ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of foot step arrangement.

Now days power demand is increased, so this project is used to generate the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The whole human/ bio-energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great indentation and crowd energy frames will be very useful energy in crowded countries. In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid DC rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 volt D.C to 230 volt A.C. this 230 volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to circuitry.

Synopsis: In this project We are generating electrical power as non_conventional method by simply walking or running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. Non-Conventional energy using foot step needs no input power to generate the output of the electrical power. This project using simple drive mechanism such as rock and pinion assemble and chain drive mechanism.

For this project the conversion of the force energy is converted into electrical energy. The control mechanismcarries the rack and pinion, D.C We have discussed the various geberator, battery and invertor control. applications and further extensions also.

Introduction: Man has needed the used enery at an increasing rate for his sustenance and welll being ever since he came on the earth a few millliion years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, Which he hunted. Subsequently he discovered fore and his energy needs increased as he started to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy needs for cooking as well as for akeeping himself warm. With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energyby domesticating and training animals to work for him.

With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of fa1ling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy. WORKING PRINCIPLE The complete diagram of the foot step power generation is given below. Only one step is inclined in certain small angle which is used to generate the power. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by proper driving arrangement. The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at the inclined step. The spring is used to return the inclined step in same position by releasing the load. The pinion shaft is connected to the supporter by end bearings as shown in fig. The larger .sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is running the same speed of pinion. The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle sprocket with the help of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer the rotation force to the smaller sprocket. The smaller sprocket is running same direction for the forward and reverse direction of rotational movement of the larger sprocket. This action locks like a cycle pedaling action. The fly wheel and gear wheel is also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft. The flywheel is used to increase the rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear wheel is coupled to the generator shaft with the help of another gear wheel. The generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C Stepper Motor. The generated voltage is 12Volt D.C. This voltage is further amplified using IC MC34063 DC-DC convertor and is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already

explained the above chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the light, fan and etc. By increasing the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is increased. This arrangement is fitted in shopping complex, college and wherever the large people walking on the foot steps simultaneously.

ADVANTAGES Power generation is simply walking on the step Power also generated by running or exercising on the step. No need fuel input This is a Non-conventional system Battery is used to store the generated power

APPLICATIONS Power generation using foot step can be used in most of the places such as 1. Colleges, 2. Schools, 3. Cinema theatres, 4. Shopping complex 5. Railway stations 6. Airports 7. Bus stand

CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the challenge before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have less damaging impacts on our environment in India. The alternatives are,

Solar Wind Power Geothermal Tides Hydroelectric In addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power using human energy and the name of this alternative is a foot step power generation. 1.1 MOTIVATION: Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man

required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted. With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only renewable sources of energy. 1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION: Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for electricity exceeds the increase in electric power generation. People in these countries may use a power-inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrolrun electric generator at their homes during the power-cut. The use of standby generators is common in industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases the shortage of power. 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT: The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages.

CHAPTER 2 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 INTRIDUCTION: FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION: The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood, diesel (generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels, which is the demand for power has exceed the supply due to the rising population. In addition to this the traditional methods cause pollution, GLOBAL WARMING: Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C (1.33 0.32 F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the increase since the mid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward. Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the twenty-first century. This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on the period up to 2100, warming

and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans. Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions.. Other expected effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes, glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors. Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future, and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected consequences. Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960 to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 6690% confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offset some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming than observed if not for these dimming agents.

Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere, is frequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. 2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM: Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-toelectrical) surfaces in the past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity and encouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator area, music halls, theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of Harnessing human location for electricity generation. 2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM: NEED FOR THE SYSTEM: Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy generated at such farms will be useful for nearby applications.

2.4 ULTIMATE AIM: The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the power shortages

PRINCIPLE: This setup works on the principle of converting the linear motion due to pressure of foot steps into rotary motion. This rotary motion is utilized to rotate a power generating device(dynamo or Sanyo coil). The power generated is stored using dry battery. The amount of rotation depends upon the weight of the person walking over the platform and the tension of the spring used. Depending upon the power generator used, the power output can be increased.

