The Importance of the NonNewtonian Characteristics of Blood in Flow Modelling Studies Ieuan Owen, Jonathon Gray, Marcel Escudier,

Rob Poole

THE UNIVERSITY of LIVERPOOL Department of Engineering

Modelling the flow of blood through bypass grafts...

Aim: to achieve dynamic similarity between flow in vivo and model in vitro Measurements made in the model can then predict the flow conditions in vivo (e.g. WSS, stagnation points, residence time etc.)

45

Y X

ORIGIN

INTERNAL BORE 38.5mm

Q can blood be modelled using a Newtonian liquid? Q can blood be modelled using a non-Newtonian liquid? Q can large scale models be used?

Conditions to be modelled typical of femoral bypass

0 - 50% 50 100%
45 6 mm

Simplified distal Anastomosis: 45 angle

6 mm diameter

Biphasic flow waveform:

Mean flow rate = 120 ml/min Pulsatility index = 5.56 Time period = 1 second

Flow
-0 .1

1 .0 0

0 .5 0

0 .0 0 0 .1 0 .3 0 .5 0 .7 0 .9 1 .1

Time
-0 .5 0

Fluid Properties:
Density = 1060 kg/m3 Newtonian? Viscosity ~ ? Newtonian or non-

Non-Newtonian Liquids
Power-Law Liquids Simplest Model
Stress

Bingham Plastic

du !=K dr
du =K dr

n
Yield Stress n > 1 shear thickening n = 1 Newtonian n < 1 shear thinning

n !1

Shear rate

Rheology of Human Blood

Power law:
1000

= K(n-1)

Viscosity, " (mPa.s)

Blood is a shear-thinning non-Newtonian n, power law index ~ slope of line (0.63) liquid

K, consistency ~ level of the line (16.1 mPa.s)

Non-Newtonian (Power law)

100

10

Newtonian (3.5 mPa.s)

1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

-1 Shear Rate, ! (s )

1000

Dimensional Analysis - for a power law fluid under pulsatile flow conditions

w = f (U, D, , K, n, , U* ) [U* = Umax Umin ]

& ( D n U ( 2* n ) )w ' D U *# =f $ ,n, , ! 2 ? (U K U U % "

Dimensional Analysis - for a power law fluid under pulsatile flow conditions
Dimensionless groups:
w U2 DnU(2-n) K n D U U max peak - U min peak U Friction Coefficient (WSS) Generalised Re Power law index Strouhal number Pulsatility index

Experimental Testing Rig

Computer Flowmeter Signal Converter PIV Laser (Camera Positioned at 90 to Laser Sheet)

Wave form Pump Reservoir

flow flow

EM Flowmeter

flow

Wall Shear Stress Estimates obtained along AB - the bed of the Graft

Trim Pump Settling Chamber

Flow Control Valves

45

Rotameters

X
Internal Bore 38.5mm

Schematic Diagram of Testing Apparatus

Pulsatile Flow Rate

25 20 Required Waveform 1st Cycle 15 10 5 0 -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (s) 6 2nd Cycle

Flow Rate (l/min)

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

Refractive index matching Calibration target placed in junction Laser sheet in central plane Fluorescent particles added to fluid Each image pair taken at a fixed point in the cycle 100 measurements averaged

Flow visualisation using PIV

Estimates of Axial Wall Shear Stress

Non Dimensional Wall Shear Stress .
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50 -2.00

u d

wall = K(u/d)n

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

Wall shear stress estimates obtained along AB - the bed of the artery
A B

Non Dimensional Distance (x/D)

45

Y X

ORIGIN

INTERNAL BORE 38.5mm

Local velocity recorded at d/D = 0.025 Non-dimensionalised using 1/2U2

Conditions to be modelled typical of femoral bypass

45 6 mm

Simplified distal Anastomosis:

45 angle 6 mm diameter

Biphasic flow waveform:

Mean flow rate = 120 ml/min Pulsatility index = 5.56 Time period = 1 second

Flow
-0 .1

1 .0 0

0 .5 0

0 .0 0 0 .1 0 .3 0 .5 0 .7 0 .9 1 .1

Time
-0 .5 0

Fluid Properties:
Density = 1060 kg/m3 Newtonian? Viscosity ~ ? Newtonian or non-

Fluid Properties
Blood 50% Gly 63% Gly 0.07% XG 0.06% XG 35% Gly 0.63 60.6 70

n K Re(N) Re(PL)

0.63 16 3.5 130 70

6.1 130 -

13.4 130 -

0.63 35.1 70

Dimensionless wall shear stress measured along the bed of the model artery at peak systole (50% distal flow split)
Non Dimensional Wall Shear Stress .

