*

9 R r F m

(Participles)
6 2 1 dTTWf?W 622 623

rn(Present *partic$lS) 'j$%ThF v t i (Perfect Participle)

(Past Participle) y e d-m*d-if;r*dmm-if;rm

m/-m*mT l F i l F T / y m (Catenative Verbs) & F W l

%T6
(Causative Verbs)

&m

3T";9[Tif*m

WW

% Non-Finite fhTT -

rn(Participles) EPrr ??

%%mdif3~m~@2~M(~erb)"m~%3~[i'ql31M**,

m & ~ m ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ * f W l d W i ? r 4 7 1 & m ~ m ~ ~ a . r r ~ ~ & ~ r n & - m - m & n 1 w m * m 3 m d - 5 @ 6 1 f ~ i M " i r * ~ ~ ~ b ~ m d ~ * ~ 2 ~ d - 5 If d (i) k (ii) &, (iii) 3 ~ 4 % f&T$ If a m rn? I & 3RVK, d Non-Finite MI & (i) I~lfinitives,& (ii) Gerunds rn XWFf rn? I

*
~

* **

'

;SFT

d If

3Tm 3m

on-Finite h(i) @ (Participles) m,dl F @ T@ d

~ F T (iii) WAT/$6? T8l

m;

W ( iR i ) ~- mI , d - m $ t T d r n & d d M f&T$ (iv) Causative Verbs ~@FiFiX (m) If srgifa m (v) ?FTkF f%T$ (Causative Verbs) shr FF$ 3FJTK TdkiX

6.2

(Participles)

Present Participle

Past Participle

Perfect Participle having + Verb + ed t en d n

-(

Verb + ing

W)

( *

Verb + ed, t, ell

W)

( *

W)

Active

going loving drinking

gone loved drunk an1 ed is + V + en are t was d were n Being + V + ed t d n having been + V + ed t d n

Passive be=

6.2.1

T$WW@3T

(Present Participle)
FPT FWT

Present Participle gerund 3 verb-% f ; -ing m I ? $ + i * g rn ; ~ ~T :i 3 8 1

3 W S d%kT 3@ ?

Present Participle
1.
2.

--

-.

gerund
He is fond of playing hockey.

mMp*m~ml
Walking along the road, he noticed a mad man.

Plaving hockey, he gained health.

wmw.wm*1
The old woman was tired of walking

3.
4.

m$t*f%mTml
He has enough reading material.

Seeing he believed.