CONSTRUCTION: A responsive flooring system made up of blocks that depress slightly under the force of human steps would be installed. The flooring system depresses to a little extent as people walk over them which in turn depresses the mechanical setup installed immediately beneath it. This simple mechanical setup consists of a compressible top platform and a immovable bottom platform. Other components of this system are, four primary springs, a lever assembly, a shaft fitted with two free wheel bearings, a large pulley, a smaller pulley, power generator(dynamo or sanyo coil), and a break arrangement. The compression of the top layer is provided by the springs installed in four corners. Then it consists of a lever assembly, two

freewheel bearings fitted to a shaft, a large pulley attached to the shaft and a smaller pulley connected with the large pulley. The small pulley is coupled with the dynamo which rotates when the small pulley is rotated. There is a secondary spring arrangement and a break system to provide additional rotations to the small pulley. WORKING: When people walk on the floor, the floor press on the mechanical setup. The setup depresses due to the spring action and pulls the lever assembly which rotates one of the freewheel bearing fitted to the shaft. The shaft then rotates the large pulley which is connected to the smaller pulley through a V-belt. This smaller pulley acts as a reducer which provides more rotations corresponding to one rotation of the large pulley. This smaller pulley coupled with the dynamo (or sanyo coil), a device that converts the energy of motion into electric current and power is obtained. This process depends on two factors, primary spring tension and type of generator used. The primary spring tension is determined by calculating the average weight over a locomotive area. To get more power output, type of generator is considered as the main factor. When the pressure is applied through a foot step, ninety-five percent of the pressure applied is converted into energy in this method.

AVERAGE WEIGHT OF LOCOMOTIVE AREA: This parameter is used to determining the primary spring tension of the setup. For example, if the project is installed in a higher secondary school, the spring tension must be able to withstand the loads of different students almost in same age group, staffs etc. This gives the average weight of 65 to 70 kg. So the spring tension must withstand 5 kg less and more to average weight. The whole weight will not be acting on the spring tension alone but on the hinges of the flooring system also. This parameter also has an influence over the hinge arrangement of flooring system. But this varies in case of a railway platform where people of different age group moves. The average weight may vary up to 75kg to 85 kg. This would give required compression to weight group of 70kg to 90kg and considerable compression to weight group below 70kg and would able to withstand the weight group of above 90kg. This average weight varies from place to place. POWER GENERATOR: We have used two 6V AC dynamo as the power generator for this project. The main advantage this provided was the small rated speed required to produce power of 6 watts and a current of 1A in each of the dynamo. The total current accounted for the two dynamo was 2A and this was rectified and stored in a 6W dry battery. This battery will get charged fully within 3 hours when charged using power producing platform. This time will be considerably reduced when we use number of dynamos to charge a single 6W dry battery. A single power producing platform can accommodate 4 dynamos and when the battery is charged using all the current from these 4 dynamos, time taken to charge

completely reduces below 2 hours. The battery can be used to supply the requirement as from then and there or it can be ported to place of requirement. For example if this project is used in railway platform, all the batteries powered by several setups in the daytime can be used to supply the way lights across the platform during the night time. Instead of dynamo sanyo coils are used to produce power. Sanyo coil is also similar to dynamo. The dynamo accommodates thick copper coils whereas sanyo coil uses very thin aluminium coils. Single sanyo coil produces 24 volts whereas a dynamo can produce only 6V or 12V. This increases the efficiency of the project to greater extent hence we prefer sanyo coil to dynamo. More than one battery can be charged using one setup when sanyo coils are installed in it. Apart from this, we can also use generators having less rated speed to increase the efficiency of the project. SECONDARY SPRING: There is a secondary spring arrangement which consists of a spring and a break system. This arrangement is used to produce additional rotation time to the generator. When the setup is compressed continuously, this spring gets wound on the shaft slowly. The reverse rotation of the shaft under the tension of the spring is prevented by the break system and second freewheel bearing that is fitted to the shaft until the spring attains its maximum tension. By the time the spring attains its maximum tension, the break releases and the freewheel bearing rotates the shaft on the opposite side. This rotates the large pulley which in turn rotates the small pulley and the dynamo. This increases the time period of the rotations of the generator.

Power producing platform is not intended for home use as a single human step can only power for one flickering second. But get a crowd in motion, multiply that single step by 28,527 steps, for example, and the result is enough energy to power a moving train for one second. Hence it is obvious that from large number of such projects, we can easily satisfy our power requirement to solve power crisis. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FLOORING SYSTEM: When the mechanical setup is used as it is, every single setup will compress separately and give an awkward feeling while walking over that. To prevent this, a flooring system is installed over the mechanical setup. The purpose of installing this flooring system is to provide required compression and at the same time to prevent the people to feel uncomfortable when walking over it. As every block over the setup is connected to one another using hinge arrangement, the compression will not be felt as the weight of the person walking

over that will be distributed. But the pressure required to compress the setup will be conveyed as the persons weight acts on the particular setup only Depending upon the average weight over a locomotive area, the strength and number of hinges are used. For the area where average weight is more, the numbers of the hinges are increased. This along with the primary spring provides the required compression for the setup.

This hinge arrangement distributes the weight of the person and prevents them from feeling the compression. But about 95% of the pressure applied due to the weight is conveyed for the compression. ADVANTAGES

Highly efficient in more crowded places. Depending upon the power generator and number of them, power output is very high

This process depends on human resources which is available in plenty in our country which makes our country a favorable place for this project.

