Commissioning Systems, Protective Relay

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Commissioning Protective Relay Systems
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services. Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos employees. Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Electrical File Reference: EEX30203
For additional information on this subject, contact W.A. Roussel on 874-6160
Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems
Content
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INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 1 SAUDI ARAMCO REQUIREMENTS................................................................................. 2 Types ........................................................................................................................ 2 Electro-Mechanical ........................................................................................ 3 Solid State ..................................................................................................... 6 Characteristics........................................................................................................... 8 EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEMS UPON RECEIPT ..............................11 Visual Inspection......................................................................................................11 Verification Against Specifications ...........................................................................12 EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND TESTING .....16 Mechanical Checks...................................................................................................16 Electrical Tests.........................................................................................................18 Insulation Test ..............................................................................................18 Pickup Test...................................................................................................19 Timing Test ..................................................................................................20 Miscellaneous Electrical Tests.......................................................................20 SYSTEM PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECK-OUT .................................................................21 PDD Point-to-Point Wiring Check............................................................................21 Subsystem Checks....................................................................................................21 WORK AID 1: REFERENCES FOR EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEMS UPON RECEIPT ....................................................................22 Work Aid 1A: Protective Relay System Ratings and Requirements ...........................22 Work Aid 1B: Standard Electrical Symbols and Device Numbers..............................26 Work Aid 1C: Device Suffix Letters .........................................................................32 Work Aid 1D: Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021 Excerpts...................35 WORK AID 2: REFERENCES FOR EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND TESTING ...........................................38
Work Aid 2A: Procedures and Methods for Evaluating Instrument Transformer and Meter Installation and Testing.....................................................38 Mechanical Checks...................................................................................................38 Electrical Tests.........................................................................................................39 Work Aid 2B: Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021 Excerpts...................39 GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................44
Table of Figures
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Figure 1: Example Induction-Type Relay........................................................................ 4 Figure 2: Basic Electro-Mechanical Relay Circuit ........................................................... 5 Figure 3: Block Diagram of a Solid State Current Relay ................................................. 7 Figure 4: Protective Relay Time-Current Characteristics................................................. 9 Figure 5: Overcurrent Device Coordination .................................................................. 10 Figure 6: Typical Electro-Mechanical Overcurrent Relay .............................................. 12 Figure 7: Typical Saudi Aramco Bus Overcurrent Protection Scheme ........................... 15 Figure 8: Electro-Mechanical Overcurrent Relay That Has Been Removed From Its Case............................................................................................... 17 Figure 12: Standard Current and Voltage Ratings for Relays (From ANSI/IEEE C37.90).......................................................................... 22 Figure 13: Saudi Aramco Protective Relay System General Requirements (From SAES-P-114) .................................................................................... 23 Figure 13: Saudi Aramco Protective Relay System General Requirements (From SAES-P-114)(Cont'd)........................................................................ 24 Figure 14: Relaying Electrical Symbols......................................................................... 26 Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers ............................................................... 27 Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)................................................. 28 Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)................................................. 29 Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)................................................. 30 Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)................................................. 31 Figure 16: Sheet 1 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 36 Figure 17: Sheet 3 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 37 Figure 18: Sheet 1 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 40 Figure 19: Sheet 2 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 41 Figure 20: Sheet 3 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 42 Figure 21: Sheet 6 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays .............................................................................. 43
INTRODUCTION Protective relay systems are installed to cause the prompt removal from service of any element of a power system when it suffers a short circuit or when it starts to operate in any abnormal manner that might cause damage or otherwise interfere with the effective operation of the rest of the system. Protective relay systems consist of three types of elements that work together to perform the desired protective function: the sensing devices, the protective relays, and the controlling (or isolating) devices. The sensing devices (e.g., CT or VT) continuously monitor power systems from generation, through transmission and distribution, to utilization. Faults or abnormal conditions are detected through use of the sensing devices. The protective relays receive signals from the sensing devices and provide outputs to the controlling devices (e.g., circuit breakers). When faults or abnormal conditions are detected by the sensing devices, rapid corrective action is initiated to isolate the faulted portion of the system. Rapid fault isolation provides a high degree of power continuity, reduces potential personnel hazards, and limits equipment damage. The correct selection, installation, and inspection of protective relay systems will directly affect the overall safety, accuracy, and performance of electric power generation, transmission, and distribution systems. This Module provides information on the following topics that are pertinent to commissioning protective relay systems: Saudi Aramco Requirements Evaluating Protective Relay Systems Upon Receipt Evaluating Protective Relay Systems Installation and Testing System Pre-Operational Check-Out
