoan juridic Lend-lent-lent (to) = a mprumuta (a da cu mprumut) Let (somebody) know (to) = a aduce la cunotin Letter of Credit (L/C) = acreditiv Letter of Hypothecation = scrisoare de ipotecare Level = nivel Liabilities = pasive Liability = obligaie, rspundere
126

Lien = gaj, zlog, garanie Life expectancy = speran de via Limited (liabilities) company (Ltd.) = societate cu rspundere limitat (S.R.L.) Liquid internal transfer for cash (58) = viramente interne Liquidity/solvency = solvabilitate, disponibilitate de active lichide Load (to) = a ncrca Loan = mprumut (acordat pe diferite termene) Loans and other similar debts (16) = mprumuturi i datorii asimilate Lodge with (to) = a depune la Logo = emblem, sigl Long term = (pe) termen lung Loss = pierdere Lump sum = suma total/global M Make a decision (to) = a lua o hotrre Make out (to) = a ntocmi Make payments (to) = a face/efectua pli Make ready for (to) = a pregti pentru Make use for (to) = a se folosi de, a folosi, a utiliza Manufacture (to) = a fabrica Mark (to) = a nsemna, a marca Market = pia Market price = pre de pia Marketable securities (50) = conturi de trezorerie Master = propietar, stpn Match (to) = a egaliza, a face s corespund, a armoniza Material = esenial, vital, important Maturity = scaden Maximise (to) = a maximaliza, a spori Means of payment = instrumente de plat Measure (to) = a msura Meet the target (to) = a realiza obiectivul/scopul Memorandum of Association = Contract de Societate Merchandise = marf Merchant bank = banc comercial
127

Merge (to) = a fuziona, a combina, a asocia Minimise (to) = a minimaliza, a diminua Ministry approval = aprobare de ctre minister Minute Book = Registru de procese verbale Minutes = proces verbal Miss (to) = a pierde, a rata Money market = piaa monetar Mortgage = ipotec, ipotecare Mutual fund = fond mutual N Natural person = persoan fizic Net profit = profit net Network = reea O Occur (to) = a aprea, a se ntampla, a avea loc Offer = ofert On (ones ) account = n contul (cuiva) On behalf of = n numele On demand = la cerere On one side = ntr-o parte On receipt of = la primirea, dup primirea On sale/on return = vnzare n consignaie (cu returnarea mrfii nevndute) One-man business = ntreprinztor individual Open an account (to) = a deschide un cont Operation = operare, funcionare Order = comand (cerere) Order Book = registru de comenzi Organisational structure = organigram, structur organizatoric Other ordinary revenues (75) = alte venituri din exploatare Outcome = rezultat, urmare, consecin Outstanding = neachitat, de plat, restant, litigios; scadent; remarcabil Overdraft = cont nedescoperit; sum cu care s-a depit contul n banc; depire a contului n banc Overdue = de plat, scadent Overhead = depire, surplus; cheltuial administrativ i pentru ntreinere
128

Overheads = procentajul cheltuielilor din totalul cifrei de afaceri Overload = suprancrcare Overtime = (plata pentru) ore suplimentare, peste orele obinuite de munc Owe (to) = a datora Own (to) = a poseda, a deine Owner/proprietor = propietar P Package = pachet Paid-up capital = capital depus Partnership = parteneriat Pass on (to) = a transmite (mai departe/n continuare) Pawn broker = cmtar Pay out (to) = a plti, a efectua pli Payable on demand = pltibil la cerere Payee = destinatarul/beneficiarul plii Payer = pltitor (persoana care pltete ) Payment = plat Payroll = salarizare Percentage = procentaj Perform (to) = a efectua, a realiza Personnel and similar accounts (42) = personal i conturi asimilate Personnel expenses (64) = cheltuieli cu personalul Petty inventories (32) = obiecte de inventar Phase = faz, etap Physical and human resources = resurse umane i fizice Place (to) = a plasa Placement = plasament Plan (to) = a planifica Planning = planificare Point of view = punct de vedere Policy = poli (de asigurare) Post (to) = a trece, a nscrie (n registru) Postal order = mandat potal Preferred dividends = dividente prefereniale Preferred share = aciune preferenial Prepaid expenses = cheltuieli pltite anterior
129