Seeing is believing.
~~~~~1

~
WE 3 f%

&

8 v1 m

Reading is Ms passion.

m * ~
f8;mf

.f;rTFfFCll f 1

* *

-ing 3 @ 3 & f ?P@l Present Participle Verb + Adjective

gerund ~ e r b + ~ o Td u n 'f;mf ~

*-@r&f8;ml

d?7 8 I W Verb Participle 37 @ Gerund &%I r n : * h * r n , r n a ; ~ m 3 1

4.

8 W?i 8 &C

Adiective 37 TVf

rf

w (Present ~ ~ Participle) :
a flvinn bird a running train. a burning city. a drowning man.

@i)

=%$m m$m

mwm
FV-

WFrn a roll in^ stone 5. &m$m*ma;@#ml

He killed al-f bird with a piece of stone.

6.
7

TI'~~F$?T~?'TCT?TI The guard boarded a r u n n i i ~ train. ~ @*M37rnl A drowning man catches at a straw.

8.

@rnrnzf;rf*rnl
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

9.
lo.

%YT*/tm9;~31
This is an interesting book.

~**m*mm*l
A lying witness ought to be punished.

11.

~m&m*1
He played a losing game.

a
12.

% Present Participle l%VJl Tl d f i % d

3lR

noun

rnWT%TcT*l

~
~ T

m
F

~
T !

& ?

~
~

m
* ~

3
~ I

Her behaviour is initatina.

13.
14.

The speaker's speech is quite enlighting.

3'F&m*ql
His lectures were interesting.
~ U F f R d % $ l Results are encouraging.

15.

3 Present Participles
3I
Per)
16.
17. ~~@&*&*'&TT%TTl

I%AiTl

d % PT;F % d

Opening the door, he entered the room.

&*?Vl*$?fs=m~l Taking the walking stick, he went out.

18.

@*M&+k~oTmi
Seeing the police, thc thieves fled a w q .

**33&-msp-v$~w@md-m*
*8mmm%1
@)
19.

Ti?WFVTK3T?T?f~T$l She went into the bathroom trembling.

20. 21.

%rn~*l
He ran away laughting.

~rnmrn&~m3ms2~4tit~mdm1
Placing his hand on the Geeta, he swore that he shall speak the truth

?Fd ;f 3 ; r ; r c f - r n V-m (simultaneously)

Participle ZIT T R i f$;m rlPl

& dW

Present

@.I
22
23. 24

* + r n 3 W + ~ ~ m l
I found him watering the plant6 in the garden.
d W T T F ~ % T l f % ? ~ ~ ; f d ~ & T l

The teacher saw the students reading in the library.

m%Sm+m~rnp~~
The doctor found the patient sitting up in bed.

3 ? & 3 TF?f 3 Present Participle W f

* Tim;

(Object complement) % W

5? I

@)
25

~
The weather being fine, they decided to go for a walk.

26. 27.
28, 29.

oihFiWT&%%?m?rY3lTf$;ml The dinner being over, the guest started leaving.

$wc?Trn*rnmMR?81
God willing, we all shall meet again.

r n ~ ~ ~ + m W % w m * ~
The sea beinn ealm/smooth,the navigators resumed voyage.

3 ~ e z l ~ ~ 4 ; ~ i ; m ~ + r n a [ ~ ~ s m ~ s h T m 1
The teacher being absent, students made a noise in the class. FiTrni?h%F!TTF&%-rn@~~*l) The wind being favourable,they embarked.
? F d 3 ~ ~ a y r

30.

Participles T F T h , i $ ; i f d 2, $T W 3TI;FI 3TFRW ?f I 3FT FFR FIR 3 ??I7sif 'FkT 4T 3 Absolute Phrase TFT @ 3lT f % ? 2, 3-f Nominative Absolute F&? I
T%R%

W
31.

% Absolute Phrase 3 ;sTefh 3"TfW (Subordinate clause) %

WF~*~;T$I~??F?Z&~~I

3F Z l TT

m b :
S~ring advancing, the cuckoos appear. (=When the spring advances,..... .)
q q q q ~ m ~ q b

------(Clause of time)

32.

The sea being smooth, they went for a sail. (=Because the sea was smooth,....) @' WR Vki T .. ... (clause of Reason)
m T * * r n ~ r n & ~ r n l Being tired with the toil (=because he was tired). he sat dawn to rest.

33

34.

God willing, we shall meet again. (=Ifgod is willing, .....) d?? $ ..... . (clause of condition)

35.

* m @ 8 * m ~ , i m W * m B % m ~ * l
Admitting (*ou& I admit) what you say, I still think that you made a mistake. (clause showing concession/contrast)

36.

T 6 n m 8 , m-81

He being dead (=although he is dead), yet speaketh - "New Testament".

5. Present Participle ^Fmq (Time) 7 @W f hnfinished action) ffr & I-Fms TT k T b T (determination) Finite Verb 8 &iT 3 7 % Participle 8 I f%? :
37

3~rn*@*rnrn(gp)~b$l
I see a gardener carrying a basket of flowers.

=~m**~*w@amwm*l
38. ~ ~ ~ $ i @ * & d I saw a girl carrying a basket of flowers. ~ ~ ? W l

= * ~ ~ M ~ * ~ * & ~ M - ; I T ~ ~ $ ~ I
I saw a girl who was carrying a basket of flowers.

6.2.2

@WhT ? $ 7 (Perfect Participle)

39.
40
41.

m m m w ~ m m l
Having done his work, he went away.
~ ? $ ' % * ~ & ~ R * I Having been disgraced, he committed suicide.

~~~~~~~~~m~~
Having been elected President. he delivered an impressive speech.
' % l T ~ % T Z ~ & ~ W ? * l Having rested, they continued their journey.

42.
43.

%+Mm?raiwm.)wrnmmr
Having shot the tiger, he retumed home.

44.

@m$'%~rn~+bmf@n
Thewe left for home.
=@f

6.2.3
45.

(Past Participle)

9t:q-&Zqf&rmrn1
This -nr nlan proved to be rogue.

