41.

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
hay haba there is/are there was/were it is necessary to + hay que + infinitive infinitive to have to / must + tener que + infinitive infinitive tener ganas de + to want to + infinitive infinitive to be going to + ir a + infinitive infinitive acabar de + to have just + past infinitive participle hace + time time + ago

42. PROGRESSIVE TENSES

The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:
Present Participles -ar -er -ir -ando -iendo -iendo

Juan est hablando. Juan is talking. Estaban cantando. They were singing. Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter. A few irregular present participles are: poder - pudiendo, dormir durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, rer - riendo.

43. HABER
haber - to have (auxiliary verb) present he preterite hube imperfect haba

has ha hemos habis han

hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron

habas haba habamos habais haban

This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.

44. PRESENT & PAST PERFECT

The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as "have/has + past participle." Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than the perfect when expressing the past. Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
Past Participles -ar -er -ir -ado -ido -ido

The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito(written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) visto (seen); volver (to return) -vuelto (returned); decir (to say) dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done). No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house. Dnde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key? Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money. Qu ha dicho Ud.? What did you say? The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.

Carlos haba vivido en Mxico. Carlos had lived in Mexico. Habamos aprendido el espaol. We had learned Spanish.

45. PLACES
el aeropuert embassy la embajada o la factory la fbrica panadera el banco farm la granja fire la boca de el bar hydrant agua el fountain la fuente granero el garaje

airport bakery bank bar barn

pier police station port prison restaura nt road (highway )

el muelle la comisara el puerto la prisin el restaurante la carretera / la va

barracks el cuartel garage grocery store

bench bridge bookstor e building butcher' s castle

el banco

el puente hospital la librera hotel el edificio house la hut carnicera el castillo inn

el supermerca school la escuela do el hospital sidewalk la acera el hotel la casa la cabaa la posada la calleja square stable la plaza la cuadra

stadium el estadio stop sign store la seal de alto la tienda la calle el barro residencial el teatro la torre

cathedra la lane l catedral (town) el cemeter cementeri library y o church la iglesia market

la biblioteca street el mercado suburb

cinema el cine consulat el

ministry el ministerio theater monume el tower

e corner

consulad nt monumento o la museum el museo town esquina palace path el palacio la senda

la ciudad

courtyar el patio d crosswal el cruce k peatonal la dock drsena dry la cleaner' tintorera s

pavemen la acera t pharmac la farmacia y

el town hall ayuntamien to traffic el semforo light universit la y universidad village el pueblo

In Mexico, the square in many towns is called el zcalo. Addresses in the Spanish-speaking world use the name of the street first, then the number of the building.

46. TRANSPORTATION
by bus by bicycle by car by motorcycle by subway by taxi by plane by train by boat on foot en autobs en bicicleta en coche en motocicleta en metro en taxi en avin en tren en barco a pie

El coche can also be used for car, while bus can also be la guagua (Cuba), la camioneta (Colombia and Venezuela) or el camin (Mexico) - but el camin means truck in other countries. A longer bus in Cuba is el camello and in Mexico it is el gusano.

47. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO

querer - to want present quiero quieres quiere queremos queris quieren preterite quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron imperfect quera queras quera queramos querais queran

poder - to be able to, can present puedo puedes puede podemos podis pueden preterite pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron deber - to have to, must present debo debes debe debemos debis deben preterite deb debiste debi debimos debisteis debieron imperfect deba debas deba debamos debais deban imperfect poda podas poda podamos podais podan

The difference in verb tenses (among the past) can change the meaning of the verb slightly

49. HOUSE & FURNITURE

alarm clock el despertad drawer or el cajn pipe pipe (water) poker la pipa el tubo el atizador

armchair el silln

dresser el tocador la entrada del garaje

ashtray el cenicero driveway

attic balcony baseme nt basket bathroo m bathtub

el desvn el balcn el stano la cesta el bao la baera

DVD player fence film fire flame

el lector de radio DVD la cerca record refrigerat la pelcula or el fuego roof la llama room

la radio el disco el refrigerador el tejado el cuarto la alfombra la sbana el estante la pala la ducha

batteries las pilas bed bedroo m bell (door)

la cama la alcoba / floor el (levels) dormitorio la flower campanilla freezer front walk