Preside over (to) = a prezida Prevention of losses = prevenirea pierderilor Previous year = an precedent/anterior Price = pre Price per unit = pre unitar, pre pe bucat Priority = prioritate Private enterprise = ntreprindere privat Privatization = privatizare Pro forma invoice = factur pro form Procedure = procedeu, procedur Proceed to (to) = a trece la, a proceda la Proceeding = proces verbal, procedur Production capacity = capacitate de producie Production in course (33) = producia n curs de execuie Production range = gam de produse Products (34) = produse Profit and Loss Accounts = Contul de profit si pierderi Projected life span = durata de via proiectat Projection = proiectare, elaborare (prin proiectare) Promissory Note = promisiune de plat Promotion = promovare, avansare Promotion of sales = promovarea vnzrilor Proper = potrivit, corespunztor Property = propietate, patrimoniu Proven solution = soluie verificat n practic/viabil Provide with (to) = a asigura cu, a furniza Provisions for debtors (49) = provizioane pentru deprecierea creanelor Provisions for depreciation of inventories and work in progress (39) = provizioane pentru deprecierea stocurilor i produciei n curs de execuie Provisions for financial accounts (59) = provizioane pentru deprecierea conturilor de trezorerie Provisions for fixed assets depreciation (29) = provizioane pentru deprecierea imobilizrilor Provisions for risks and charges (15) = provizioane pentru riscuri i cheltuieli Proxy = mandat, delegaie, procur Public body = organism public, instituie public
130

Purchase (to) = a cumpra, a achiziiona Purchase order = comand de cumprare/achiziionare Purpose = scop Put before (to) = a prezenta, a supune ateniei Put in place (to) = a aeza, a plasa, a pune pe locul cuvenit Put together (to) = a mbina, a reuni Q Quantify (to) = a cuantifica, a evalua Quarterly = trimestrial Quotation = cotare R Range = gam, varietate Rate = rat, ritm Ratio = raport (comparativ ntre dou entiti), proporie Raw material = materie prim Raw materials inventory and consumables (30) = stocuri de materii i materiale Receipt = ncasare, primire, recipis Receive (to) = a ncasa, a primi Receiver = destinatar, primitor Reconcile (to) = a pune n concordan, a ajusta, a reglementa Reconciliation account = cont de ajustare (punere n acord/concordan) Record (to) = a nregistra Recover/recoup (to) = a recupera Recurrent expenses = cheltuieli recurente Redeemable debenture = titlu (de crean) rambursabil Refer to (to) = a se referi la Referee = persoan care d referine References asked = cerere de referine Regarding = care privete, privind, privitor la, referitor la Regardless of = indiferent de Register (to) = a nregistra (o companie) Register of Business, Register of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry = Registrul Camerei de Comer i Industrie Register of Companies = Registrul Societilor Comerciale (GB)
131

Regulate (to) = a reglementa Regulated provisions (14) = provizioane reglementate Regulatory body = organ responsabil cu reglementrile Relationship = relaie Remain in business (to) = a rmne n activitate Rent = nchiriere, chirie Repay (to) = a rambursa Repayment period = perioada de rambursare (datorii) Report = raport Report on (to) = a raporta despre Requirement = cerin, necesitate Research = cercetare Reserve = rezerv Resource = resurs Respond to (to) = a reaciona/rspunde (la) Result in (to) = a avea ca rezultat, a rezulta n Retail trade = comer cu amnuntul Retain (to) = a reine, a pstra Retained earnings = ctiguri nerepartizate Return (to) = a returna, a trimite napoi Return of capital = rentabilizarea/recuperarea capitalului Revenue = venit, ctig Revenues accounts = conturi de venituri Revenues from fixed assets processed (72) = venituri din producia de imobilizri Revenues from inventories (71) = venituri din producia stocat Revenues from provisions (78) = venituri din provizioane Revenues from sales and services (70) = venituri din vnzri de produse, mrfuri, servicii prestate i alte activiti Revenues from subsidies (74) = venituri din subvenii de exploatare Reverse (to) = a inversa Review (to) = a evalua, a reconsidera, a examina, a reanaliza, a studia, a revedea Revision = revizuire Risk management = gestionarea riscurilor Rule = regul
132