46.
47.

Gold is a metal dug out of earth.

m~*mmm*Jlusl%l
Her suoken lannuaae is better than written language.

48.

m w k f t r n ~ ~ r n I 3 r m ~ ~ 1
The Prime Minister arrived, accomwanied by the Minister of Education.

49.

**srft+f%fhr,y@rrnmfiritl
Shot by an arrow,the bird fell down on the ground.

-'&

(F)

3 Past Participle $ fi 8 W 8 f% b I W d Zf 3 TI$-rn WTf

& hpassive ST$ 3 W past participle If W

Mm31
( ) %

~W

3 Past Participle &

'F9

fSisr .Irsr % :

so. 3 w q 1
They became tired.
51.
52.

T~ T & I
She remained untired.
~~~1

Don't be gisapwointed / disheartened.

53

*rnrn~l
The man seemed worried.
Objective complement %

(T) Past Participle W

If

54.

$iflm rn-Rerz~fWrl
We found the entire buildng damaged.

55.

*ma;-EMr
She got a new skirt stiched.

8.

Particinle : 3 7 ; P

@v*M-m?m, m r n ' r n ~ 3 m h % : a man who has read much and reads well. A well-read mnan
A well-behaved women An out spoken man A retired man
=

a woman whose habitual behaviour is good. a man who habitually speaks out his mind. a man of retiring disposition.

a faded rose, a withered flower, the h n sun. the wounded soldier, the dead horse. the fallen
angel. a de~aaed mest, etc.

&? r W*?I
a trifling excuse

Past Participle

Present Participle $ i ?8 &

WF F N mT 5 F l T
M W

running water
flowing streams the coming man a wowillg concern the working class

*m
&mFiT'4t&T

m$m
.~mF?Tm3rTf

m - 1

'hThlkrdmFT3-*:
1.

Let by gones be by gones.

2.

Eying from top to toe, he appreciated her beauty.

3.

He did not pour out the contents of his heart lest the secret be revealed.

4.

Last night, I saw my son reading an interesting story.

5.

Travelling in desolate forest, I saw many wild and fierce animals.

6.

Taking everything into consideration, the Judge was perfectly justified in giving lum severe life imprisonment.

7.

Generally speaking, we receive what we deserve

8.

Roughly speaking, the distance from Tonk Phatak to the University is lmdly three kilometers.

9.

Books read in childhood seem like old friends.

10.

The enemy, beaten at every point, fled from the field.

11.

The old man, being weary of climbing the hill, sat by the shady tree of rest.

Non-Finite ve&

fl%

f ;

(compactness)~ b I m~

% VF

8 % e F&T 3 d % Fm;rar fim d 8 13 ' ~ inzl3 3 d-rn

3
$ K 'I T

w~*hM+.*m*m*dl~:-dwm* m~&mq~*m+mrn+m+h*~*m& Infinitive, Genlnd 3?t? Participle i& ' '& T W T3F & T bI ?I ? i &

'TIV F 3 m + m m : m , m , ~ 9 ~ . k , m , m w , ~ r n , ~ r n , * & m 3 ~ , ~ p , 3 + f ; , 3 ~ + m & f 3hTa-iHIZf ?TdT&JTT T T8 Participle, gerund m Infinitive F&T 3 FFlT TRT ? I F'8

drn;HTeTTmS1@3~~+m~m-~h+m%~f% TtT ? I

ii)
iii)
iv)

e*hR33m1
(=*&*-rnm1)
'$%~%I~$TWWI

(=**&r-rn*l)
~ ~ % ~ T V W T R f l s m c ~ ~ ~ ~ l

(=rny%Rg%r@-mmp1)
-1:

*Mm+f;%@~1rrl~m+&tod?3hTm*
~ w % * ? I
1was happy to know (to hear) the news of your success. I was afraid t othe snake. The thieves fled away t othe police.

i)
ii)

iii)

iv)

The father became happy to hear the news of his son's appointment. i) ii) iii) iv)

(v)

TTTF~~STTFTG~JI
T F ~ ~ ~ 7 T P [ I

W@WRT~??T$I

~ ~ ~ T F W ~ T P X ~ T ~ ~ T T I
f $ 8 ~ ~ " A n d " ~ ~ ~ i f ~ % T $ ~ ~

fiss2: ~

m 8 1 m m Z f m * * ~ z i ~ z i ~ m $ * m 8 Finite Verb 3 3TT-m $ I

i) ii) iii) iv) The speech was eyer and he retunled home. He took meal and went to market. Madh~ui tookbath and went to temple. He recovered and came back from hospital.