Promising technology for solving power crisis to an affordable extent. Low cost level. Simple in construction. Pollution free.

Reduces transmission losses. Wide areas of application.

APPLICATIONS

Railway, subway stations Roads Temples Bus stands, air ports Music halls, auditoriums Markets AND IN ALL PLACES WHERE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE IS ABUNDANT.

OVERALL REPORT In the first phase we just considered only about the mechanical arrangements, which is responsible for rotating the dynamo. For this the team members divided the work into two divisions. The mechanical arrangement consisting of External framework Shaft with free-wheeling bearing Secondary spring with breaking arrangement Platform with lever Pulley and dynamo

EXTERNAL IRON FRAME WORK The external frame work is having length of 4 foot and breadth of 1.5foot.there are three pairs of cylindrical hollow pipes are welded as pillars, which will give the support for the surface of the platform

Platform with lever arrangement At the bottom of the platform we have attached a lever .Hence when a pressure is applied on the surface of the platform the platform compresses softly with the help of springs which is attached between the platform and the hollow cylindrical iron pipes and the suspension for the platform will be given by the spring .the spring will compress for the average weight of 55 to 70 kg. The springs compression is tested for average weight using the spring balance.

SHAFT WITH FREE-WHEEL BEARING The shaft is clamped between the iron frame work.and the free wheeling type bearings are attached on the shaft. The free-wheel bearings rotates only in one direction which resembles the cycle.hence the pressure applied is perfectly delivered to the shaft.In this Shaft we have connected a spring which gets straightened when the load is applied and it gets to compress when it is removed hence it pull the shaft which will give additional rotation for the pully. SECONDARY SPRING WITH BREAKING ARRANGEMENT: There is a secondary spring arrangement which consists of a spring and a break system. This arrangement is used to produce additional rotation time to the generator. When the setup is compressed continuously, this spring gets wound on the shaft slowly. The reverse rotation of the shaft under the tension of the spring is prevented by the break system and second freewheel bearing that is fitted to the shaft until the spring attains its maximum tension. By the time the spring attains its maximum tension, the break releases and the freewheel bearing rotates the shaft on the opposite side. This rotates the large pulley which in turn rotates the small pulley and the dynamo. This increases the time period of the rotations of the generator.

PULLEY AND DYNAMO: The diameter of pulley and the dynamo are in the ratio of 1:12.hence if the pulley is rotated once then the dynamo rotates 12 times.the pulley and dynamo are connected with the help of sewing belt.the dynamo having the voltage rating of 12 volts and current output of 0.5 amperes with a power output of 6Watts

FINISHED MODEL:

WORKING MECHANICAL

POWER GENERATOR: We have used two 6V AC dynamo as the power generator for this project. The main advantage this provided was the small rated speed required to produce power of 6 watts and a current of 1A in each of the dynamo. The total current accounted for the two dynamo was 2A and this was rectified and stored in a 6W dry battery. This battery will get charged fully within 3 hours when charged using power producing platform. This time will be considerably reduced when we use number of dynamos to charge a single 6W dry battery. A single power producing platform can accommodate 4 dynamos and when the battery is charged using all the current from these 4 dynamos, time taken to charge completely reduces below 2 hours. The battery can be used to supply the requirement as from then and there or it can be ported to place of requirement. For example if this project is used in railway platform, all the batteries powered by several setups in the daytime can be used to supply the way lights across the platform during the night time.

Instead of dynamo sanyo coils are used to produce power. Sanyo coil is also similar to dynamo. The dynamo accommodates thick copper coils whereas sanyo coil uses very thin aluminium coils. Single sanyo coil produces 24 volts whereas a dynamo can produce only 6V or 12V. This increases the efficiency of the project to greater extent hence we prefer sanyo coil to dynamo. More than one battery can be charged using one setup when sanyo coils are installed in it. Apart from this, we can also use generators having less rated speed to increase the efficiency of the project.

IMAGES OF THE ELECTRICAL SETUP

CONCLUSION: Thus this is a promising technology to provide efficient solution to power crisis to affordable extent. This will be the most acceptable means of providing power to the places that involves difficulties of transmission. Moreover walking across a power producing platform then will be a fun for idle people who can improve their health by exercising in such platforms with earning. The electrical energy generated at such farms will be useful for nearby applications. This technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes, athletic fields with a spectator area, music halls, theaters, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of harnessing human locomotion for electricity generation.

REFERENCE: 1. Electricity and Magnetism, D.C.Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House(1998). 2. Text Book of Applied Electronics, S.Chanda, Chanda and Company Ltd. 3. www.freepatentsonline.com 4. www.google.com.