SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, CHAPTER 4

Word Class Exercise (data, obviously, will differ from person to person) nouns data intern The interns are afraid of the president. (plural inflection) glass Two glasses of milk have a lot of calcium. (plural inflection) disk The disks directory is damaged. (possessive case inflection) computer Two computers are better than one. (plural inflection) president The presidents interns are afraid of him. (possessive case inflection) kiss He smothered her with kisses. (plural inflection) flash Muldor saw two flashes through the window. (plural inflection) divorce The divorces outcome was predictable. (possessive case inflection) class He takes four classes per semester. (plural inflection) exercise These exercises sure are fun. (plural inflection) challenge I take on many challenges every semester. (plural inflection) error Nevins two errors lost the game for the Padres. (plural inflection) paper I wrote three papers last week. The papers quality impressed me. (plural & possessive case inflections) coin I like the dollar coins. (plural inflection) emotion His emotions were out of control. (plural inflection) verbs intern resign strangle impeach kiss flash create divorce exercise complain challenge intend write acquire coin adjectives goofy quick silly crazy hot adverbs incessantly voraciously pronouns he she they me data Monica interned at the White House. (past tense inflection) Bill almost resigned because of her. (past tense inflection) Hillary almost strangled him because of her. (past tense inflection) Congress impeached him because of her. (past tense inflection) Surely he kissed her. (past tense inflection) Perhaps his life flashed before his eyes when he did. (past tense inflection) This created quite a stir in Washington. (past tense inflection) I thought they would have divorced by now. (past tense inflection) He was simply exercising his presidential power. (present participle aspect inflection) The public complained vehemently about it. (past tense inflection) They challenged him to come clean. (past tense inflection) He never intended to do so, however. (past tense inflection) Instead, he wrote lies about the meaning of verbs. (past tense inflection) Thats a mighty bad habit that he acquired. (past tense inflection) Dubya coined the phrase Im-a-gonna. (past tense inflection) data That Disney dog is goofier than the duck. (comparative inflection) Mosely was quicker to the punch than De la Hoya. (comparative inflection) Is there anything sillier than a man with a bad comb-over? (comparative inflection) Thats the craziest thing Ive ever seen. (superlative inflection) Comb-overs are the hottest fashion around these days. (superlative inflection) data He speaks incessantly. [modifying the verb speaks] He ate voraciously. [modifying the verb ate] data He hit him. (subject & object case inflections) She likes her. (subject & object case inflections) They saw them. (subject & object case inflections) I saw him give me the finger. (subject & object case inflections)

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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME EXERCISE Because the meanings of some of these morphemes, especially the suffixes, are vague, your responses might be somewhat different. Hopefully, youre at least in the same ballpark regarding the meanings and in complete agreement regarding the functions. adjective derivational affixes (affixes that derive adjectives): prefixes inunproantiomnisuperultrameaning/function opposite quality [antonym] opposite quality [antonym] for or in favor of against all extra extreme example words intolerant unhappy pro-war anti-war omnipotent supersonic ultrasensitive suffixes meaning/function -like -ant -ful -able/ -ible -ive -ous -ory -less -like noun adjective (having the qualities of some noun) verb adjective (the quality of performing some verb) noun adjective (having the quality of some noun) verb adjective (the quality of being capable of some verb in a passive sense) verb adjective (having the quality of some verb) noun adjective (having the quality of some noun) verb adjective (having the quality of some verb) noun adjective (the quality of the absence of some noun) noun adjective (having the quality of some noun) example words childlike resistant helpful understandable/ convertible active humorous obligatory speechless life-like

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noun derivational affixes (affixes that derive nouns): prefixes nonneomeaning/function not (opposite) new example words nonfactor neoclassicism -ist -ture -ment -ness -ship -tion -ity -ism suffixes -ant -er meaning/function verb noun (one who does some verb) verb noun (one who does some verb) example words assistant writer -al -ance suffixes -age meaning/function adjective noun (a state/situation characterized by some adjective) verb noun (a state/situation characterized by some verb) one who does verb noun (the happening of some verb) verb noun (a feeling/situation characterized by some verb) example words shortage leakage sexist departure excitement

adjective noun (a state characterized happiness by some noun) quality/status leadership verb noun (the happening of some verb) adjective noun (a state/situation characterized by some adjective) a way of thinking about some noun adjective noun (a state or emotion pertaining to some adjective) verb noun (the happening of some verb) verb noun (the happening of some verb) contraction scarcity sexism realism arrival acceptance

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verb derivational affixes (affixes that derive verbs): prefixes meaning/function deenreundisbeopposite action noun verb (to bring about the meaning of a noun) again opposite action opposite action make or become example words deconstruct endanger rewrite undo disassociate befriend -ify -ate -ize suffixes -en function example words

adjective verb (to create the quality harden of some adjective) noun verb (to create the quality of lengthen some noun) adjective verb (to give something sensationalize the quality of some adjective) noun verb (to give something the rubberize quality of some noun) glorify noun verb (to give something the quality of some noun) oxygenate noun verb (to bring about the presence of some noun)

adverb derivational affixes (affixes that derive adverbs): suffixes -ly -wise function adjective adverb (in the manner of some adjective) noun adverb (in a manner pertaining to some noun) example words happily lengthwise

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Morpheme Practice 1. governments govern: free, root (lexical) -ment: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) -s: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) 2. senselessly sense: free root (lexical) -less: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) -ly: bound derivational suffix (grammatical) 3. thickeners thick: free root (lexical) -en: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) -er: bound derivational suffix (grammatical) -s: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) 4. unspeakable un-: bound, derivational prefix (grammatical) speak: free root (lexical) -able: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) 5. repeatedly repeat-: free, root (lexical) -ed: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) -ly: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) 6. thoughtfully thought: free root (lexical) -ful: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) -ly: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) 7. paraphrasing para-: bound, derivational prefix (grammatical) phrase: free root (lexical) -ing: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) 8. contradictions contra-: bound, derivational prefix (grammatical) dict: bound root (lexical) -tion: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical) -s: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) 9. protracted pro-: bound, derivational prefix (grammatical) tract: bound root (lexical) -ed: bound, inflectional suffix (grammatical) 10. dishonorable dis-: bound, derivational prefix (grammatical) honor: free root (lexical) -able: bound, derivational suffix (grammatical)

For most people, the hardest part of this exercise is recognizing suffixes like -able -less and -ful, all of which share the same form as, and similar meaning to, free lexical morphemes. Remember, form and meaning/function are not the same.

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Morphology Trees N N N V Adj V *N re vaccin at ion s *Adj in abil ity N N V V V *V establish ment N V V V Adj *Adj humid ify er *N en camp ment s *N un character istic ally N *Adj/N re capital iz ation N Adj Adj *V un reason able ness Adv Adj *N re en act ment s N V N V N

dis

de

Asterisks (*) denote root morphemes

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Bound Roots in English English words convoke convert revoke revert invoke invert divert subvert provoke evoke Meaning (dictionary definitions) to cause to come together in a meeting to change into another form or state to void by recalling, withdrawing or reversing to return to a former condition to call upon for assistance, support or inspiration to reverse the position, order or condition of to turn aside or deflect to destroy completely to cause to take action; to bring on by inciting to summon; to call to mind or memory

English Word Creation Practice Classify each of the words beneath the table according to the process used to create the word. Coumpounding Waterbed, keychain, sunburn, wastebasket, handbook, doorknob Borrowing Piano, linguini, pretzel, robot Blending Telecast, chunnel, infotainment, gasohol Acronyming NOW, zip, UNESCO, PIN

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