SAUDI ARAMCO REQUIREMENTS Relaying provides a critical function in electric power system protection. Relays are versatile and reliable, and they can perform a wide variety of functions. Relays of various kinds can be set to detect abnormal conditions, such as faults, overloads, power swings, frequency changes, and over/undervoltages. Through initiation of a trip of the appropriate circuit breakers, relays can isolate and deenergize a zone of protection to minimize the effect of the disturbance or fault on the remainder of the electric power system. A zone of protection is an area in a power system that a protection relay is configured to protect. The safe and proper operation of Saudi Aramco electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system installation depends on the proper selection and installation of protective relay systems. Because the protective relay system functions to isolate faulted portions of the electrical systems to prevent hazards to personnel and damage to equipment, the improper selection or installation of a protective relay system can lead to disastrous or catastrophic results. The types and characteristics of protective relay systems are described in Saudi Aramco standards and in the following text. A detailed description of protective relay systems is provided in EEX 106. SAES-P-114, 16-SAMSS-513, and ANSI C37 provide specific guidance that pertains to the material requirements for protective relay systems. These requirements must be followed when the equipment is specified in initial project design and also when the commissioning process occurs. A protective relay gets voltage and/or current information from an external sensing element in the form of current flow. This current flow is some small percentage of the parameter that is being sensed. The small representative current flow causes the relay operating element (usually a coil) to open or close. The relay operating element opens or closes contacts, which actuate a warning signal or which complete the trip circuit of a circuit breaker. The relay usually includes some form of visual indicator, which is known as a target, to show that the relay has operated. Specific Saudi Aramco protective relay design requirements are provided in Work Aid 1. Types The components that are used to construct the various types of relays are often similar in nature across a wide spectrum of relays; such components can generally be grouped into the electromechanical type and the solid state type.
Electro-Mechanical Electro-mechanical relays use a combination of electrical fields and mechanical motion. An electrical field that is proportional to the measured quantity (e.g., system voltage or current) causes mechanical motion within the electro-mechanical relay. Electro-mechanical units can be further subdivided into magnetic attraction units and magnetic induction units. A magnetic attraction unit uses instrument transformer secondary outputs (either voltage or current) to create magnetic fields within the relay unit. An example of a magnetic attraction unit is a simple plunger relay. When the current or voltage magnitude that is applied to the coil exceeds a predetermined value, the magnetic field that is formed will cause a plunger to move upward. The action of the moving plunger closes or opens a set of contacts. Plunger relays are often used as components in overcurrent relays. A magnetic induction unit uses the principle of an induction motor in which torque is developed through use of induction onto a rotor. Induction-type relays are only used in ac applications. The rotating element of an induction-type relay is usually a disk or a cylinder. The two basic designs of a magnetic induction relay are the induction disk and the induction cup. A typical induction-disk relay is shown in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the operating torque on the disk is produced through use of an electromagnet that has a main coil and a lag coil. The coil terminals receive current from the external sensing element. The current from the external sensing element becomes the main coil operating current. The lag coil produces a magnetic flux that is out of phase with the main coil. The electromagnetic field flows in the laminated core of the relay, across the disk air gap, and through the keeper. The combination of the in-phase and out-of-phase magnetic flux across the disk air gap causes torque to be produced on the rotating disk. The magnitude and direction of the input quantities determine the speed and direction of the rotating disk, which can be adjusted for a specific timedelay. As the disk rotates, trip contacts are opened or closed. The three-dimensional view of the disk and the contacts, which is also shown in Figure 1, shows a simplified example of the stationary and movable trip contact operation.
Figure 1: Example Induction-Type Relay
The operational objective of an electro-mechanical relay is to actuate an alarm or to initiate a circuit breaker trip when a power system parameter exceeds a preset value. Each relay design achieves its operational objective through a variation of the basic electro-mechanical relay circuit that is shown in Figure 2. The basic electro-mechanical relay circuit receives an input signal from the secondary winding of an instrument transformer. The instrument transformer primary winding receives an input signal from the power system. The electro-mechanical relay operating element uses the input signal from the secondary winding to produce a magnetic field. The electro-mechanical relay operating element compares the force of the produced magnetic field to a known value (e.g., gravity or spring). When the force of the produced magnetic field exceeds the force that is exerted by gravity or by a spring, the relay contacts close and complete the circuit for the output signal. The output signal then flows from the power supply for circuit breaker tripping through the circuit breaker trip coil and the alarm. This output signal trips the power system circuit breaker and activates an alarm.
Figure 2: Basic Electro-Mechanical Relay Circuit Electro-mechanical relays can be used as follows: Overcurrent Relays Overvoltage Relays Undervoltage Relays Undervoltage Frequency Directional Overcurrent Relays Directional Power Relays Differential Relays Distance Relays Phase Balance Current Relay Loss of Excitation Relays Lockout Relays Synchronism Relays
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 5
Solid State Solid state relays are electronics-based units that perform the same function as the electromechanical units; however, solid state circuits replace the moveable elements of a relay. In solid state relays, electronic logic circuits are used to determine whether the direction and magnitude of the input values are sufficient to require protective action. Although solid state and electromechanical relays use different methods to initiate protective action at pre-determined levels, they accomplish the same results. Solid state devices are available for use as individual protective relays or as a protection package. A protection package is a group of individual protective relays that have been combined into a single unit. All electro-mechanical devices are available in solid state versions. Although the solid state devices are different in construction and operation, the solid state devices can perform the same functions and can be applied in the same manner as the electro-mechanical devices. Figure 3 shows a block diagram of a typical solid state current relay. The function of this relay is to provide instantaneous and time overcurrent protection for a load. The current flow to the load is sensed through use of the main current transformer. The main current transformer transmits this current signal to the auxiliary transformer. The current flow through the auxiliary current transformer develops a voltage signal across the secondary resistor. The voltage across