The compressible Ilow Iield is numerically analyzed

oriIice. The solver is FLUENT and the embedded RNG

turbulent Ilow, where k is turbulent kinetic energy
considered to be isentropic throughout the process
shock. For diIIerent pressure ratio condition the I
increasing stagnation pressure is presented here.
GAMBIT, and the details are as shown below.
3.1 CONTROL VOLUME
As shown in the Iigure the
control volume is deIined
outside the nozzle, so that the
jet coming outside can be
studied. The dimensions oI
control volume are 6mm X
10mm. OriIice diameter is
.5mm.
3.2 BOUNDRY CONDITIONS
The boundary conditions are as given in the table below
Sl.
1 Fluid
2 Walls
3 OriIice
4 Far-Iield
Chapter 3
COMPUTATIONAL WORK
The compressible Ilow Iield is numerically analyzed in a two-dimensional Ilow through an
oriIice. The solver is FLUENT and the embedded RNG  − model is adopted to simulate
turbulent Ilow, where k is turbulent kinetic energy and is energy dissipation ra
considered to be isentropic throughout the process till it encounters a normal shock or oblique
shock. For diIIerent pressure ratio condition the Ilow is analyzed and how it varies with
increasing stagnation pressure is presented here. The control volume grid was designed in
GAMBIT, and the details are as shown below.
As shown in the Iigure the
control volume is deIined
outside the nozzle, so that the
jet coming outside can be
The dimensions oI
6mm X
10mm. OriIice diameter is
3.2 BOUNDRY CONDITIONS
boundary conditions are as given in the table below:
Name Boundary Condition
Air (Ideal Gas)
Solid Walls
P
inlet
÷ 6 bar
P
IarIield
÷ 1 bar
dimensional Ilow through an
model is adopted to simulate
is energy dissipation rate. The Ilow is
till it encounters a normal shock or oblique
low is analyzed and how it varies with
control volume grid was designed in
Boundary Condition
3.3 ASSUMPTIONS INVOVLED
Since the Iluid is assumed to be compressible, the Iluid is solved using density based
solver. The Iluid is also assumed to be an ideal gas; thereby the enthalpy oI the gas is a Iunction
oI temperature.
Previous investigators had suggested that the  − turbulence model was reasonable to solve
supersonic jets even where the boundary layer swirl existed at the nozzle exit. In the derivation
oI the − model, the assumption is that the Ilow is Iully turbulent, and the eIIects oI molecular
viscosity are negligible. The standard − model is thereIore valid only Ior Iully turbulent Ilows.
The two-dimensional steady non-reactive viscous compressible Ilow is solved numerically when
the working Iluid is air. The governing equations are given in (1) to (4), which are the continuity
equation, the momentum conservation equation (Navier-Stokes equations), the energy
conservation equation, and the equation oI state, respectively:
AIter the turbulence models embedded in FLUENT are tested, the RNG  model is adopted to
deal with the turbulent Ilow.
The Sutherland law is used to calculate the absolute viscosity depending on temperature.
Sutherland's Law: For air, the variation oI viscosity (and hence conductivity) with temperature
may be empirically described y the Sutherland's Law which states: where µ
0
denotes the
viscosity at the reIerence temperature T
0
, and S
1
is a constant. For air, S
1
assumes the value 110
degrees kelvin.
The second order upwind scheme is applied Ior the spatial discretization. The details on the
numerical procedure are mentioned in the reIerence |1|.
3.4 APPLIED STAGNATION PRESSURE CONDITIONS
The stagnation conditions are prescribed at the nozzle entrance, and chosen to match the
experiments. The various ratios oI stagnation pressure to atmospheric pressure, ÷ 1.2~9, are
applied Ior the Ilow to be accelerated in the nozzle, and also the corresponding stagnation
temperatures are evaluated through the equation oI state Ior air. Outer Iar boundaries are
established as the standard atmosphere condition, and the no-slip and adiabatic conditions are
given at all the solid walls.
Chapter 4
COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The simulation as earlier said was done Ior diIIerent pressure ratios (static to stagnation
condition). The pressure ratios where Iixed on the basis oI experimental Ieasibility. The below
said stagnation conditions are the standard conditions under which the experiment is been done.
For eIIective understanding the contours have been shown below more oIten.
4.1 TYPICAL RESULTS OBTAINED FROM FLUENT
The Fluent analysis Ior one particular stagnation pressure condition was studied, the diIIerent
parameters including stagnation conditions how it is varied downstream has been explained
below.
R1 and R2 are the two regions considered
here. R1 is the region where choking
occurs, while R2 is the region where
shock exists. The variations are plotted
along the center line in the positive 
direction.
4.1.1 Variation of static pressure along the x direction
The static pressure varies accordingly across
the Ilow, due to the presence oI oblique`s
shocks temperature increases occur and due to
the expansion waves temperature decrease is
also seen. When the normal shock occurs
Figure 11 Static Pressure Vs x
Figure 10 Contours of velocity magnitude at 7 bar
across the Ilow this increases the static pressure to a very high value. The reason Ior which had
been elucidated in the shock expansion theory.
4.1.2 Variation of total pressure along the x direction
The total pressure remains nearly constant till the
Normal shock occurs. A steep rise in total pressure
has been observed here in this case. In an idealized
case the Ilow till a shock is assumed to be isentropic.
Thereby the total pressure remains constant which
can better understood with the Iollowing relation,
Where P
02
& P
01
are the stagnation conditions aIter and beIore the shock, s is the change in
entropy (s
2
-s
1
) and R is the gas constant
4.1.3 Variation of total Temperature along x direction
Ideally stagnation conditions remain the
same except when there is a heat addtion or
Irictional heat induce constant except when
it goes across a shock when the satic
temperature drastically increasesed in the
Ilow. That is Ior an isentropic Ilow the
stagnation temperature can be assumed to
be constant.
Where T
0
is the stagantion temperature conditions and T
1
is the corresponding static conditions.
C
P
is the speciIic heat oI the gas, which is assumed to be constant.
Figure 12 Total pressure Vs x
Figure 13 Total temp Vs x
4.2 RESULTS OBTAINED AT VARIOUS STAGNATION PRESSURE CONDITION
4.2.1 Stagnation Pressure 3 Bar:
Figure 14 Contours of velocity magnitude at 3 bar
Figure 15 Contours of density
4.2.2 Stagnation Pressure 5 Bar:
Figure 16 Contours of velocity magnitude at 5 bar
Figure 17 Contours of density at 5 bar
4.2.3 Stagnation Pressure 8 Bar:
Figure 18 Contours of velocity magnitude at 8 bar
Figure 19 contours of density at 8 bar
4.2.4 Stagnation Pressure: 10 Bar
Figure 20 contours of velocity magnitude at 10 bar
Figure 21 contours of density at 10 bar