Run a business for (to) = a desfura o activitate (comercial) pentru/n vederea/cu scopul de a S Safety = siguran, securitate Salary = salariu (pltit lunar) Sales = vnzri Sales revenue = venit/ctig din vnzri Sample = mostr Save (to) = a economisi Schedule (to) = a programa (pe termene) Second of Exchange = exemplarul (copia) al doilea al cambiei Secure (to) = a obine, a se asigura Security = garanie (pentru luarea unui credit), siguran Seek-sought-sought (to) = a cuta, a urmri s Sender = expeditor Service = serviciu, prestaie Set against (to) = a considera ca balana/echilibru/compensare, a realiza un echilibru ntre Settle (to) = a reglementa, a soluiona, a deconta Settlement of accounts = decontare Share (to) = a mpri, a distribui Share = aciune, parte Shareholder = acionar, deintor de aciuni Sheet = fi, foaie Shipment = ncrctur, lot, partid, cantitate de marf ncrcat, transport Shipping Firm = firm de transport maritim Shipping Note = aviz de ncrcare Shipwreck = naufragiu Shoplifter = ho de prvlii Short supplies = lipsa de mrfuri/resurse, incapacitate de aprovizionare Shorter workweek = sptmna de lucru redus Sign (to) = a semna Signature = semntur Sleeping partner = partener inactiv (care nu particip la conducerea firmei) Slump = scdere brusc (a cursurilor la burs, a preurilor), criz, depresiune
133