the secondary resistor will be proportional to the original current flow through the main current transformer. The voltage signal provides the input signal to the inverse time circuit and the instantaneous circuit of the solid state relay. The inverse time circuit consists of a rectifier, a solid state switch, a solid state timer, a trigger, and a memory coil. The ac input voltage that is proportional to the line current is converted to dc through use of diodes in the rectifier of the inverse time circuit. The dc output from the rectifier provides an input signal to the solid state switch. When the input signal exceeds a preset value, the solid state switch starts to conduct and provides an output signal to the solid state timer. The input signal to the solid state timer starts to charge a capacitor in the solid state timer. The capacitor charging time varies with the magnitude of the original input signal. When the capacitor is fully charged, the trigger circuit emits a pulse through the memory coil, which actuates the trip unit. The trip unit trips the circuit breaker to isolate power to the load. The instantaneous circuit consists of a breakdown diode, a solid state switch, and a memory coil. The breakdown diode starts to conduct when the input voltage exceeds a preset value. The preset value is determined through the construction of the diode. When the diode conducts, the breakdown diode converts the input ac voltage to a dc output voltage. The dc output voltage provides an input to the solid state switch. When the breakdown diode conducts, the solid state switch emits a pulse through the memory coil, which actuates the trip unit. The trip unit trips the circuit breaker to isolate power to the load.
Figure 3: Block Diagram of a Solid State Current Relay
Solid state relays can be used as follows: Overcurrent Relays Overvoltage Relays Undervoltage Relays Underfrequency Relays Directional Overcurrent Relays Directional Power Relays Differential Relays Distance Relays Phase Balance, Voltage, and Current Relays Loss of Excitation Relays Lockout Relays Synchronism Relays
Some solid state relays contain microprocessors that enhance the versatility, the performance, and the reliability of the solid state relay. Microprocessor relays have coded chips that have added logic capabilities. The addition of a microprocessor creates a solid state circuit that can make decisions about output signals based on input signals. Microprocessors also provide the ability to continuously perform operational self-checks that ensure proper operation. If an electromechanical or simple solid state relay were to be faulty, the most likely time that this malfunction would be discovered is when the relay fails to operate properly when an actual system fault occurs. Continuous self-checking uncovers relay malfunctions as they occur so that corrective action can be taken.
Characteristics Protective relay systems are designed to trip the circuit breaker when a protective device senses an overload or fault condition. Through variation of design and sensitivity, the protective device can be used to control the operation of a circuit breaker during overload or fault conditions. Because overloads or faults result in overcurrent conditions, overcurrent relays are the most common electrical protective devices for use in electrical distribution systems. Overcurrent relays are used as both primary and backup protective devices. The two main types of overcurrent relay protection are the time-delay overcurrent and the instantaneous overcurrent. In general, overload protection is provided through use of time-delay overcurrent relays, and fault protection is provided through use of magnetic instantaneous overcurrent relays. Time-delay overcurrent devices have an inverse-time characteristic. An inverse-time characteristic means that as the fault current gets larger, the time it takes for the device to operate gets smaller. The time delay device can be designed so that the length of this time delay can be varied. Generally, time-delay overcurrent devices are selected and set to provide short time delays or long time delays. Short time delays are used to provide selective tripping when a circuit breaker is used in series with other circuit breakers, and long time delays are used for overload protection. The following are the three different classes of time-delay overcurrent devices: Inverse Very Inverse Extremely Inverse Figure 4 shows the three different classes of time-delay overcurrent devices and the instantaneous overcurrent device. Figure 4 shows that as the fault current increases, the time it takes for the time-delay overcurrent device to trip the circuit beaker decreases. The inverse and very inverse time characteristics are usually applied to feeder circuits in which problems with coordination of in-line devices are not present. Feeder circuits can readily handle wide variations in levels of fault current. The extremely inverse characteristic is used when there is a small variation in fault current from minimum to maximum because the extremely inverse characteristic can provide faster clearing times for faults.
Figure 4: Protective Relay Time-Current Characteristics
The time-delay overcurrent device is used to coordinate with other protective devices or relays. The time before the trip signal is sent from the protective relay to the breaker varies inversely to the magnitude of the fault current. Figure 5 shows the various time-delay coordination characteristics for various multiples of the pickup current and for various time-delay response time settings. In Figure 5, the fault is located downstream of power circuit breaker #1. If the fault were farther downstream of breaker #1, it would take longer for the breaker to trip because the impedance of the distribution lines would result in less current being sensed at the protective relay. A smaller amount of current that is sensed (with the inverse-time characteristic of the relay) means a longer time for the breaker to trip.
The time it takes for breaker #1 to trip is finite (for a finite fault current). If breaker #1 failed to trip, the backup protection is breaker #2, which would trip "S" time units after breaker #1 should have tripped. To provide protection for the generator, each of these time delays creates a coordinated backup sequence of trips that would occur when any breaker fails to trip. In the example, each breaker backs up the one directly to its right, and the "S" time units between trips ensures a definite breaker backup sequence.
Figure 5: Overcurrent Device Coordination
Instantaneous protection is provided through the use of an element that exhibits a very small time lag between the sensed overcurrent condition and the circuit breaker trip signal. For operational cases, the time lag is so small that it is virtually instantaneous.
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EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEMS UPON RECEIPT When protective relays are received as a part of the total inventory of equipment for a protective relay system installation, a receipt inspection must be performed to ensure that the protective relays are of the proper type as specified in the installation drawings and that no damage has resulted during the shipping process. The inspection process involves a physical inspection of the protective relays and a verification of nameplate data against the installation specifications. Any deviation from specifications and any observed damage to these items must be evaluated and action must be taken to obtain the correct equipment or to replace any damaged equipment. The receipt inspection should be performed as soon as the equipment is received on the job site. If discrepancies are noted, immediate corrective action can be taken, which will prevent excessive installation delays. This section provides information on the following topics that are pertinent to evaluating protective relay systems: Visual Inspection Verification Against Specification Visual Inspection When protective relay systems are received from the manufacturer, they