Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ed Wilson
Professor Emeritus of Structural Engineering University of California, Berkeley October 22, 1999
Summary Of Presentation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. General Comments History Of The Development of SAP Computer Hardware Developments Methods For Linear and Nonlinear Analysis Generation And Use Of LDR Vectors and Fast Nonlinear Analysis - FNA Method Example Of Parallel Engineering Analysis of the Richmond - San Rafael Bridge
6.
Structural Engineering Is
The Art Of Using Materials
Which We Do Not Fully Understand
To Withstand Forces
Which Are Not Accurately Known
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYSIS
1. 2. 3. 4. UNDERSTAND PHYSICS OF PROBLEM CREATE COMPUTER MODEL CONDUCT PARAMETER STUDIES VERIFICATION OF RESULTS STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ENERGY BALANCE FIELD OR LABORATORY TESTS
5.
TFIELD
1.77 Sec. 1.69 1.68 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.32 0.23
TANALYSIS
1.78 Sec. 1.68 1.68 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.32 0.32
Diff. - %
0.5 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.2 2.3
COMPUTERS
1957 TO 1999 IBM 701 - PENTIUM III
A = B + C*D
Relative Speed 1 4 60 2600 2 70 70 280 200 350 900
CRAY - 1 3,000,000 VAX - 780 100,000CRAY-XMP 30,000,000 Intel 80387 100,000 DEC-5000 3,500,000 Pentium 90 3,500,000 DEC - ? 14,500,000 Pentium Pro 10,000,000 Pentium II 17,000,000 Pentium III 45,000,000
A = B + C*D
Normalized 1 65 465 3,O25 6,050 26,000 50,000 85,000 225,000
1994 PENTIUM 1996 PENTIUM 1996 Pentium-Pro 1998 Pentium II 1999 Pentium III
NEW Program for PC , Elements and Methods CSI Added Pre and Design Post Processing
Large Capacity on PC R & D Program With Nonlinear Elements Added Graphical User Interface
S A D S A P
How Can Engineers Be Convinced To Use New And Improved Methods Of Analysis ?
1. Give Them New Capabilities Such As 2 and 3d Nonlinear Analyses
2.
Or, The Program Must Be Easy To Use, Fast On A PC, And Have
SAP2000
2.
3.
4. 5.
Numerical Methods for The Seismic Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Structural Systems
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED
Ma + Cv+ Ku =
fi g(t)i
= - Mx ax - My ay - Mz az
For 3D Earthquake Loading
THE OBJECTIVE OF THE ANALYSIS IS TO SOLVE FOR ACCURATE DISPLACEMENTS and MEMBER FORCES
FNA
STEP BY STEP SOLUTION METHOD 1. Form Effective Stiffness Matrix 2. Solve Set Of Dynamic Equilibrium Equations For Displacements At Each Time Step 3. For Non Linear Problems Calculate Member Forces For Each Time Step and Iterate for Equilibrium - Brute Force Method
GENERATION DEPENDENT
1. 2. 3. 4.
OF
RITZ
LOAD VECTORS
Approximately Three Times Faster Than The Calculation Of Exact Eigenvectors Results In Improved Accuracy Using A Smaller Number Of LDR Vectors Computer Storage Requirements Reduced Can Be Used For Nonlinear Analysis To Capture Local Static Response
B.
Ku=f
C. MAKE u STIFFNESS AND MASS ORTHOGONAL TO FORM FIRST BLOCK OF LDL VECTORS V 1
V1T M V1 = I
STEP 2.
A. B.
VECTOR GENERATION
i = 2 . . . . N Blocks
Solve for Block of Vectors, K Xi = M Vi-1 Make Vector Block, Xi , Stiffness and Mass Orthogonal - Yi Use Modified Gram-Schmidt, Twice, to Make Block of Vectors, Yi , Orthogonal to all Previously Calculated Vectors - Vi
C.