Social protection and similar accounts (43) = asigurri sociale, protecie social i conturi asimilate Sole trader = comerciant unic Solicitor = notar; avocat nepledant Source of supply = surs de aprovizionare Special accounts = conturi speciale Specimen = mostr, exemplu, specimen (al unei semnturi, al unui document oficial) Staff = personal, angagai (ai unui serviciu, departament) Stage = etap, faz Stand expenses (to) = a suporta cheltuielile Start date = data nceperii (unei activiti) Starting point = punctul de pornire/demarare Statement = situaie, eviden, raport Statement of account = extras de cont Statistic = statistic Status = condiie, poziie, statut legal, rang, funcie Step = etap, moment, pas Stock Exchange = Burs Stocking-trade = comercializare aciuni/stocuri Stocks = stocuri Store (to) = a pstra, a depozita Stream = flux Subject = referin, subiect, tem, expresie de ghidare Subscriber = contractant, depuntor Subscriber of capital = depuntor de capital Subsidiary = filial, subsidiar Subsidies for investments (13) = subvenii pentru investiii Subsidise (to) = a subveniona Subtract from (to) = a scdea din Suite of systems = suit/grup de sisteme Summarise (to) = a rezuma Superintendent = inspector, supraveghetor Supervise (to) = a superviza Suppliers and similar accounts (40) = furnizori i conturi asimilate Supply (to) = a aproviziona, a furniza, a asigura Surtax = supra taxa
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Swap financing = finantare prin operaiuni de schimb n valute (prin cumprare i vnzare simultan de valut strin la doua momente de timp diferite) T Take advantage of (to) = a beneficia de Take into account/consideration (to) = a lua n considerare Take out (to) = a prelua, a extrage Tangibles (tangible assets) = imobilizri corporale Target = int, obiectiv Task = sarcin, atribuie Tax = impozit Tax break = scutire fiscal Tax exempt = scutit de impozit Tax, duties and exercises (63) = cheltuieli cu impozitele, taxele i vrsmintele asimilate Term = condiie, clauz, termen Third of Exchange = exemplarul al treilea al cambiei Thorough = detaliat, profund, amnunit Time and place of delivery = data i locul livrrii Time value of money = valoarea n timp a banilor Timely = la termen, n timp util, promt Timing = ealonare n timp, programare pe perioade, stabilirea momentului To the order of = la ordinul Tool = instrument, unealt Track (to) = a detecta, a identifica Trade = comer, nego, afaceri Trade mark = mrci de fabric Trade off (to) = a echilibra, a face un compromis, a face s corespund Trader = comerciant Tradeunion = sindicat Trading Account = cont comercial, contul rezultatelor comerciale (provenite din tranzacii comerciale) Transhipment = transbordare Transportation = transportare, transport, Traveller = comis voiajor, agent mobil Travellers Cheque = cec de cltorie
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Treasury = trezorerie, tezaur Treasury shares = aciuni de tezaur Trend = tendin Triplicate = n trei exemplare/copii Trustee = gestionar, garant, girant Turnover = cifra de afaceri (venituri totale) U Unconditional order = ordin (de plat) necondiional Undelivered = nelivrat Under statute = conform/potrivit statutului Under this = prin aceasta Under which = prin care, conform cruia Undergo (to) = a parcurge, a trece prin Underlie (to) = a fi/constitui baza Undertake (to) = a ntreprinde, a angaja Unemployment = omaj Unforseen = neprevzut/ Unincorporated associations = societate, asociaie neautorizat, neconstituit Unlike = spre deosebire de Unload (to) = a descrca Unrealised loss on non-current investment = pierderi prin nerealizarea curent de plasamente Update (to) = a actualiza, a aduce la zi Upon (on) presentation = la prezentarea User = utilizator, beneficiar Utility company = societate de interes public/regie public V Value (to) = a aprecia valoarea, a evalua Value Added Tax (VAT) = taxa pe valoare adaugat (TVA) Venturer = asociat (ntr-o societate mixt) W Wages = salariu (pltit sptmnal) Waiver = invalidare parial (clauz contractual) Warehouse/storehouse = depozit, magazie
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Waybill = scrisoare de trsur, conosament Wealth = avere, abunden, patrimoniu Welfare benefits = avantaje sociale Whether = dac (da sau nu) Wholesale trade = comer angro Wholesaler = angro, vnzare angro With reference to = referitor la, cu privire la Work breakdown structure = structurare detaliat a activitii, structur arborescent Work out (to) = a calcula, a afla (prin calcul), a rezolva, a soluiona Working assets = active circulante, mijloace circulante Working capital/circulating (floating) capital = capital circulant, lichiditate general Worksheet = fi de lucru World trade = comer mondial Write off = a anula nregistrarea (unei datorii, cheltuieli) Y Yield (to) = a produce Yield = produs, rentabilitate, rezultat

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Appendix D

IDIOM 1. 2. 3. 4. A- one (A l) Above board Ace in the hole Acid test

MEANING The best Honest A surprise , a surprise situation Trial of value or quality through usage under the hardest condition; (a thorough, conclusive trial) Risk everything on one effort or operation; concentrate all resources, supplies, etc., in one place. A large amount of money Try to gain an advantage by saying nice things or giving gifts 24 hours a day; a full day Financially independent or physically healthy again To begin again / start over again Successfully settled or arranged Thinking or acting quickly Nonsense Waste your efforts by doing something that does not produce any results To have a wrong idea, especially about how to get a particular result Delay coming directly to the point I dont understand this Without knowing An unfair or cruel remark Authoritative documents, such as manuals, textbooks, etc.