generally arrive already installed in the switchgear or in the control panels. If the protective relays are not included in the switchgear or in the control panel, they will be shipped in cartons that are designed for protection against damage. Upon initial receipt from the manufacturer, the protective relays must be visually inspected. If the protective relays are installed in the cabinet or switchgear when they are shipped, the protective relay visual inspection is performed during the cabinet or switchgear visual inspection. The visual inspection check lists are provided in Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021, Protective Relays. The visual inspection portions of P-021 are provided in Work Aid 1. Figure 6 shows a typical electro-mechanical time overcurrent relay. During the visual inspection portion of protective relay system commissioning, each protective relay should be checked for physical damage that could have occurred during manufacturing or shipping. The relay housing cover, the glass, and the gasket should be removed and inspected for damage. The relay housing itself should be inspected for the presence of cracks, foreign material, and moisture. The relay should be inspected for tarnished contacts, loose screws, or other imperfections that could affect the freedom of mechanism movement or proper mechanism alignment. In addition, all appropriate vendor operating and maintenance instruction manuals should also be verified to be present. If the relay is installed in the switchgear or in the control panel, the connected wiring should be checked for the proper creepage, clearance, bend radius, insulation, and tightness during the visual inspection.
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Figure 6: Typical Electro-Mechanical Overcurrent Relay Verification Against Specifications When a new facility or facility modification is at the equipment installation stage, the design of the installation has already been completed. The type of protective relays that are selected for a specific protective relay system should be shown in the design package drawings, prints, or specifications for the installation. The purpose of verifying protective relay systems against the specifications during the commissioning process is to ensure that the equipment that is being installed meets Saudi Aramco and industry standards. Minimum design package and general requirements for protective relay systems are provided in Work Aid 1.
Generally, the verification against specifications consists of a determination of whether the type and rating of the equipment that is to be installed matches the size and type of the equipment that is required for the installation. This determination is accomplished by reading up-to-date metering and relaying one-line diagrams and relay and control ac and dc schematics. The Engineer inspects the manufacturer's nameplate data on each protective relay and compares them to the requirements on the electrical prints and schematics to determine whether the correct relay is being used. Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021, Protective Relays, contains a check list that itemizes what should be included in the verification of protective relays against Saudi Aramco and industry specifications. During the verification against specification, the Engineer should ensure that the protective relays in the protective relay system meet the minimum requirements for Saudi Aramco installations in accordance with SAES-P-114, 16-SAMSS-513, and industry standards. Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard SAES-P-114 provides drawings that show the specific applications for protective relays in Saudi Aramco electrical systems. Each drawing shows the minimum mandatory protection that must be provided for a particular portion of the power system or for a particular piece of electrical equipment. The relays that are shown in these drawings are identified through use of standard device function designations. These device function designations have been developed over years of usage as an abbreviated method of designating the function of a relay. This abbreviated method allows the use of a few numbers to completely describe the function of a relay rather than writing a note to describe the function of each device on a drawing. The device function numbers are used on drawings and elementary and connection diagrams, in relay instruction books, in publications, in standards, and in specifications. In addition, these numbers are usually placed on nameplates that are adjacent to the device on switchgear or relaying panels for identification of the designated function of that relay in the system. These designated functions may refer to the actual function the device performs when it is installed, or they may refer to the electrical or other quantity to which the device is responsive. Because a choice of function numbers for a given device is sometimes available, the preferable choice is the function number that is recognized to have the narrowest interpretation. When alternate names and descriptions are included under the function, only the name and description that applies to each specific case should be used. In general, only one name for each device, such as relay, contactor, circuit breaker, switch monitor, or other device, is included in each function designation. If the function of the relay is not inherently restricted to any specific type of device, and if the type of device itself is incidental, any one of the alternative names may be substituted as applicable. Device function numbers and suffixes are found in the most recent revision of ANSI Standard C37.2, "IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers." A portion of the standard electrical device function designations is provided in Work Aid 1 to assist in the verification against specification during the commissioning process.
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A detailed discussion of each system and equipment protection scheme is beyond the scope of this module; however, a typical Saudi Aramco bus overcurrent protection scheme is shown in Figure 7. The protection devices that are shown in Figure 7 are identified through use of the following standard device function numbers: 51 is a time-delay overcurrent relay. 52 is a circuit breaker. 50/51 is an overcurrent relay with an instantaneous and a time-delay element. 50/51G is a residually connected ground-fault overcurrent relay with an instantaneous and a time-delay element. 86B is a bus lockout relay. The 51 device (time-delay overcurrent relay) provides overcurrent protection for bus 1 as measured at CT-1. When an overcurrent condition exists at CT-1 for a sufficient length of time, time-delay relay 51 operates and sends a signal to the bus lockout relay (device 86B). Device 86B causes the source breaker, 52-1, to trip (open). The 50/51 device (instantaneous and time-delay overcurrent relay) provides overcurrent protection against faults that occur downstream of load breaker 52-2 as measured at CT-2. When an overcurrent condition exists at CT-2 (either large enough to activate the instantaneous element or of a sufficient length of time to activate the time-delay element) the 50/51 device will trip (open) load breaker 52-2. The 50/51G device (instantaneous and time-delay ground-fault overcurrent relay) provides overcurrent protection against ground faults as measured at the wye of the three-phase, wyeconnected current transformer (CT-2). Under ground fault conditions, unbalanced residual current conditions cause either the instantaneous element or the time-delay element of the 50/51G device to trip (open) load breaker 52-2.
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Figure 7: Typical Saudi Aramco Bus Overcurrent Protection Scheme