2.00 Re(N) = 130 (63% Gly.) Re(N) = 130 (50% Gly.) Re(PL) = 70 (0.07% XG) Re(PL) = 70 (0.06% XG / 35% Gly.)

1.00

0.00

-1.00

-2.00

1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -0.1

0.4

0.9

-3.00 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 Axial Distance x/D 0.0 0.5 1.0

Scaling procedure validated

Dimensionless wall shear stress measured along the bed of the model artery at end systole (50% distal flow split)
1.00
Non Dimensional Wall Shear Stress .

0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 -0.20 -0.40 -0.60 -2.0

Re(N) = 130 (50% Gly.) Re(PL) = 70 (0.07% XG) Re(N) = 130 (63% Gly.) Re(PL) = 70 (0.06% XG/35% Gly.)

1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -0.1

0.4

0.9

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5 Axial Distance x/D

0.0

0.5

1.0

Scaling procedure validated

Measured velocity profiles (normalised)

Two fluids with same n, but different K, scaled for Re

50 40 30
1.00

20 10 0 -10 -20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.50 0.00 -0.1 -0.50

0.4

0.9

Dynamic Scaling
Experiments have confirmed that the flow of a power-law fluid can be accurately represented by another power-law fluid with a different K provided they have the same n Because the dynamic scaling is valid the physical size of the model can be varied and the non-dimensional results are still valid i.e. large-scale models can be used We can now use the measured non-dimensional WSS to predict the WSS values in a life-scale artery assuming the fluid is Newtonian or non-Newtonian

Predictions of life-scale WSS based on Newtonian and non-Newtonian assumption Peak Systole 50% Distal split

8.0

Wall Shear Stress (Pa)

3.5mPa.s 4.0 Power-law 0.0 -4.0 -8.0 -2.00

1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -0.1

b)

0.4

0.9

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

Predictions of life-scale WSS based on Newtonian and non-Newtonian assumption Peak Systole 100% Distal split

8.0

Wall Shear Stress (Pa)

6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 -2.0 -4.0 -2.00

3.5mPa.s Power-law

1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -0.1

b)

0.4

0.9

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

Modelling the flow of blood through bypass grafts...

Aim: to achieve dynamic similarity between flow in vivo and model in vitro Measurements made in the model can then predict the flow conditions in vivo (e.g. WSS, stagnation points, residence time etc.)

45

Y X

ORIGIN

INTERNAL BORE 38.5mm

Q can blood be modelled using a Newtonian liquid? NO

Q can blood be modelled using a non-Newtonian liquid? YES Q can large scale models be used? YES

Conclusions
Use of a Newtonian fluid to model blood can give WSS values three times those produced by a shear-thinning fluid Non-Newtonian analogue fluid and scaling procedures have been shown to work Experiments need to be designed properly

Future??????

What are we doing now?

Carrying out similar large-scale experiments for a stenosis Using Fluent with power-law viscosity to compare with experiments Blood Rheology (RJP & TVH) Shear viscosity variation with shear rate Oscillatory measurements G, G (relaxation time) Extensional properties (CaBER, capillary break-up extensional rheometer

Future Work
o o o o 3-D time-resolved PIV Develop more realistic analogue fluids Computational Fluid Dynamics (in house finitevolume code) Shear-thinning, viscoelastic, thixotropic effects (in isolation & in combination

The Importance of the NonNewtonian Characteristics of Blood in Flow Modelling Studies Ieuan Owen, Jonathon Gray, Marcel Escudier, Rob Poole

THE UNIVERSITY of LIVERPOOL Department of Engineering