5. All ones eggs in one basket 6. An arm and a leg 7. Apple polish(ing) 8. Around the clock 9. Back on ones feet 10. Back to the drawing board 11. Bag, in the bag 12. Ball, on the 13. Baloney 14. Bang your head against a brick wall 15. Bark up the wrong tree 16. Beat around the bush 17. Beats me 18. Behind your back 19. Below the belt 20. Bible
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IDIOM 21. Big league 22. Bird dog (to) 23. Bite the hand that feeds you 24. Blow , lets blow 25. Boiling mad 26. Bottleneck 27. Bottom of the barrel, scraping the bottom of the barrel 28. Brain 29. Break , take a break 30. Break ones neck 31. Break the back of something 32. Briefing 33. Broad picture 34. Broke 35. Buck 36. Built-up area 37. Bull by the horns; take the bull by the horns 38. Bullheaded 39. Burn the candle at both ends 40. Burnt out 41. Call it a day 42. Cant hold a candle to someone

MEANING Full scale, or professional type of operation or organization To supervise or watch closely Harm someone who has treated you well or supported you Lets go; lets leave Be very angry A place or person who acts as an obstacle to progress or free movement Having to use inferior supplies, men, equipment, etc., because the best quality has already been used An intelligent person A short rest Try very hard To finish the main or worst part of something Explanation of a plan A general view of a situation Having no money A dollar A residential and/or business area; opposite of rural area Approach a problem or difficulty directly Stubborn Work too hard for too long Mental or physical exhaustion Quit for the day To be not as good as someone or something else
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IDIOM 43. Cards, on/in the 44. Carry on with, (to) 45. Carry out an order (to) 46. Cat, let the cat out of the bag 47. Caught short (to be) 48. Chain of command 49. Chicken 50. Chiefs and not enough Indians, too many chiefs and not enough Indians 51. Cold feet, get cold feet 52. Come up with the solution (to) 53. Cook the books 54. Count on (to) 55. Crap 56. Cross check (to) 57. Cross someones heart 58. Cross your fingers 59. Cry over spilled milk; dont cry over spilled milk 60. Cut corners 61. Cut to the bone
140

MEANING To seem likely to happen To continue To do or execute an order Release information, ideas, etc., before the intended time Unprepared; without supply Steps of command within an organization Coward Too many people giving directions and not enough people doing the real job Become afraid or timid To find the answer; to solve To dishonestly change official records and figures in order to steal money To depend or rely on Information that is not true or believable To verify from different sources Promise to tell the truth Hope for good luck Don t worry about things that have already happened when you can t change the results Do things to quickly, and not as carefully as you should Reduce to absolute minimum

IDIOM 62. Damned if you do , damned if you don t Dark , in the Deadline Do or die Doesnt know which end is up 67. Don t make waves 68. Don t see the forest for the trees 69. Down and out 70. Down hill ; go down hill 71. Down the drain 72. Drop in the bucket, a 73. Eager beaver 74. Ear to the ground; keep your ear to the ground 75. Easy come, easy go 76. Easygoing 77. Eat your words 78. Fall behind 79. Feel for you ; I feel for you 80. Feel like two cents 63. 64. 65. 66.

MEANING Youre likely to be criticized equally by those who are for it and those who are against it Ignorant of/without knowledge Completion date Make a maximum effort Utterly confused or stupid Dont disturb the situation; maintain the status quo Too busy with details to see the big picture Having no money, no success Deteriorate; get worse; stop trying Lost without possibility of getting back A small amount A person who is overly enthusiastic Try to get any information you can That which has been gotten easily does not represent a great loss when it is lost Relaxed; unexcited; not easily upset, annoyed or worried Be forced to admit that a previous statement was wrong Not be able to keep up I have sympathy for your situation but I can t do anything about it Feel embarrassed or foolish; feel small
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IDIOM 81. 82. 83. 84. Fence , on the fence Figure out (to) Find a bug Fingertips, at your

MEANING Undecided; neutral Reason out; discover; determine Discover a defect To have something ready and available to use very easily A sudden success that ends quickly and is unlikely to happen again Say something one should not have said Get something extra without expense or effort Obtain results To advance Succeed by taking a chance Continue Begin; start Tell someone about something that has been worrying or annoying you for a long time, so that you feel better afterwards To begin; start To start to do something Give your agreement (signal to continue) Help To deliberately ignore someone or be unfriendly to them Surrender Agree Each pay for himself or herself To experience; to undergo hardship

85. Flash in the pan, a 86. Foot in ones mouth; put ones foot in ones mouth 87. Free ride 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. Get action Get ahead (to) Get away with it Get on with Get rolling Get something off your chest