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EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND TESTING After protective relay systems have been installed and prior to the equipment being placed into service, specific tests are required by Saudi Aramco. The tests that are performed are designed to prove that the protective relay system will perform its job under the conditions of use and within the accuracy that is required by Saudi Aramco and industry standards. Additionally, the installation of protective relays must be inspected to determine whether the wiring and associated components are correctly installed or assembled. If the results of testing during the commissioning process indicate that the protective relay system does not meet Saudi Aramco requirements, steps must be taken to rectify any deficiency. This section provides information on the following topics that are pertinent to evaluating protective relay system installation and testing: Mechanical Checks Electrical Tests Mechanical Checks Before the mechanical checks of electro-mechanical relays are described, a brief overview of the construction of a typical electro-mechanical relay is necessary. Figure 8 shows a typical electromechanical overcurrent relay that has been removed from its case. The overcurrent relay has both time and instantaneous overcurrent units. In the overcurrent relay that is shown in Figure 8, the main moving shaft rotates an induction disk against the force that is applied to the disk from a drag magnet. The main disk shaft rotates between a top pivot and a bottom pivot (not shown). The degree and speed of disk rotational movement is a result of the sensed system current. The combination of the tap block and time dial settings will determine the operation of the time overcurrent unit. The combination of tap block and adjustable pole piece settings will determine the operation of the instantaneous unit. The calibration plate is used to set the adjustable pole piece. The main stationary brush and contact assembly will make contact if the system current exceeds preset current levels, and the seal-in stationary contact assembly will operate the target and seal-in unit.
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Figure 8: Electro-Mechanical Overcurrent Relay That Has Been Removed From Its Case As shown in Figure 8, electro-mechanical protective relays have moving parts (e.g., disks, contacts, etc.) that are critically aligned and must be checked for proper mechanism operation during the commissioning process. Proper mechanism operation includes freedom of movement, alignment, contact travel, contact wipe, and spring tension. During the mechanical check, the relay should be inspected for friction. Friction can be caused by a warped or bent disk, or by improper clearance between the disk and the magnet poles. The disk rotation should be checked by hand. The disk should move freely and should reset smoothly. If auxiliary target devices, plunger relays, or annunciator coils are present, they should also be checked for friction and freedom of moving parts.
A detailed mechanical inspection procedure is provided in Work Aid 2. Mechanical inspection checks are provided on sheets 1 and 3 of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021, Protective Relays. A representative portion of Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021, Protective Relays, is provided in Work Aid 2. Solid state protective relays have no moving parts, so the commissioning process mechanical checks for solid state relays are limited to the proper installation of the protective relay unit and the proper connection of the power supply and input and output wiring. Electrical Tests After the protective relay system has been installed and inspected, it must be tested prior to being commissioned. During the electrical tests of protective relay systems, all electrical safety precautions must be taken to prevent personnel injury or equipment damage. Because the settings of protective relays must be coordinated with other relays in the electric power system, the relays must be set by Saudi Aramco. It is assumed that all protective relay settings have been made prior to the commencement of the commissioning process. Directions for testing electro-mechanical and solid state relays are given in manufacturer's manuals or instruction books for each device. In general, there are three specific types of electrical tests and some miscellaneous electrical tests that are performed on protective relays. The electrical tests that are performed on protective relays are as follows: Insulation Test Pickup Test Timing Test Miscellaneous Tests Insulation Test Insulation resistance tests are performed on each protective relay circuit. Insulation resistance tests are not performed on solid state protective relays because of the potential of damage to the electronic components. The insulation resistance test that is recommended during the commissioning is a megohmmeter test, which consists of application of a megohmmeter from each protective relay circuit branch to ground. The resistance value is measured in megohms.
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Pickup Test For both electro-mechanical and solid state protective relays, a pickup test should be performed on each operating element. During the pickup test, specific test equipment is used to determine the pickup current that will cause the relay to operate. The manufacturer's instruction literature should be consulted for the test equipment that must be used, as well as time/current curves and tolerances for the specific protective relay that is being tested. In older electro-mechanical systems, test plugs are available to assist in protective relay system testing. Test plugs are provided by the switchgear or protective equipment manufacturer, and they install directly into the switchgear or panelboards. When the pickup value of current on electro-mechanical (e.g., plunger and solenoid type) relays is reached, the ammeter reading at the instant the relay operates should be noted. Solid state relays (and solid state test equipment) generally contain electronic circuitry that will retain the system parameters in chip memory at the time the relay operates. The system parameters can then be recalled by the operator for entry on the proper data forms. The pickup current value should be within 5% of the calibrated or tap setting value. An example would be an electro-mechanical time-overcurrent induction relay with an instantaneous unit. The induction unit of the example protective relay has an operating coil with 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 ampere taps. With the operating coil set at the minimum tap, the coil should pick up at a test current that is between 1.425 and 1.575 amperes. The manufacturer's technical manuals should be consulted for the exact value of the pickup current because deviations to the 5% tolerance do exist. The pickup test should be conducted with the relay in its normal operating position. For electromechanical relays, once the relay has picked up, the relay should be checked for quiet operation. After the pickup current value is established, the current that is applied to the relay should be slowly reduced until the relay drops out (or resets). The current value at the point that the relay drops out should be between 90% and 95% of the pickup current value. Pickup tests should also be performed on any target or seal-in units that are present in the protective relay. When the pickup tests are performed, a check should also be made to ensure that the proper relay position indicators function.
