FROM THE SAME PUBLISHER + Basics of Reservoir Engineering R. Coss + Dnilling IP. NGUYEN * Dnlling Data Handbook (Seventh Edition) G. GAROLDE, IP, NGUYEN + Progressing Cavity Pumps H. CHOLET + Cement Evaluation Logging Handbook D, ROUILLAC + Cementing Technology and Procedures Edited by J. LECOURTIER and U CARTALOS * Log Data Acquisition and Quality Control (Second Edition) Ph. THEYS + Dictionnaire du forage et des puits Dictionary of Dniling and Borcholes anglais-francais,francais-anglais M, MOUREAU, G. BRACE + Well Testing Interpretation Methods G BOURDAROTInstitut Frangais du Pétrole Publications Denis Perrin Head of Well Compietion ans Servicing Training at ENSPM Formation Industria Professor at IFP School in collaboration with Michel Caron and Georges Gaillot ENSPM Formation Indust Oil and Gas Field Development Techniques WELL COMPLETION AND SERVICING Translated from the French by Barbara Brown Balvet and reviewed by Philippe Beun 1999 t Editions TECHNIP 27 rue Ginoux, 75737 PARIS Cedex 15, FRANCETransiation of La production fond, 0. Perrin © 1006 Edition Tochnip and tnatitu frangaia du pétrole ISBN 2-7108-0682-7 © 1999. Editions Technip, Paris and Institut frangais du pétrole, Ruell-Malmaison ISBN 2-7108-0765-3 All rights reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage ‘and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisherThe following authors took part in drafting this book : Denis Perrin Chapters 1, 2,3 and 5 Michel Caron Chapter 3 Georges Gaillot Chapter 4 ‘The autors would like to thank the instructors involved in the production seminars organized by ENSPM Formation Industrie as well as the lecturers in charge of courses at the IFP School. Their thanks are extended more particularly to those mentioned in the reference section spe- cific to each chapter, whose input made this comprehensive study on production possible.FOREWORD il and gas field development and production include a host of specialty fields that can be divided up under four main headings: reservoir engineering * drilling + well completion and servicing * surface production. ‘The four aspects are interdependent and oil and gas-related engineering, construction and operations entail the input of a great many operating and service company specialists, as well as equipment manufacturers and vendors. However, these professionals and technicians often lack a comprehensive grasp of all the specialized technology utilized in the process of producing oil and gas. The aim of the four volumes presented under the title: “Oil and Gas Field Development Techniques” is to provide the basics of the technology and constraints involved in each of the four activities listed above in a condensed form, thereby allowing better interaction among the men and women who work in the different skill categories. Furthermore, this introduction to oil and gas field technology is also designed to help specialists in other fields, e.g. information processing, law, economy, research, manufactur- ing, etc. Itaims to enables them to situate their work in the context of the other skill categories and in this way make it easier for them to integrate their efforts in the professional fabric. ‘The four volumes partly recapitulate the contents of the training seminars organized by ENSPM-Formation Industrie to meet perceived needs, and also use some of the lecture material given to student engineers attending the IFP School ‘A. Leblond. Former Head of Drilling, Production and Reservoir Engineering at ENSPM-Formation IndustrieForeword TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION 1.1 Main factors influencing completion design at 142 113 1s 146 147 Parameters related tothe well’s purpose . 