94. Get the show on the road 95. Get your teeth into something 96. Give him the green light 97. Give someone a hand 98. Give someone the cold shoulder 99. Give up 100.Go along with 101.Go Dutch 102.Go through the mill (to)
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IDIOM 103.Goldbrick 104.Gone to the dogs 105.Good deal , its a 106.Grind out 107.Guesstimate 108.Hand in glove with 109.Hand to mouth 110.Hand; get out of hand 111.Handcarry (it) 112.Hands are tied 113.Hands full; got his hands full 114.Hang around 115.Hang loose 116.Hang on 117.Hard and fast rule 118.Hard time, give one a hard time 119.Have on hand 120.Have ones hands full 121.Have your ear to the ground 122.Head over heels 123.Hear something on the grapevine 124.Highlight 125.Highlight, to 126.Hit the ceiling 127.Hit the road

MEANING A lazy person In poor condition; become bad Wonderful; to ones liking Produce on a regular basis A close guess based on experience (from guess and estimate) Closely together; closely related Barely able to cover daily expenses Get out of control Personally take a letter, report form, etc., instead of sending it by mail or through distribution Cannot act He s fully occupied Stay close by; wait Keep calm, dont get tense Continue with mission or duty Invariable; fixed Make it more difficult than necessary for someone Have; own Be very busy or occupied with To make sure that you always know what is happening in a situation In a completely confused state or condition Hear about something because the information has been passed from one person to another in conversation Most important point To emphasize; stress Lose ones temper Begin; start
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IDIOM 128.Hit the roof 129.Hits the nail on the head 130.Hold it 131.Hold your horses 132.Holding the bag , left 133.Hook , on your own 134.Horn; on the horn 135.Horses mouth, from the 136.Hot ( news, poop), the 137.Hot dog 138.Hot potato 139.Hot water, in 140.Ill buy that 141.Ill go along with that 142.In the air 143.In the bag 144.In the red 145.In the same boat 146.In tune with 147.In/by my book 148.Irons in the fire; have irons in the fire 149.It beats me 150.Its all yours/ Its (your baby) yours 151.Its at a premium 152.Its beyond me 153.Jam , in a 154.Jammed up 155.Jelled
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MEANING Lose ones temper Is exactly correct Stop it; wait Wait a minute, please Be held responsible On your own initiative On the telephone or radio You are told something by someone who has direct knowledge of it Latest, important information To show off Difficult problem; a situation In trouble I agree I agree or accept Currently rumored/undecided; uncertain Positive; certain Owing more money than you have To be in the same unpleasant situation as someone else Agree; in accord with In my opinion Have projects going I dont know the answer It s your problem Badly needed I dont understand this In trouble Crowded Decided; resolved

IDIOM 156.Jigsaw 157.Jump ahead of, one 158.Jump to conclusions 159.Jump/climb on the bandwagon 160.Junk 161.Keep a low profile 162.Keep clear of (to) 163.Keep cool 164.Keep in mind 165.Keep ones head above water 166.Keep the ball rolling 167.Keep you on your toes 168.Keep your finger on it 169.Keep your head 170.Keep your nose clean 171.Keep your shirt on 172.Keystone 173.Kick around (to) 174.Kid gloves, handle with 175.Know the ropes (to) 176.Lay down the law 177.Lay the cards on the table (to) 178.Learn the ropes 179.Let the cat out of the bag/spill the beans