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Timing Test With protective relays, not only must the relay pick up at a predetermined value of sensed current, but the relay operation must be coordinated with other relays or devices in the protection system. The coordination of a relay is accomplished by setting the pickup value at a specific point. If a time delay is incorporated into the operation of the relay, the coordination of the relay is accomplished through a combination of the pickup value and the time delay of the relay. In electro-mechanical relays, the time dial determines the length of time that the unit requires to close its contacts when the unit reaches a predetermined value. Most electro-mechanical relay time dials have settings from zero (no time delay) to ten (the maximum time delay). The time delay of a protective relay on some electro-mechanical relays can also be set by moving the position of the drag (or permanent) magnet. The timing test is conducted to determine whether the time delay of the relay is correct for the installation. During the pickup test of a protective relay, the relay operating coil is set to the minimum tap, and the induction unit time dial is set at some mid-point value. Because the induction unit time dial generally has ten settings, a mid-point value of five is generally selected. Three different multiples of the tap pickup current are applied, and the relay operation time is measured. The relay operation time for various multiples of pickup current is provided in graph form in the manufacturer's technical manual. There is also a tolerance for pickup times (usually 5%), but the manufacturer's technical manuals should be consulted for the exact value of the pickup time because deviations to the 5% tolerance do exist. Miscellaneous Electrical Tests Several other miscellaneous electrical tests are performed on protective relays, and such tests depend upon the type relay that is installed in the system. A directional protective relay is designed to operate in only one direction of current (or power flow). In addition to the pickup and timing tests, a directional relay should be tested in the reverse direction to ensure that it does not operate. A differential relay is designed to operate with current (or power flow) in both directions. In addition to the pickup and timing tests, a differential relay should be tested in the reverse direction to ensure that it operates correctly. Voltage relays (e.g., undervoltage or overvoltage) should be tested at the dropout and pickup voltage levels in a manner that is similar to the pickup and timing tests that have been previously described.
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SYSTEM PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECK-OUT The system pre-operational checkout phase of the commissioning cycle for protective relay systems provides an opportunity for Saudi Aramco personnel to perform wiring and subsystem component checks. During the pre-operational check-out, each protective relay system component is checked to ensure that it works individually and as a complete system. PDD Point-to-Point Wiring Check Point-to-point wiring checks are performed to verify that the protective relay system complies with the wiring diagrams and the manufacturers' specifications. Terminations and terminal blocks are also checked for routing and labeling. During the point-to-point wiring checks, the protective relays and their associated control and instrumentation transformers and fuses are checked for proper application and type. Subsystem Checks Subsystems are checked to ensure that electrical continuity exists for control and protective devices. The proper operation of all subsystems is tested through use of controlled operation and checkout of the controls and protective devices. Each subsystem is performance tested through the application of full operational voltage. The full operational voltage is applied to each subsystem through the proper protective devices. With each subcircuit connected to its main system, a complete operational test is performed on equipment controls, interlocks, protective devices, and components. During the performance test, the main systems are still isolated and independent from plant systems. Before the equipment is connected to the plant system, subsystem performance testing is critical to ensure the proper and safe operation of the equipment protection and control subsystems. Operational tests are performed after the protective relay system has been received and installed. These tests determine the operational acceptance of each protective relay in the system and must be conducted prior to commissioning and release of the protective relay system for operation.
21
WORK AID 1: Work Aid 1A:
REFERENCES FOR EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEMS UPON RECEIPT Protective Relay System Ratings and Requirements
Figure 12 shows the standard current and voltage ratings for protective relays in accordance with ANSI/IEEE C37.90-1989.
Figure 12: Standard Current and Voltage Ratings for Relays (From ANSI/IEEE C37.90)
22
Figure 13 shows Saudi Aramco protective relay system general requirements from SAES-P-114.
General Requirements
Application Requirements
Non-directional overcurrent relays (Devices 51 or 50/51) must be furnished with both time-overcurrent and instantaneous units. A separate target indicator must be supplied for each. The standard voltage and current ratings for protective relays must be 120 VAC, 125 VDC, and 5 A RMS. Overcurrent devices on three-phase circuits must be installed in all three phases, unless specified otherwise. The ground fault protective device must be a separate device from the phase fault device for all feeder and branch circuit voltages rated 600 V or above. The approved electro-mechanical relays are listed in the Tables and Relay Selection paragraphs in SAES-P-114, and must be mounted in semi-flush drawout type cases. Electro-mechanical relays that are not listed must be approved by the Manager, Power Distribution Department. The approved solid-state relays are listed in the Tables and Relay Selection paragraphs of this standard. Solid-state relays that are not listed must be approved by the Manager, Power Distribution Department. Solid-state or static-type relays must have an internal electro-mechanical trip output relay. Time-overcurrent phase-fault relays on industrial or commercial power systems must have an inverse or very-inverse characteristic. Time-overcurrent phase-fault relays on residential distribution power systems must have a very-inverse or extremely-inverse characteristic. Figure 13: Saudi Aramco Protective Relay System General Requirements (From SAES-P-114)
23
Application Requirements (Cont'd)
Time-overcurrent ground-fault relays on resistance grounded systems must have an inverse characteristic. The time-overcurrent relays along a branch or feeder distribution system must have similar or compatible time-overcurrent characteristics that can be coordinated over the range of normal load and fault currents. The coordination time interval (CTI) between coordination pairs of time-overcurrent relays must be within the range of 0.35 to 0.50 seconds at normal maximum transient fault current. The maximum fault duration time allowed by the protection must not exceed the short-circuit withstand capability of the protected equipment. Auxiliary lockout relays (Device 86) must be hand-reset type and have separate contacts connected in the closing and tripping circuits of the circuit breakers. The electrical continuity of the Device 86 operating coil circuit must be monitored by a white indicating light located adjacent to the reset handle. A minimum of two normally-open and two normally-closed spare contacts must be provided on each lockout relay. The lockout relays must be equipped with a mechanical target indicating the tripped and reset positions. Trip-isolation test switches (not ganged) must be installed in the lockout trip circuits to the circuit breakers and breaker failure timers. The test switches must be mounted on the front of relay panels in a clearly visible location, and must be Westinghouse Type FT-1, or States Type MTS, or an approved equivalent. Figure 13: Saudi Aramco Protective Relay System General Requirements (From SAES-P-114)(Cont'd)
Coordination & Settings of Main Protection
Lockout Relays and Trip-Isolation Test Switches
24
The design package for control and protection systems must contain, at a minimum, the following information: Relay and Metering One-Line Diagrams (Saudi Aramco). AC and DC Elementary (Schematic) Diagrams (Saudi Aramco and Vendor). AC Three-Line (Connection) Diagrams (Saudi Aramco and Vendor). Interconnection Diagrams. Panel Wiring Diagrams. Synchronizing Diagrams. Relay and control panel layout drawings (Saudi Aramco and Vendor). Protective device data, such as manufacturer, style, model, type, range, and time characteristic curves. Nameplate data and ratings of motors, buses, generators, power conductors, instrument transformers, power transformers, and cables (including cable short-circuit withstand limits).