. Gerund a; d PfJ'R Preposition 7;mTTC;I

'TW %T$ 'tT'f;T

T FR3T

8.
i) ii) iii) On going home he met his mother.
On reading the whole Ramayan 1 1 e could understand Ram's character. On rmaving the loan I becaine free.

f;r(m 4

Verb ?? Past Participle form % 7 W R 8 I Past Participle 3 T%? 'Havii~g'?? T;mT % f .? I

Fl$F3

% T T i Pi3T

i) ii)

Having gone home he met his mother. Having read the whole Ramayan he could understand Ram's character
5:

T~ f%Ti% -ing ?TiFR & '%?h after m 8 ;

83

i t w f.mT

i) ii) iii)

After reaching home he met the mother. After reading the whole Rarnayan he could understand character of Ram. After repaying the loan I became free.

f;ms 6 :
i)

* f.mrm~lma;*mm mT
E (Preposition)

T?T%-T%

.fsmTsh W

313~33~fl*lslf9[;r%1
For all his richeshealth he is dishonest.
T8Rfi9jm&TflTFVEfT&pl

ii) iii)

Inspite of his hard work he did not succeed.

~T~~~~TTT&TT;F-T~;FT&WTI
a little effort he succeeded.

d-sf
f$;srm31
~
i)
ii) iii)

f T ! for. inspite of, with, to

d ? 'Preposition w Y$T
~ ~ W % ? b T

i 4 ~ ~ W 3~j+d+~f+-~&3 -ing FPTRTTRT~ I 43

-**FRFIT*~I
It is a crime to live bv begging.

~ R V T J T C K ~ W ~ ~ I
I save money by spending frugally.
=$FIZTTMWMRk ~ ~ m f l

Thatpron~ising student maintains himself bv selling newspapers.

w 8 : '$%Th%
i) ii) iii)

% F ? h

f;T d T & Absolute phrase F TF b T 51r'fm

3 f$;sr

m$1*$-TT%~T'-I

FIFTZTT~~

The parcnts having died, Nirala became orphan.

%~~~:T~~T~T+I~FR~FTI
The film being entertaining the spectators got pleasure.

~ * ~ ; ~ # T M I ~ ~ w J R I
The discourse being educativc listeners appreciated it.

m) ~ I . T m a f m r f i + ? r ~ q m ~ :
1.

It being a rainy day, I remained in my house.

2.

While he was sitting at the gate. he was stungby a scorpion.

3.

Taking evertlling into consideration, the Principal expelled him from the college.

4.

Hearing the noise the patient woke up.

5.

A lying witness ought to be uunished.

6.

A burnt child dreads the fire.

7.

Having rested for a while, they continued playing.

*
1.

FJTT Kept onlwent on T? FETRIT

FTVfZ Present participle W T

* 8 3lh 78

8 I I8 W %'4T
TCT 8 i

$ iing

Kept odwent on $

3:

She went onlkept on speaking.

2. 3.
4.

I went on/kcpt on writing. The vagabond kept on abusing. The public went on hearing.

7 j r w r n ~ ~ f ~ 5. m

lk!?lv~:p*~.

6.

They kept on singing. We kept on reading.

: ~ s i ~ c r Infinitive m 3 3T& % I o n t i n u e d-3&TFTm t o ~ ~ ~

F-*
~

h
1. 2.

She continued to speak. I continued to write.

i)

~?I+FITTI

He startedhegan weeping.

w**1
She startedhegan laughting.

%M?+tl
They startedheganplaying. ii)

'~JTXW~FPT~BI
Vimala startshegins reading.

*w3m21
Mollan starts/begineating. iii)

Tkfl M MMI
a) b)

iv)

+I+MI

The sillall child will s t m e g i n playing The small child will start to play.

You will start/begin laughting. You will begin/start to laugh.

lo.

Fhcmsfl~*m&3m*m*l

*:
&*fay'
i) ii) iii)

?/T&

T T ? l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f % ~ ( s u b j e c t (compulsion) w w ? F E 3I TT?l

Has tornave to TI ; I$ ; TTl *~fa;m(mainverb)%&&?

%pf8;sr~-~qifm*1

Has to 'F: ndm YFF'Fi & (siagullar subject) Td (Plural subject) a; FIFT h 3 I
I had to go.

F M 'iT2TT Have to
I will have to go

'F;T

?6PT 4 m

I have to go. He lus to come. They have to eat. We have to read.

He had to come. They had to eat. We had to rcad.