MEANING Riddle; all mixed up Planned in advance Decide too quickly Begin to do something that a lot of other people are doing Useless, worthless items Behave quietly and avoid doing things that will make people notice you To avoid Stay calm Remember Be able to exist on ones income, pay bills Dont let things slow down Make sure that someone is ready for anything that might happen; alert To control or keep in contact with Dont get excited Stay out of trouble Wait; dont be in a hurry The principal point To discuss Treat very carefully To know the procedures Establish and enforce regulations and discipline To explain all the details Learn the standard procedures; learn the job Tell a secret, especially without intending to
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IDIOM 180.Let s blow 181.Let s take a look (at) (into) 182.Light at the end of the tunnel, the 183.Like a bat out of hell 184.Loaded 185.Look into the crystal ball 186.Looking good 187.Make a mountain out of a molehill 188.Make good (to) 189.Make a big deal out of something, (to) 190.Make ends meet 191.Make headway 192.Mess around 193.Miss the boat 194.Nasty business 195.Never mind 196.Never say die 197.No sweat 198.Number one 199.Nutshell , in a 200.Off the cuff/ record 201.Off the top of your head 202.Off the track 203.On the carpet 204.On the right track
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MEANING Let s go; let s leave Let s examine Something that gives you hope for the future after a long and difficult period Quickly; very fast Having lots of money Make a guess A good or acceptable program Make a small problem into a big problem To be successful Make a mountain out of a molehill Balance ones budget, meet ones payments Make progress Waste time or effort Fail Dirty work Forget about it Never give up hope No difficulty; no problem The best; the top man; the person in command Briefly Not official; not to be quoted Providing information without checking the facts Away from; unaware To reprimand To think in a way that is likely to lead to a correct result

IDIOM 205.On your own 206.Out of the blue 207.Out on a limb 208.Over my head 209.Overall picture 210.Pass the buck (to) 211.Pay dearly 212.Pay lip service to something 213.Piece of cake, be a 214.Pinch pennies 215.Pins and needles, on 216.Play games 217.Play it by ear 218.Play safe (to) 219.Point , there is no 220.Poll the class 221.Pop up 222.Pro and con 223.Pull someones leg 224.Pull your weight 225.Put your finger on it 226.Read between the lines 227.Recap (to) 228.Right down my alley 229.Ring a bell 230.Rough idea , a 231.Rough time 232.Rule of thumb

MEANING Independent; alone Unexpectedly Undecided; doubtful Difficult to understand Complete situation To avoid responsibility by giving it to another Be costly To say that you support or agree with something without doing anything to prove or support To be very easy Be thrifty Nervous, excited Be childish; be playful; not serious Operate independently and in response to the needs of the situation To be cautious There is no reason Take a vote; ask for opinions Happen For and against To make a joke by telling someone something that is not actually true Do your full share of work Be specific; explain Guess someones real feelings from something they say or write To recapitulate; to summarize Very familiar to me If something rings a bell, you think you have heard it before A general conception Difficult time Fixed rule
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IDIOM 233.Run out of 234.Run, on the 235.Runofthe-mill 236.Saved by the bell 237.Scapegoat 238.Scraping the bottom of the barrel 239.Scratch, not up to/not up to par 240.Screw up 241.See the light (to) 242.Shape up or ship out 243.Shoestring, on a 244.Shoot! 245.Shortcut 246.Shot, to take a 247.Shoulders, on ones 248.Sidetrack 249.Silver lining , the 250.Sit tight 251.Skin of your teeth, by the 252.Skip over (to) 253.Snowball (to) 254.Sorry about that 255.Sort of 256.Stab in the back, a
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MEANING Finish the supply To run or move quickly Average; normal Had a very narrow escape; just barely escaped disaster One who is blamed Having to use inferior supplies, men, equipment, etc., because the best quality has already been used; getting the very last of something To not be good enough for a particular standard Ruin; spoil; make a mistake To understand Conform to or obey the standards or be prepared to leave Without spending much money Go ahead! A quick and easy way To attempt; try Ones responsibility Divert from main purpose The happy part of a situation which seems difficult Wait; do not move Just barely succeed To avoid; to go around To become bigger Thats bad, but thats the way life is (usually used in a humorous manner) Somewhat an attack from someone you thought was a friend

IDIOM 257.Stand by 258.Start from scratch 259.Start the ball rolling 260.Step on peoples toes 261.Sweep something under the carpet/rug 262.Take care of 263.Take it easy 264.Take over (to) 265.Take someone to the cleaners 266.Take someone under your wing 267.Take something with a pinch/grain of salt 268.Thumb through 269.Tie up loose ends 270.Tied together 271.Tied up 272.Tighten ones belt 273.Time s running short 274.Tip of your tongue, on the 275.Toe the line/mark 276.Tough time; give one a tough time 277.Turn a blind eye to something 278.Up in the air 279.Up to you , it s