25
Work Aid 1B:
Standard Electrical Symbols and Device Numbers
Figure 14 shows standard electrical symbols for protective relaying systems.
Figure 14: Relaying Electrical Symbols
26
Figure 15 shows NEMA device function numbers and a description of the device.
Number 21
Name Distance Relay
Function The distance relay functions when the circuit admittance, impedance, or reactance increases or decreases beyond a predetermined value. The over excitation relay operates when the ratio of voltage to frequency exceeds a preset value. The undervoltage relay operates when its input voltage is less than a predetermined value. The annunciator relay is a non-automatically reset device that gives a number of separate visual indications when a protective device functions. The annunciator relay can also perform a lockout function. The directional power relay is a relay that operates at a predetermined value of power flow in a given direction, or on reverse power. The undercurrent or underpower relay is a relay that functions when the current or power flow decreases below a predetermined value. The field failure relay (also called "Loss of Excitation Relay or Reverse VAR Relay ") is a relay that functions on a failure of machine field current, or on an excessive value of the reactive component of armature current in an AC machine (low field excitation).
24 27 30
Over Excitation Relay Undervoltage Relay Annunciator Relay
32
Directional Power Relay Undercurrent or Underpower Relay Field Failure Relay
37
40
44
Unit Sequence Starting The unit sequence starting relay is a relay that functions Relay to start the next available unit in multiple-unit equipment upon the failure or on the nonavailability of the preceding unit. Reverse Phase Relay The reverse phase relay (also called "Negative Phase-Sequence Current Relay") is a relay that functions when the polyphase currents are in reverse-phase sequence, or when the polyphase currents are unbalanced or contain negative phase-sequence components above a given amount.
46
Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers
27
Number 47
Name Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay
Function The phase-sequence voltage relay (also called "Negative Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay") is a relay that functions at a predetermined value of polyphase voltage in the desired phase sequence. The incomplete sequence relay is a relay that returns the equipment to the normal (or off) position and locks it out if the normal starting, operating, or stopping sequence is not completed within a predetermined time. The machine or transformer thermal relay is a relay that functions when the temperature of an AC machine armature, or other load-carrying winding or element of a machine, or the temperature of a power rectifier or power transformer exceeds a predetermined value. The instantaneous overcurrent relay is a relay that functions instantaneously (without intentional time delay) on an excessive value of current, or on an excessive rate of current rise. The ac time overcurrent relay is a relay that operates when its ac input current exceeds a predetermined value, and that either has a definite time delay, or has a time delay that is inversely proportional to the input current through a substantial portion of the performance range. The Ac Circuit Breaker is a device that is used to complete and interrupt an ac power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault or emergency conditions. The exciter or dc generator relay is a relay that forces the DC machine field excitation to build up during starting (field flashing) or that functions when the machine voltage has built up to a given value. The power factor relay is a relay that operates when the power factor in an ac circuit rises above or falls below a predetermined value.
48
Incomplete Sequence Relay
49
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
50
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
51
Ac Time Overcurrent Relay
52
Ac Circuit Breaker
53
Exciter or Dc Generator Relay
55
Power Factor Relay
Figure 15: NEMA Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)
28
Number 56
Name Field Application Relay
Function The field application relay is a relay that automatically controls the application of the field excitation to a synchronous ac motor at some predetermined point in the slip cycle. The overvoltage relay is a relay that operates when its input voltage is more than a predetermined value. The voltage or current balance relay is a relay that operates on a given difference in voltage or current (input or output) between two circuits. The time delay stopping or opening relay is a time-delay relay that serves in conjunction with the device that initiates the shutdown, stopping, or opening operation in an automatic sequence or protective relay system. The ground detector relay is a relay that operates on failure of a machine, or other apparatus insulation to ground. NOTE: This function is not applied to a device that is connected in the secondary of current transformers in a normally grounded power system, where other device numbers with a suffix G or N should be used.
59 60
Overvoltage Relay Voltage or Current Balance Relay Time Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
62
64
Ground Detector Relay
67
Ac Directional Overcurrent Relay Blocking Relay
The ac directional overcurrent relay is a relay that functions on a desired value of ac overcurrent flowing in a predetermined direction. The blocking relay is a relay that initiates a pilot signal to block tripping on external faults in a transmission line or in other apparatus under predetermined conditions, or cooperates with other devices to block tripping or to block reclosing on an out-of-step condition or on power swings. The dc circuit breaker is a circuit breaker that is used to close and interrupt a dc power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit under fault or emergency conditions.
68
72
Dc Circuit Breaker
29
Number 74
Name Alarm Relay
Function The alarm relay is a relay (other than an annunciator as covered under device function 30) that is used to operate, or to operate in connection with, a visual or audible alarm. The dc overcurrent relay is a relay that functions when the current in a dc circuit exceeds a given value. The phase-angle measuring relay is a relay that functions at a predetermined phase angle between two voltages or between two currents or between voltage and current. The ac reclosing relay is a relay that controls the automatic reclosing and locking out of an ac circuit interrupter. The frequency relay (also called "Overfrequency or Underfrequency Relay") is a relay that responds to the frequency of an electrical quantity, operating when the frequency or rate of change of frequency exceeds (or is less than) a predetermined value. The dc reclosing relay is a relay that controls the automatic closing and reclosing of a dc circuit interrupter, generally in response to load circuit conditions. The automatic selective control or transfer relay is a relay that operates to select automatically between certain sources or conditions in an equipment, or to perform a transfer operation automatically. The carrier or pilot-wire receiver relay is a relay that is operated or restrained by a signal that is used in connection with carrier-current or dc pilot-wire fault relaying. The lockout relay is a hand or electrically reset auxiliary relay that is operated by tripping of another protective relay upon the occurrence of abnormal conditions to maintain associated equipment or devices inoperative until that are reset.
76 78
Dc Overcurrent Relay Phase-Angle Measuring Relay
79
Ac Reclosing Relay
81
Frequency Relay
82
Dc Reclosing Relay
83
Automatic Selective Control Relay
85
Carrier or Pilot-Wire Receiver Relay
86
Lockout Relay