10 AT 12" = 240"
FORCE
TIME
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT
Number of Vectors
Eigen Vectors 0.004572 (-2.41) 0.004572 (-2.41) 0.004664 (-0.46) 0.004664 (-0.46) 0.004681 (-0.08) 0.004683 (-0.04) 0.004685 (0.00)
Load Dependent 0.004726 (+0.88) 0.004591 ( -2.00) 0.004689 (+0.08) 0.004685 (+0.06) 0.004685 ( 0.00)
Vectors
1 2 3 4 5 7 9
( Error in Percent)
MAXIMUM MOMENT
Number of Vectors Vectors 1
2 3 4 5 7 9
Eigen Vectors
4178 4178 4946 4946 5188 5304 5411 ( - 22.8 %) ( - 22.8 ) ( - 8.5 ) ( - 8.5 ) ( - 4.1 ) ( - .0 ) ( 0.0 )
Load Dependent
5907 5563 5603 5507 5411 ( + 9.2 ) ( + 2.8 ) ( + 3.5 ) ( + 1.8) ( 0.0 )
( Error in Percent )
The FNA Method Is Designed For The Static And Dynamic Analysis Of Nonlinear Structures With A Limited Number Of Predefined Nonlinear Elements
BASE ISOLATION
Isolators
NONLINEAR ELEMENT
GAP ELEMENT
BRIDGE DECK
ABUTMENT
PLASTIC HINGES
2 ROTATIONAL DOF
DEGRADING STIFFNESS ?
Mechanical Damper
F = f (u,v,umax ) F = ku
F = C vN
Mathematical Model
PLOTS
NONLINEAR DIAGONALS
BASE ISOLATION
COMPUTER MODEL
92 NODES 103 ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS 56 NONLINEAR DIAGONAL ELEMENTS
( B Array was 56 x 20 )
2.
K =
T
M = I
T
u ( t ) = Y ( t ) = n y ( t ) n
n
Remember the LDR Vectors Are a Linear Combination of the Exact Eigenvectors; Plus, the Static Displacement Vectors. No Additional Approximations Are Made.
4.
A typical modal equation is uncoupled. However, the modes are coupled by the unknown nonlinear modal forces which are of the following form:
fn =
5.
F n n
The deformations in the nonlinear elements can be calculated from the following displacement transformation equation:
= Au
6.
Since u (t ) = Y (t ) the deformations in the nonlinear elements can be expressed in terms of the modal response by
to
The B array is calculated only once prior to the start of mode integration. THE
= BY
(i ) t (i ) t
(i ) t
=B Y
T
(i ) t
( i +1) t
UPLIFTING ALLOWED
Four Static Load Conditions Are Used To Start The Generate of LDR Vectors
EQ
DL
Left
Right
LOAD
DEAD LOAD
LATERAL LOAD
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TIME - Seconds
2.
2.
2. 3. 4. 5.
MULTISUPPORT ANALYSIS
( Displacements )
ANCHOR PIERS
SUBSTRUCTURE PHYSICS
Stiffness Matrix Size = 3 x 16 = 48
"a" MASSLESS JOINT ( Eliminated DOF ) "b" MASS POINTS and JOINT REACTIONS ( Retained DOF )
SUBSTRUCTURE SUBROUTINE
k aa k ba
SEE
k ab k bb
FORTRAN LISTING
M=? ?
C=
CS = VS / m CN = VN / m
3. 4.
WHAT IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT BARRIER TO PRODUCING GOOD SOLUTIONS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION PROBLEMS? SITE RESPONSE AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ARE CONDUCTED AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS (OFFICES) USING DIFFERENT NUMERICAL METHODS AND APPROXIMATIONS
Dampers
Exact For Given Periodic Loading Non-linear Analysis Is Possible Can Perform Code Checks As A Function Of Time
The Use Of The Maximum Peak Values Of fa , fbx and fby Produces An Inconsistent Design Axial Members Are Under Designed Compared To Bi-Axial Bending Members
R(t ) = fi g(t )i
2. 3.
As Function Of Time
(t)
Tp
Tp
Tp
Tp
Time
TP = 10 TO 50 Seconds
+
x(0) &(0) x
z(Tp ) &(Tp ) z
x(Tp ) &(Tp ) x
z(Tp ) &(Tp ) z
3 1 2
NONLINEAR LOOP
FINAL REMARKS
1.
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSES CAN BE CONDUCTED, OF LARGE STRUCTURES, USING INEXPENSIVE PERSONAL COMPUTERS SUBSTRUCTURE METHODS HAS MANY ADVANTAGES FOR LARGE STRUCTURES
2.
3.
TIME-HISTORY DYNAMIC WIND ANALYSES CAN NOW BE CONDUCTED OF STRUCTURES NEW NUMERICAL METHODS ALLOW FOR
4.
ED WILSON ON-LINE
\www\ed@csiberkeley.com or FAX or PHONE 1-510-526-4170
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Computers And Structures, Inc. 1995 University Avenue Berkeley, Ca 94704 USA
(510) 845-2177