MEANING Wait; reserve item, group, etc., which is held in readiness Explain from the beginning Begin Offend or antagonize others To try to keep something a secret Be responsible for; be able to handle Relax To take the place of; to replace in command Win all of someones money Give help and protection To not completely believe what someone says to you Scan; examine briefly Do the things that are necessary in order to finish a piece of work Joined; related; coordinated Busy; detained Economize, spend and use less Not much time remains If a word is on the tip of your tongue, you know it but cannot remember it Meet standards Make things difficult for a person To deliberately ignore something that you know should not be happening Not yet decided or resolved It depends on you
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IDIOM 280.Update him 281.Up-to-date/Up-tothe-minute 282.Use your head 283.VIP 284.Wash out 285.Wash your dirty linen in public 286.Washed up 287.Wear two hats 288.Wet behind the ears 289.Whatre you driving at? 290.Whats up? 291.Whatchamacallit 292.White lie, a 293.Work it out, to 294.Work up 295.Worth his weight in gold 296.You better believe it 297.You scratch my back and Ill scratch yours

MEANING Give him the most recent information on anything The latest or newest information Think intelligently Very important person Reject or eliminate an applicant or a trainee who has entered in training To discuss something unpleasant or embarrassing in public A failure; a person who has no future Act in two or more jobs at once Inexperienced; new to the job (usually young) What do you mean? What is going on? What is the state of the situation? Anything whos correct name you dont know a lie that is not serious To solve Prepare a solution, an answer, etc.; advance as a result of ones efforts Very valuable; invaluable That s really true Help

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Appendix E

ABBREVIATIONS

This list contains well-known abbreviations commonly used in business contexts. @ a/c A.G.M A.O.B. Approx. Attn. Adv. Assp A.W.B. B BA B/E. B/L. c.a.d. c c.c. C.E.O. Cge. Cld /wld C/o Co. Conf C.O.D. C.W.O. D/A at account annual general meeting any other business approximately Attention Advice as soon as possible air way bill be Bachelor of Arts bill of exchange bill of lading cash against documents cents copies to Chief Executive Officer Carriage could/would care of company confirm cash and delivery Cash with order documents against acceptance
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D/C dept Div. E.& OE. E.G.M. Foll/flwg Fr G.D.P. G.N.P. H.P. Inc. I.O.U. IT j.i.t. Jnr. Jr K Lb L/C. Ltd. MA MBA Mngr. Mo,mth. Msg o.n.o.,o.b.o. oz p P.A. p.a. pd P/E ratio (or P.E.R.) Per pro (pp) Plc P.R. Pte. P.T.O.
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documents against cash department Division Errors and omissions excepted extraordinary general meeting following for gross domestic product gross national product hire purchase Incorporated I owe you Information Technology just in time junior a thousand (in job advertisements, 25k means 25,000) pound (weight) letter of credit Limited Master of Arts Master of Business Administration Manager Month message or nearest offer, or best offer ounce (weight) pence Personal Assistant per annum paid Price earnings ratio for and on behalf of public limited company public relations Private limited company please turn over

Pty. p.w. qty. rgds recv R&D R.O.I. R.S.V.P. s.a.e. V.A.T. VIP Viz. Tlx Telcon W, w/out

Proprietary company per week quantity regards received research and development return on investment repondez sil vous plait (French for please reply) stamped addressed envelope value added tax (UK) very important person Namely telex telephone conversation with, without

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154

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Turcu, F., V. Nstsescu, Engleza de afaceri. Vol I i II. Bucureti, Ed. Uranus. *** Websters New World. Office Professionals Handbook. The Standard Reference for Every Office Need. 1996. U.S.A., Macmillan. Weetman, P. 2000. Financial & Management Accounting. An Introduction. Pretence Hall.

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