He will have to come. They will have to eat 'I'hey will have to read.

M - F ? r ~ m * m 3 ~ m m ~ ~ ~ ~ ; r TS$RiTFFCT (desirability) TT 8 *ET 3I Ti f@& Have tomas to

WTT VT am to, are to 3 T T T is to/was to/were totwere tolshall have tohill have to

*3
*

~k( ~ a i n ~ e r %V&m8$1 b) M'F;Tm'@* *"-iim%%T$ 3Nh Subject, f%C Auxiliary Verb 387 T i W F R i Main Verb if Present Tense ;f

Tntrr'l
1

r
u

zith~i~M~m$lm~&%lmifL&

m
2.

My friend's father is seriously ill. His treatment is necessary. There are good hospitals in Delhi. I have to go to Delhi.

m i f ~ * * ~ ~ 2 1 $ r ~ ~ m $ l
Hockey match is going to be played in Delhi. I ain to rio to Delhi to see the match.

6.5
1

m/?$?fX%X
q fhT@

(Catenative Verbs)

JTh ~ ; r m 3lflC

* 2 ~mm~$\vm+9wjf*3mm;Tff~~fl
Verbs) Catenative rn d

(Catenative $ (verbs which can be followed by other verbs are called Catenative Verbs)A

WTR 3m fhT@ 3 k ? $ m / ? j -

3P-f 8 W

W W ';hS;TT 3WcTT

jf

I @%?%!F ? !

i)

3fFZT~~~F?56'6?jf+m+1
He helped wash the dishes.

iii) iii)

TFaftWlTQfk~$I
She likes to ring the bell.

3 TITFIT

TT

~ $ iF3 I

They want to go to school.

~ d * ~ ( V G ) j f W h * ~ C a t e n a t e d ~ % ~ ( a string of serveral catenated verbs) @ 3lT 8:

2.

i) ii)

~ & - F T T % ~ ~ F V T T X T % I

The engineer intends to build the dam.

T ~ T Z ~ ; * T W T T & ~ ~ T F T R ~ ? I
She k e a s mine. 0please everyone.

iii) iv) v) vi)'

%3~+~?dlml%a%mr3Tm~6t31
She prefers to be visited by her lover.

*dfn*flmd~31
She kept waiting for Peter.

The old people eniov watching television.

I don't wait to have/to be forcedlto begidto try/to make more money.

)
qf

I don't want to have nlore money.

*&&meT;T*m*$1

I don't want to make more money.

*&$meT;T**-*31
)
7)

I don't want to t r y to make illore money.

3&&er;~eT;T+mm*m~1

I don't walt to begin to make inore money.

3 3 ? T i& m W T ;m r * ; s . r i m m 1

5)

I don't want to be forced to make more money.

~ ~ a r m r ~ * & & e m ; W ; T ~ a ; ~ m f $ i m ~ ~

36%% %T ',get7' VN (= Verb Perfect participle)

i)
ii)

FIR

i ! % $& i ? X

The pup got washed.

-&+I
The dishes got broken. Catenative Verbs

~ i m ~ ~ e f o s~ nl)

%T
)
i)
ii) iii)

d a;

a; ' F I T 3 Vo(verb infiitive) Vg (Verb -ing) T V0 (Verb .W 3 m~ f ~ W %& ~ V g ~ O & n d m h 36%% P ~ Catenative R T d m T~~WFT 3 IWT 3I 3
3ff FFR % :

3 s - r n (sub-classes)

~ e r t , w i t h ~ ~ % T m m h a ; m : He helped feed the patient. They can nlake do with very little. He 1 with his boot. ~ W n d m % h 8 1 ~

*:
i) ii) iii)

~ e l ~ a ; ~ ~ He helped to feed the patient.

8) Verb with V0

Infinitive Verb

7 P T ):

They arranged to meet the plane. The girls refused to disembark The workers threatened to go on strike if their wage demands were not met.

T)

Verbs with V g

(m &

V-ing ! , m):

i) ii) iii)
T)

The hunter likes shooting tigers. The agitated workers k e p t t h e doors. The bust stooped moving. Verbs with V O l g(fkT@ The hunter likes shooting tigers The hunter likes to shoot tigers. He loves meddling in other people's business k e lovesto meddle in other people's business. She m r e a d i n g . She likesto read. Verb V-ing ! , FPT) :

i)

ii) iii) iv) v) vi)

6.6
!P7

%?JTFh

T w $

(Causative Verbs) 387 ZFTR

W What caused such-and-such event'? ? ? i # ? % 3W3

SF7 VFtT T?S@m Agent or Actor

WJ?K
~

: (I) W b

1
L

I
)

