PUSAT TUISYEN ARENA GEMILANG 2013 FORM 5 CHAPTER 5 (MOTION)

By Mr.Selva

Do you know ????

Like most engines, rockets burn fuel. Most rocket engines turn the fuel into hot gas. The engine pushes the gas out its back. The gas makes the rocket move forward.

5.1 Structure and Operational Principle of vehicles with Engines Vehicles with engines Petrol engines Diesel engines

Both engines uses the same principle of operation:

Fuel burn in the engine Heat produce expands gases Pressure produce pushes the piston

The piston turn the vehicles wheels.

Motion Chapter 5 (Arena Gemilang 2013) By Mr.Selva

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Four-Stroke Petrol Engine:

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Four-Stroke Diesel Engine.

Most heavy vehicles such as lorries and buses will use four stroke engines. The main difference between a diesel and petrol engine is: A. Only air get into the cylinder during the intake stroke. B. Diesel engines do not use spark plugs to light fuel.Fuel is lit up by very high temperature due to air compression.

Two Stroke Petrol Engine

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Relationship between the structure and operation of the engine to the movement of vehicles. Energy Transmission System:

Gear Box

Axle Clutch Driveshaft Car accelerator Brake system

Connect crankshaft to driveshaft Gear system control speed of the car (low gear-high power) and (high gearfaster speed) Connected to driveshaft Separate the engine from gearbox Connected to crankshaft when gear in use Control speed and connected to fuel system Used to stop the car and have two types Disc brake and drum brake.

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Ticker Timer

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Worked Example 1: The ticker tape graph shown below is obtained in an experiment using a moving trolley and ticker timer.(50Hz current).Calculate the average velocity of the trolley.

Worked Example 2: The ticker tape graph shown below is obtained in an experiment using a moving trolley down an inclined plane. Calculate the average acceleration of the trolley.

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Moving Inertia Static Inertia Moving inertia is possessed by a moving object. It Stationary inertia is the inertia possessed by a resists any force trying to slow it down, make it go body at rest. faster or change its direction of motion.

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Hydraulic Brake

Illustration

1. When the drivers foot presses on the brake pedal, the pressure exerted on the brake fluid is transmitted unchanged to the four wheel cylinders. 2. This pressure acting on a large of the piston in the cylinder produces a large force on the piston. 3. 3. This force pushes the brake pads outwards to press on the rotating drum or rotating disc and slow down or stop the motor vehicle.

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Hydraulic Jack 1. A hydraulic jack uses a small force to lift a compressor very large force such as a motor car. 2. When the compressor is switched on, the air pressure on the small cylinder, causing the large piston to rise. 3. The pressure on the oil in the small piston is transmitted unchanged to the large cylinder 4. 4. This pressure acting on a large surface of the large piston produces a big force which pushes the car up.

Illustration

5.7 Motion of Vehicles in Water. Principle of Operation of Vehicles in Water Vehicles without engines Ship Sampans and canoes are moved through water by using human energy. Sailing ships are moved by using the kinetic energy of wind A ship is driven by an engine which turns the propellers. The turning propellers push the water behind (action) and causes a forward momentum (reaction) which drives the ship forward. The rudder of the ship controls the direction of motion of the ship. Hovercraft A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air on the surface of the sea. The engine turns the fans which produce the cushion of air to lift the hovercraft from the sea. The large fans on top of the hovercraft produce a strong backward wind (action) which causes an equally strong forward momentum in (reaction) that pushes the boat forward.
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Motion Chapter 5 (Arena Gemilang 2013) By Mr.Selva

Hydrofoil

The lower surface of a hydrofoil has wing-shaped structures called hydrofoils. At a certain speed, the hydrofoils get lifted above the water surface (aerofoil principle) and the boat moves faster because of reduced friction with the water

Archimedes Principle When a body is immersed in a fluid (gas or liquid), it experiences a loss in weight (up-thrust) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. When the ballast tanks of a submarine are filled with sea water, the submarine becomes dense and submerges in the sea. When the ballast tanks are emptied, the submarine becomes less dense and rises to the surface of the sea. This is because the weight of the submarine is now equal to the upthrust

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5.8 Motion of Vehicles in the Air. The Jet Engine Air is sucked from the front of the engine into the compressor and compressed so that it contains more oxygen for its volume. The hot compressed air is directed into the combustion chamber where a fuel such as kerosene is sprayed into it. 3. The mixture of hot air and fuel burns and releases hot exhaust gases, which escape from the back of the engine and produce a great backward momentum (action). 4. This action causes as equally large forward momentum (reaction) which pushes the jet plane forward.

The Rocket Engine

1. Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are carried in the rocket engine. 2. The hydrogen fuel burns fiercely in the oxygen in the combustion chamber producing exhaust gases. 3. The exhaust gases escape from the back of the engine with great backward momentum (action). 4. This action causes an equally powerful forward momentum (reaction) which pushes the rocket upwards. 5. Unlike a jet plane, a rocket can move outside the Earths atmosphere because it carries its own hydrogen and oxygen.

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