Number 87
Name Differential Protective Relay Voltage Directional Relay Voltage and Power Directional Relay
Function The differential protective relay is a protective relay that functions on a percentage, phase angle, or other quantitative difference between two electrical quantities. The voltage directional relay is a relay that operates when the voltage across an open circuit breaker or contactor exceeds a given value in a given direction. The voltage and power directional relay is a relay that permits or causes the connection of two circuits when the voltage difference between them exceeds a given value in a predetermined direction. The voltage and power directional relay causes these two circuits to be disconnected from each other when the power flowing between them exceeds a given value in the opposite direction. The tripping or trip-free relay is a relay that functions to trip a circuit breaker, contactor, or equipment, or to permit immediate tripping by other devices; or to prevent immediate reclosure of a circuit interrupter if it should open automatically even though its closing circuit is maintained closed.
91
92
94
Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
31
Work Aid 1C:
Device Suffix Letters
Suffix letters are used with device function numbers to further indicate the exact function of a particular piece of equipment. A complete listing and a detailed explanation of suffixes are contained in ANSI Standard Y1.1-1972, "Abbreviations for Use on Drawings and in Text." This section of the Work Aid contains lists of the suffixes that are most often used in Saudi Aramco drawings and prints. The following letters indicate the condition or electrical quantity to which the device responds or the medium in which it is located. A C E F L P PF Q S T V VAR W Air or Amperes Current Electrolyte Frequency or Flow Level or Liquid Power or Pressure Power Factor Oil Speed Temperature Voltage, Volts, or Vacuum Reactive Power Water or Watts
32
The following letters denote the main device in the circuit or the type of circuit (BL for blocking circuit) to which the numbered device is applied or related. A AN B BK BP BT C CA DC E F G H L M MOC N P R S T THE TL TM U Alarm or Auxiliary Power Anode Battery, Blower, or Bus Brake Bypass Bus Tie Capacitor, Condenser, Compensator or Carrier Current Cathode Direct Current Exciter Feeder, Field or Filament Generator or Ground ** Heater or Housing Line Motor or Metering Mechanism Operated Contact (circuit breaker mechanism operated cell switch) Network or Neutral ** Pump Reactor or Rectifier Synchronizing Transformer, Test or Thyratron Transformer (High-Voltage Side) Transformer (Low-Voltage Side) Telemeter Unit
33
**
Suffix "N" is generally used in preference to "G" for devices connected in the residual connection of current transformers. Suffix "G" is more commonly used for those relays which are connected to a current transformer whose primary winding is located in the neutral of a machine or power transformer, and in the case of transmission line relaying, which operates on ground-faults.
**
The following is a list of miscellaneous suffix letters that are used in Saudi Aramco drawings and prints. A B C D E F H HR HS L M OFF ON O P R S T TDC TDO U Accelerating or Automatic Blocking or Backup Close or Cold Decelerating, Detonate, or Down Emergency Failure or Forward Hot or High Hand Reset High Speed Left or Local or Low or Lower or Leading Manual Off On Open Polarizing Right or Raise or Reclosing or Receiving or Remote or Reverse Sending or Swing Test or Trip or Trailing Time-Delay Closing Time-Delay Opening Up
34
Work Aid 1D:
Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021 Excerpts
Figures 16 and 17 show sheets 1 and 3 (of 12) from the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning form, P-021, Protective Relays. Sheet 1 is used to evaluate protective relay systems upon receipt, and sheet 3 contains a checklist for specific relay or instrument visual and mechanical inspections. For protective relay systems that contain more than five instruments or relays, multiple copies of sheet 3 may be used.
35
Figure 16: Sheet 1 (of 12) of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays
WORK AID 2: Work Aid 2A:
REFERENCES FOR EVALUATING PROTECTIVE RELAY SYSTEM INSTALLATION AND TESTING Procedures and Methods for Evaluating Instrument Transformer and Meter Installation and Testing
The procedures and methods for evaluating protective relaying system installation and testing are divided into the following categories: Mechanical Checks Electrical Tests Mechanical Checks The mechanical checks of protective relays should be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's technical manuals that are provided with the protective relays. The specific mechanical checks are provided in the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays. All mechanical check data must be entered in the appropriate section of P-021. The general procedure for performing a mechanical check of an electro-mechanical protective relay during the commissioning process is as follows: 1. Any rust or filings must be removed from the disk and magnetic poles with a magnet cleaner or brush. Check the relay for friction. The relay disk must not be warped or bent. The relay disk must have proper clearance between the disk and the magnet poles. The disk rotation must be checked by hand. The disk should move freely and reset smoothly. Relay contacts must be clean and tight. If auxiliary target devices, plunger relays, or annunciator coils are present, they must be checked for friction and freedom of moving parts.
2.
3.
4. 5.
Solid state protective relays have no moving parts, so the mechanical checks that are performed on solid state relays during the commissioning process are limited to checking for the correct installation and any indication of damage.
38
Electrical Tests The electrical tests of protective relays should be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's technical manuals that are provided with the protective relays. The specific electrical tests are provided in the associated section of the Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form, P-021, Protective Relays. Work Aid 2B: Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021 Excerpts
Figures 18 through 21 contain a representative portion of Saudi Aramco Pre-Commissioning Form P-021, Protective Relays from GI-2.710.
39
40
41
GLOSSARY backup protection a form of protection that consists of protective devices that operate independently of specified components in the primary protective system and that is intended to operate if the primary protective device or apparatus fails or is out of service. a basic part of the circuit in question, e.g., conductors, interrupting devices, transformers, etc. An instrument transformer that is intended to have its primary winding connected in series with the conductor that carries the current to be measured or controlled. a partial or total local failure in the insulation or continuity of a conductor. A transformer that is intended to reproduce in this secondary circuit, in a definite and known proportion, the current or voltage of its primary circuit with the phase relations substantially preserved. the supply side of a circuit element from which the circuit element receives its source of voltage. This is also known as the "upstream side" of a circuit element. the side of a circuit element from which the voltage is supplied to the load. This is also known as the "downstream side" of a circuit element. the distance that one relay's reach extends into the zone of protection of another relay, generally to provide comprehensive protection of components, such as circuit breakers. the zone that lies between two or several sets of current transformers that, together with the relays, constitute the protective system for that portion of the power system. the maximum distance from the relay sensing device (CT or VT) location to a point of overcurrent for which a particular relay will operate.
circuit element
current transformer
fault
instrument transformer
line side
load side
overlapping zones of protection
protective zone
reach
44

Commissioning Systems, Protective Relay

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Commissioning Systems, Protective Relay

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Engineering Encyclopedia

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Chapter : Electrical File Reference: EEX30203

For additional information on this subject, contact W.A. Roussel on 874-6160

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Figure 1: Example Induction-Type Relay

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Figure 3: Block Diagram of a Solid State Current Relay

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Figure 4: Protective Relay Time-Current Characteristics

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Figure 5: Overcurrent Device Coordination

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Figure 7: Typical Saudi Aramco Bus Overcurrent Protection Scheme

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

WORK AID 1: Work Aid 1A:

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Electrical Commissioning Protective Relay Systems

Application Requirements (Cont'd)

Coordination & Settings of Main Protection

Lockout Relays and Trip-Isolation Test Switches