flashlight la linterna rug el apartame flat sheet nto floor el suelo shelf el piso / la planta la flor shovel shower

blanket la cobija blinds la persiana

el sideboar el aparador congelador d la vereda sink el fregadero

sink furniture los muebles (bathroo el lavabo m) sitting box la caja garage el garaje la sala room broom la escoba garden el jardn smoke el humo ground la planta bucket el balde sofa el sof floor baja camcord las la cmara hearth la chimenea stairs er escaleras la mquina los camera hook el gancho steps de fotos escalones candle la vela house la casa story el piso la carpet iron (flat) la plancha stove la estufa alfombra kerosen cassette la cinta el petrleo study el estudio e bookcas la librera e

CD player ceiling chair chimney

el lector de CD el techo la silla

key kitchen ladder lamp lawn

la llave la cocina la escalera la lmpara el csped

switch

la chimenea el puro / el cigar cigarro el cigarette cigarrillo

table tap el grifo (faucet) telephon el telfono e televisio el televisor n

el conmutador la mesa

light bulb living clock el reloj room closet el armario lock compact el disco mailbox disc compacto la compute computad matches r ora corner el rincn

la bombilla toaster la sala

la tostadora

toilet el inodoro (WC) la cerradura towel la toalla vacuum el buzn el aspirador cleaner las cerillas vase el jarrn el magnetosco pio el muro la pared la ventana el jardn

mattress el colchn

VCR

cupboar microwa el horno wall la alacena d ve oven microondas (house) wall curtain la cortina mirror el espejo (room) cushion el cojn oven el horno window el desk pantry la despensa yard escritorio dining el picture el cuadro room comedor door la puerta pillow la almohada

50. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

Comparisons are expressed as follows:
ms [adjective] que menos [adjective] que tan [adjective] como more [adjective] than less [adjective] than as [adjective] as

tanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como

as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog. Mi prima tiene ms discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone. No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you. To form comparatives, just add ms or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative. ms alta taller la ms alta the tallest Rosa es la nia ms alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.

51. IRREGULAR FORMS

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are:
Adjective/Adverb good bad great small well badly much little bueno malo grande pequeo bien mal mucho poco Comparative better worse greater less better worse more less mejor peor mayor menor mejor peor ms menos Superlative the best the worst the greatest the least best worst most least el mejor el peor el mayor el menor el mejor el peor el ms el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeo change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

52. CLOTHING
apron barrette bathrobe belt el delantal el pasador la bata el cinturn pants pin pocket purse los pantalones el alfiler el bolsillo el bolso

blouse boot bracelet brush buckle button cap clothes coat collar comb cotton dress earmuffs earrings fashion glasses glove handbag handkerchief hat jacket jeans mittens necklace nightgown overcoat pajamas

la blusa la bota la pulsera un cepillo del pelo la hebilla el botn el gorro la ropa el abrigo el cuello el peine el algodn el vestido las orejaras el arete la moda los lentes el guante el bolso el pauelo el sombrero la cazadora los vaqueros los mitones el collar el camisn el sobretodo los pijamas

raincoat ring sandals scarf shirt shoe shoelace

el impermeable el anillo las sandalias la bufanda

la camisa el zapato el cordn los pantalones shorts cortos silk la seda skirt la falda sleeve la manga slippers las pantuflas soap el jabn sock los calcetines stocking la media suit el traje sunglasses las gafas de sol suspenders los tirantes sweater el jersey sweatsuit el chndal swimsuit el traje de bao tie la corbata T-shirt la camiseta umbrella el paraguas underwear la ropa interior waistcoat el chaleco watch el reloj wool la lana

53. TO WEAR
llevar - to wear llevo llevas llevamos llevis ponerse - to put on me pongo te pones nos ponemos os ponis

lleva

llevan

se pone

se ponen

You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.