( 3 ) %T (how) W (4) (Who) F&' % XTITG6? ??K % TIX (by whatlwhich means and instrument) 3 @IT FJ3lT 1 & WW & % ffV by because of, on account of, from, out of. for, lead to, result in. give rise.to, bring about 3lTk,~ F&T b 3 % 8 3 l 7 (get, have, make, cause) % +TWm 3 ?FJPh ?R@

*m;

( d ) (2); (Why) W

w-e* 3 R

I
I

ii;rwv&t~b~
i%lTlkrn**~**:
1 2.
3. 4

'
t
I

rn*m*m\
The hunter killed a tiger.

(Agent) (Instrument)

I
t

f$m!l$**MlaTiTfl
The hunter killed a tiger with a bullet. ~ ~ A bullet killed a tiger.
*fk%$TFTTmrI The tiger was killed by abullet.

(Instrument * as agent) (Passive)

*@TW?~T;~~M~T (Passive) ~~T~TI The tiger was killed by a hunter with a bullet.
T%fT&?r%M$Srnrml The villagers got the tiaer killed by a hunter.

6.

(Causative)

r
J , J i i

~ 3

3 * M % m * m M ~ 3 1 m * m ~ m ~ @ * " T J ?mp$r+arn*m%~m~'~~~ &'pJ ~ % , a ~ ,

I * ~

, l

lJ ~-fQq,q-fiq~ l J q) q T - ~ - ~ J J ,

"-m-m"m I 1 rnmwTi31
The mason is constructing a house.
2.

rnrn%rnrns~[Ti?l
The house is being constmcted by a mason

3.

~ ~ E ~ ; T ; T M + ~ T Z T ~ I He is gettingthe house constn~cted by a mason.

~ ~ r ; m 4 w = $ i & 3 a ; ~ * , ~ * m ~
I)

3wmf?im@
I write a letter.

ii)
ii;

3?rnmf?imrnBt
A letter is written by me.

3
I

( &~ )~?KMTT~I him a * letter. I causeqim to & y a letter.

Ig e J a ldtter written. I a letter written.

2

i)

3 M s j f + ~ ~ ~ m t t
I repair my watch.

ii)
iii)

~ R Z I X F T % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % M * I
My watch is repaired by me.

~ S ~ % ~ ~ ~ * T F R F R ~ T T ~ I I ggt my watch rc~aired. I &my watch re~aired.

3.

i) ii)

q~-rft?J(ht
I rail a mile.

3 3 d ~ W M t
1 &hiin a imlile. I caused him t o a nmile.

4.

*(d*)rn?j&Ydl
I m t four chairs made (by tlte carpenter). I had four chairs (by the carpenter). I the carpenter four chairs. I caused the caqeltter to make four chairs

5.

3drn*l
I& g him weep. 1-himtoweep.

6.

*dm\
I
him weep.

I caused lum to weep

7.

iif*mTsml
I shalVwill I shalVwil1 c him weep. a him ~ to wew.

8.

~ w m m $ l
I ggt a shirt stitched.

a shirt stiched.

a shirt stiched. I I had a shirt stiched.

in

3wm-I
I shall get a shirt stiched. I shall have a shirt stiched.

11.

~ w m m m g l
I can have a shirt stiched. I can get a shirt stitced.

12.

3wmmm1-rr1
I could have a house constructed.

I could get a house constructed.

13.

@ ~ F : ~ - * ~ T T I

I should have not this work &. I should h a v u this work done.

I should not have got this work done. I should not have had this work

m.

I am getting a book written. 1 all1 havii~g a book written.

1)

causeto to m&r M mm*$.

~ ~ ? T $ F T ? T $ T ~ ~ T I ~ ~ ~ % T ~ & ~

il
ii)

d
?WIT+T

rnakel f 3 ~ ~. , . (a) 1 g& 111111 cause la c -.-. rite -.- a !ctier

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iii)

~
iv) v)

Td Objective b) I causehim to write a letter case q him

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'if;FF
to write a letter I

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3 %RT$T k K $ ((gethave) 3 Td ~ YJQf@Kf TEiT 2 T5J 3 b JFm;r T I T 3 8 Tmr P T h T3 T W if f$m (understood) Tm 2 I

*mm1 vtwr-I
i) ii) iii) iv) Subject Helpinglcausative Verb ObjectPast Participle of the main verb
I get a house constructed I got a house constructed

I will get a house constructed

m - 2

1.

llie poor fellow, smitten by sorrow, is standing duinb founded.

