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The state of Equilibrium of soil can be divided into two states : a) State of Elastic Equilibrium When a small change in stress produces a corresponding small change in strain.
b) State of Plastic Equilibrium When irreversible strain takes place at a constant stress.
The strain state relating to earth pressure calculation fall into three categories:
a) At Rest State:
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b)
It is the case when state of elastic Equilibrium with no lateral displacement occurs (Figure 1 ). It is the case when plastic equilibrium with lateral expansion takes place (wall moves outward from the soil). ( Figure 2 ).
Passive state: Active state:
c)
Plastic equilibrium with lateral contraction takes place (wall moves toward the soil). ( Figure 2 )
Figure 1
Figure 2
(1) Earth Pressure at rest (ko condition )
lateral strain , h = 0
ko = coefficient of lateral earth presser at rest. ko depends on : Soil type ( sand, silt, clay)
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In this case ,the mohre circle is below the shear envelope of this soil (Figure 3).
Figure 3
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when the wall moves outward from the soil , the lateral earth pressure starts to be reduced until it reaches its , minimum
Figure 3
value ,
where , where ,
And in this case , the failure plane makes ( 45 /2 ) with the direction of the major principal plane ( usually horizontal axes ) .
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and in this case , the failure place makes ( 45 + /2 ) with the direction of the major principal plane.
Figure (4)
where = soil unit weight H = wall height
However the distribution and value of passive earth pressure in sand is, Figure(5)
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Figure 5
(b) For clay
Figure(6)
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Figure(7)
For static water table the water pressure should be treated separately from soil lateral pressure as shown in Figure(8)
Figure(8)
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In this case , the flow net and equipotential lines should be drawn for the wall , Then the pore pressure against the wall can be determined, ( Figure 9)
Figure (9 )
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(Figure 10)
and the resultant in this case will be parallel to the ground surface,
(Figure 11)
Coulomb's Theory for Rough Walls
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and
and
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Figure(13) The location of struts affects the values and distributions of lateral earth pressures
Figure(14)
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