THE STUDY OF CONDUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT ALLOYS COMPOSITION

AMIR LUQMAN BIN AZMI PUAT AHMAD FAHMI IRSYAD BIN ARZEMI

FINAL YEAR PROJECT (DIPLOMA IN NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING)

TATI UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

2013/2014

1.0 Introduction

As a student in a course of Non Destructive Testing at TATIUC, we have to do an assignment in subject Final Year Project . The assignment about study of conductivity of different alloys composition . We need to examine about what is correct conductivity for each alloy by using Eddy Current Testing.

In eddy current inspection a magnetic field is produced by an alternating current flowing through the test coil. When the energised coil is brought close to, or placed in contact with, a conductive material, eddy currents are induced in the material. The induced eddy currents produce a magnetic field that opposes the field produced by the coil. The net effect is to cause a change in the impedance of the test coil. This change in impedance can be detected with a high degree of accuracy by the instrument circuits.

Conductivity Conductivity defines a material's ability to conduct electricity. Electric current can flow easily through a material with high conductivity. Conductivity is measured in Siemens per meter and is often represented using the Greek letter . A material such as metal has a high conductivity, while rubber has a very low conductivity. A semiconductor's conductivity is intermediate. Factors such as temperature have a large effect on conductivity. Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity so that a material with high conductivity has low resistivity, and a material with high resistance is, by definition, a poor conductor. Alloys Alloys are found very often in nature and are defined as a mixture of two or more materials, out of which at least one has to be a metal. Alloys can be combination of various metallic and non metallic components and also a mixture of different metals. No matter what these combninations and mixtures are, each component present in an alloy is known to have its own

specific set or properties. these combinantions of metals with each other as well as non-metallic components, can go up to any number and types of alloys

Sample of copper alloys

IACS

IACS stands for the International Annealed Copper Standard. This is a measurement scale which compares the conductivity of materials to that of annealed copper. The readings are expressed as percent IACS. Since some materials are better conductors that copper, readings over 100% are sometimes encountered.

1.1 Objectives

To measure conductivity on different composition of copper alloys. To identify the signal characteristic of different copper alloys using absolute probe. To measure the percentage of composition of each different alloys.

2.0 Material & Methods

2.1 Material

a) Sample of Alloys i) Brass ( copper , zinc ) - A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc, sometimes including small amounts of other metals, but usually 67 percent copper and 33 percent zinc.

ii) Bronze ( copper , tin , aluminium ) - any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin, the tin content not exceeding 11 percent.

iii) Constantan ( copper , nickel ) - An alloy of 45 percent nickel and 55 percent copper, used chiefly in electrical instruments because of its constant resistance under variations of temperature.

iv) Copper tungsten ( copper , tungsten ) - Alloy with 75% of tungsten, is widely used in chip carriers, substrates, flanges and frames for power semiconductor devices

v) beryllium copper ( copper , beryllium )

vi) Gunmetal (copper, tin and zinc) - An alloy of copper (88%), tin (8%), and zinc (4%). Originally used chiefly for making guns, gunmetal was eventually superseded by steel. Gunmetal casts and machines well and is resistant to corrosion from steam and salt water,[3] and is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, and gears, and also statues

b) Eddy Current Instruments i) Absolute probe These probes normally consist of a single coil (or winding) that can respond to all changes in the area being inspected. They can be used to detect gradual changes such as metallurgy variations, heat treatment and shape as well as sudden changes such as cracks. ii) Conductivity probe The conductivity probe can be used to measure either solution conductivity or total ion concentration of aqueous samples being investigated in the field or in the laboratory. Conductivity is one of the easiest environmental tests of aquatic samples. Even though it does not tell you specific ions that are present, it does quickly determine the total concentration of ions in a sample. It can be used to perform a wide variety of tests or planned experiments to determine the changes in or levels of total dissolved ions or salinity.

iii)

Calibration block

Eddy current set

2.2 Methods

Eddy Current Calibration Process

Basic Absolute Probe Settings Step 1 2 3 4 5 Task Connect Absolute Probe to instrument and switch on. Set the parameters as above (guide only). Balance probe in air. Place probe on slots and edges. Using the phase control, rotate the signal to obtain a vertical signal amplitude. Increase the % Full Screen Height (FSH) of the signal to >100% FSH by using the gain control

Now that the instrument has been set up, place the probe on the area to be inspected, noting the % FSH of the signal amplitude.

Set the parameter ( mode, frequency, probe, gain) in the eddy current machine. Perform calibration on the calibration block. Make sure the signal in eddy current screen is 90. Place the inspection probe (coil) on the component surface. Read the conductivity values. The process of finding the copper alloys conductivity is done base on try and error. Repeat the step on another copper alloys. Record all the data.

Signal characteristic

Place the inspection probe on the component surface and identify the signal characteristic on the screen. Take some photo to record the signal. After that, sketch the signal again into a proper sketch to make the result clearer. Repeat the step on the other copper alloys. This procedure should be done for 2 3 times to take the average for better result and reduce error. Record all the data and analysis.

Measure percentage of composition copper alloys

This experiment can be done at the chemical lab. The sample will be send to the chemical lab for comfirmation about the percentage of composition in the copper alloys.

2.3 Flow chart , Block diagram & Design of this project.

Start

Measure frequency for calibration block

Set the parameter ( mode, frequency, probe, gain) in the eddy current machine Perform measurement of conductivity by using pen probe Analysis each signal characteristic

Carry out the signal into the proper sketch

Record all the data that have been taken

Troubleshooting the problem

Presentation of the project and finish report

End

Expected Result

From this project, we can measure the actual conductivity on different composition of copper alloys and identify the signal by using absolute probe. We can define the factor affecting conductivity.

Gantt Chart

Week Task Calculate frequency for copper Produce the calibration block Measure conductivity of the copper alloys Carry out the data that can be collect Identify the signal characteristics Draw the proper sketch Confirmation for composition on copper alloys Final year project report

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Conclusion

As a conclusion, we can study about the factor affecting conductivity. Copper is one of the good conductor. After that, we can use the signal characteristic as a references in copper alloys.