There are Inany parts in the world which are still umltroden by human steps. The poor woman spoke with eyes filled tears. Hearing her tragic tale the heart of the philantluopist was moved. Being occupied with important matters, he could not come. I saw the s t o w approaching. Why are you collecting the faded flowers and withered plants'? Sometimes persons, afflicated with grief, start drinking wine or commit suicide. Overcome by remorse, he determined to atone for his sins I y jdaily going to temple.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

7.
8.

9.

m - 3
g)

1.
2.

Pt. Nehru being dead, La1 Bahadur Shastti became Prime Minister. In spite of being old, our dog is not lazy. In spite of being poor, he is honest. Reaching Delhi, I met my friend. On being asked by me, the teacher did not.git-e appropriate answer. Having gone to the garden, he started doingthe exercise. Having repaid the loan, she felt relaxed. Going door to door, the beggar was asking for a!~ns. Making him sit in the rickshaw. they brought hirn to his house.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

1.

He continued to play all the day. The dancer kept on dancing for two hours. Mr. Menon continued to speak for six hours in United Nations. America continued attacking, Iran kept,on fighting, and the war went on. The child continued to cry for two hours.

2.

3.
4.
5.

m - 5

1
2.

Today I started playing in the morning. The patient started writhing in the pain. Seeing the clouds, the peacock begins to dance. Seeing the teacher, the students start reading. The flowers begin to bloom on the arrival of the spring. The moonlight begins to be feeble after fullmnoon night. The emmination result will start to be declared in June.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

The students will start going to the college in inid July. As soon as the studei~ts pass the examination, they will begin to express their happi9. ness. 10. As soon as the parliament elections are declared, the candidates will start coilva-,sing. 1 I. Seeing the cup of poision Mira began to laugh. Stealing the bits of consumed cigarettes. he started smoking.
13.

12.

14,

The ship started sinking. The people began to get panicky. Some of them started leaving the ship and jumping into the sea. The crops started ripening with the arrival of march.

1.
2.

He ought to obey his parents. Student will have to go to School.

3.

4.
5.

He had to do this work against his wish. You will lmvc to do this work.
He has to reinail1 in the office from 10.00 A.M. to 5.00 P.M. All of us have to obeylabide by the rules of this world. So n m y of tl~esc will have to be disappointed. As there are not many opportunities in the villages, youths have to be in cities to earn their livelihood. Mohhlder had to stand in sun as a pimishnlent. It is said tlut Tulsidas had to even beg for alms.

6.

7.
8.

9. 10.

11. Those who are not tllrifty, will have to repent in their old age.

1.
2.

Sl~hjahan got the Taj~nahal built in the menlory of hlumtaz.

1 shall get nly younger son admitted in medical college.

He will get his answer-steets rechecked. They used to get the temples renovated. I got the Ramayana bought by him. He got the tree planted on that place. They positively get organised cultural programme once in a year. I am not getting this work done this year. I shall get 111yapplication accepted before I proceed on leave.

3,.

4. 5. 6.
7.
8.

9.