1.1L Exploration wells 1112 Confirmation o appraisal wells 11.1.3 Development wells Parameters related to the environment Parameters related to drilling 113.1 Type of drilling rig used 1132 Well profile 1155 Dnlting ana casing program 1134 Dvilling in the pay zone(s) and drilling fluid 1135 Cementing the production casing Parameters related to the reservoir 1141 Reservoir pressure and its changes 111.42 Interfaces between fluids and their changes 1143 Nomber of loves to he produced 1144 Rock characteristics and Tuid type 111.4 Production profile and number of wells required Parameters related to production 1151 Safety 1152 Flowing well or artificial lit 1153 Operating conditions 1154 Anticipated measurement, maintenance or workover operations Parameters related to completion techniques igned ‘Synthesis: how completion is 1.2 Overall approach to a well’s flow capacity 412.1 Base equations 1211 Thecase of anol flow 1212 The case of a gas flow 1.21.3 Note : 1.22 Analysis ofthe different terms and resulting conclusions 12211 Decreasing the back pressure Py D PERRIN vu B B B 15 15 16 ” Ix13 2a TABLE OF CONTENTS 122.2 Slowing down the dectine in Py 1223 Increasing PY or C 1.2.3 Performance curves 1.24 Synthesis ‘Major types of completion configurations 1.3.1 Basie requirements 13.11 Borchole wall stability 1312 Selecuvity 13113 Minimizing restrictions in the flow path 13.14 Well safety 1315 Flow adjustment 13.1.6 Operations ata later date 1.3.2 Pay zone-borehole connection: basic configurations 1321 Open hole completions 1.3.22 Cased hole completions 1.3.3 Main configurations of production string(s) 1.33.1 Conventional completions 133.2 Tubingless completions 1.33.3 Miniaturized completions plapes in compi 1.4.1 Checking and conditioning the borehole 1.4.2 Remedial cementing 14.3 Re-establishing pay zone-borehole communication Ld Well testing 41.4.5 ‘Treating the pay zone 1.4.6 Equipment installation 41.4.7 Putting the well on stream and assessing performance 1.4.8 Moving the rig 1.4.9 Later operations: measurements, maintenance, workover and abaudonment Chapter 2 CONNECTING THE PAY ZONE AND THE BOREHOLE Drilling and casing the pay zone 2.4.1 Well safety 2.1.2 Fluids used to drill in the pay zone 2121 Constraints 2122 Completion fluids 2.1.3 Drilling and casing diameters 2.144 Casing and cementing 20 20 at 2 B 23 24 24 24 25 2s 26 a7 2 3 33 33 BREE S 35 3 37 38 38 “a a D PERRIN‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.2 Evaluating and restoring the cement job 22.1 Rvaluating the cement job 22.11 Major laws encountered after primary cementing 221.2 Principal methods of evaluating a cement job 2.22 Remedial cementing 2221 Introduction 2222 Squeeze techniques 2223 Squeeze procedures and corresponding tool strings 2224 Implementation low pressure squeeze) 2.3 Perforating 2.3.1 Shaped charges 2311 Principle 2312 The APIRP 43 standard 2.3.2 Main parameters affecting the productivity of the zone produced by perforating 2321 Number of effective perforations 2322 Distribution of pecforations over the producing zone (parial penetration effect) 2323 Perforation penetration ae : 232.4 Characteristics uf the crusted sate 2325 Number of shot directions 23.26 Perforation diameter 2.3. Perforating methods and carrespondis 2331 Overbalanced pressure perforating before equipment installation 2332 Underbatanced pressure perforating after equipment installation 2333 TCP perforating (Tubing Conveyed Perforator) 234 Specific points inthe operating technique 2341 Safety 2.3.4.2 Perforation depth adjustment 2342 Cleaning the perforations 2344 Monitoring the results types af 2.4 Treating the pay zone 2.4.1 Problems encountered 2411 Phenomena pertaining o insufficient consolidation 2412 Phenomena pertaining to insufficient productivity 24,1 3 Main causes of problems 24114 Means of diagnosis 2.4.2 Main types of remedial action for poor consolidatio 2421 Why contol sau? 2422 Sand control processes... 2423 Gravel packing in a perforated cased hole 2.4.3 Maln types of remedial action for insufficient productivity: well stimulation 243 | Principal types of wel stimulation 2432 Acidizing 2433 Hydraulic fracturing 3 saud control 2.8 The special case of horizontal wells 25.1 Advantages in producing reservoi 2511 Low permeability formation D PERRIN “4 45 ar 47 0 31 56 9 59 a a 6 63 65 6s 66 8 70 n Rn B ™ n n n n 8 0 81 31 82 87 88 88 91 95 107 107 107 XI