54. FUTURE TENSE

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:
- -s - -emos -is -n

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:
caber (to fit) decir (to say, tell) haber (to have) poder (to be able) poner (to put, place) querer (to want) saber (to know) salir (to leave, go out) tener (to have, to own) valer (to be worth) venir (to come) cabrdirhabrpodrpondrquerrsabrsaldrtendrvaldrvendrcabr dirs habr haremos podris pondrn querr sabrs saldr tendremos valdris vendrn

hacer (to do, make) har-

78. CONDITIONAL
The conditional expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. It is usually translated by would + infinitive in English. To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense also use that stem for the conditional tense. You will

notice that these endings are the same as for the imperfect. The difference is that the conditional adds them to the infinitive, whereas the imperfect adds them to the stem.
-a -as -a -amos -ais -an

Notice that for half of the conjugations, the -- is the only distinguishing sound between the future and conditional. sabr = he will know vs. sabra = he would know

55. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in -n, -n, -n, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francs - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns. Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo(saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.

56. MORE ADJECTIVES

large small grande pequeo high, tall low, short alto bajo

long short good bad rich poor strong weak easy difficult fat thin

largo corto bueno malo rico pobre fuerte dbil fcil difcil gordo delgado

pretty beautiful ugly wide narrow heavy light hard soft sweet sour bitter

lindo, bonito hermoso feo ancho estrecho pesado ligero duro blando dulce agrio amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun. pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun. bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

57. SPORTS
ball game match team player soccer football baseball racket ball (small) bat glove ball basketball hoop la pelota el juego el partido el equipo el jugador el ftbol el ftbol americano el bisbol una raqueta una pelota un bate un guante un baln una canasta pool basketball tennis swimming boxing wrestling hockey volleyball net cleats skis ski poles boots helmet la piscina el baloncesto el tenis la natacin el boxeo la lucha el hockey el vleibol una red unos zapatos de ftbol unos esqus unos bastones unas botas el casco

58. NATURE
air el aire el archipelago archipilag o bank la orilla bay la baha barn el granero beach la playa branch bridge bud bush cape cave city climate cloud coast comet la rama el puente el capullo el arbusto el cabo la cueva la ciudad el clima la nube la costa el cometa grass gulf hail hay high tide hill ice island isthmus jungle lake leaf light lightning lily low tide meadow la hierba el golfo el granizo el heno la marea alta la colina sea shadow sky snow soil south spring (water) el mar la sombra

el cielo la nieve el suelo el sur la el hielo fuente la la isla star estrella el istmo stem el tallo la la jungla storm torment a el el lago strait aprieto el la hoja stream arroyo la luz street la calle el relmpago sun el sol sunflow el la azucena er girasol el la marea baja thaw deshiel o el el prado thunder trueno tornado tree trunk el tornado el rbol el tronco

la constellatio constelaci moon la luna n n mountai country el pas la montaa n country(sid mountai el campo la sierra e) n range

current daffodil daisy darkness desert dew dust

mouth la corriente (river)

el narciso mud la nature la naturaleza margarita la north el norte obscuridad peninsul el desierto la pennsula a el roco el polvo plain planet el llano el planeta

la desembocadu tulip ra el barro valley view water

el tulipn el valle la vista

earth east farm field flower foam fog foliage forest frost

la tierra el este la granja el campo la flor

plant pond pot (for plants) rain

la planta el estanque la maceta la lluvia

rainbow el arco iris el ro la roca la raz la rosa la arena

la espuma river le niebla el follaje el bosque la helada rock root rose sand

el agua (f) fresh el agua water dulce salt el agua water salada la watering regader can a la waterfall cascad a wave la ola el weather tiempo west el oeste el wind viento el world mundo

59. TO SAY & TO GO OUT

decir - to say / tell present digo dices dice dije dijiste dijo preterite imperfect deca decas deca

decimos decs dicen

dijimos dijisteis dijeron salir - to go out

decamos decais decan

present salgo sales sale salimos sals salen sal

preterite sala saliste sali salimos salisteis salieron

imperfect salas sala salamos salais salan

Decir also has irregular participles: dicho (said/told); dichiendo (saying/telling)

60. PARA VS. POR & PERO VS. SINO

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all varieties of Spanish.) La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha. Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn. Lo tendr para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday. Juan est para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all varieties of Spanish) Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of. por el pueblo through the town por la maana in the morning Pag un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book. Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound. Voy por tren. I'm going by train. Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice. Vot por Juanita. I voted for Juanita. Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.

La carta est por escribir. The letter is yet to be written. Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it. Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows. Bebe leche pero no bebe caf. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee. Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated. No bebe caf sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.