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Who Was Nimrod?
by Dr. David Livingston
"Cush was the father of Nimrod, who grew to be a mighty warrior on the earth. He was a
might hunter before the LORD; that is why it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before
the LORD. " The centers of his kingdom were Babylon, Erech, Akkad and Calneh in Shinar.
(Genesis 10:810) Many consider this to be a positive, complimentary testimony about
Nimrod. It is just the opposite! First, a little background study is necessary.
Cultural Connections in the Ancient Near East
We suggest that Sumerian Kish, the first city established in
Mesopotamia after the Flood, took its name from the man known in the
Bible as Cush. The first kingdom established after the Flood was
Kish, and the name "Kish" appears often on clay tablets. The early
postFlood Sumerian king lists (not found in the Bible) say that
"kingship descended from heaven to Kish" after the Flood. (The
Hebrew name "Cush" was much later moved to presentday
Found at Khorsabad, Ethiopia as migrations took place from Mesopotamia to other
this eighth century BC places.)
stone relief is identified
as Gilgamesh. The
bestknown of ancient The Sumerians, very early, developed a religiopolitico state which
Mesopotamian heroes, was extremely binding on all who lived in it (except for the rulers,
Gilgamesh was king of who were a law unto themselves). This system was to influence
Uruk in southern the Ancient Near East for over 3000 years. Other cultures which
Mesopotamia. His story followed the Sumerian system were Accad, Babylon, Assyria, and
is known in the poetic Persia, which became the basis of Greece and Rome's system of
Gilgamesh Epic, but there
is no historical evidence rule. Founded by Cush, the Sumerians were very important
historically and Biblically.
for his exploits in the
story. He is described as
part god and part man, a Was "Nimrod" Godly or Evil?
great builder and warrior,
and a wise man in the First, what does the
story. Not mentioned in
the Bible, the author
name Nimrod mean?
suggests Gilgamesh is to It comes from the
Hebrew verb marad,
be identified with Biblical
Nimrod in Genesis meaning "rebel."
10:812. Adding an "n" before
the "m" it becomes an
infinitive construct, "Nimrod." (see Kautzsch
1910: 137 2b; also BDB 1962: 597). The
meaning then is "The Rebel." Thus "Nimrod"
may not be the character's name at all. It is
more likely a derisive term of a type, a
representative, of a system that is epitomized
in rebellion against the Creator, the one true
God. Rebellion began soon after the Flood as Nimrod started his kingdom at Babylon
civilizations were restored. At that time this (Genesis 10:10). Babylon later reached its zenith
person became very prominent. under Nebuchadnezzar (sixth century BC). Pictured
are mudbrick ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's city along
In Genesis 10:811 we learn that "Nimrod" with ancient wall lines and canals.
established a kingdom. Therefore, one would
expect to find also, in the literature of the ancient Near East, a person who was a type, or
example, for other people to follow. And there was. It is a wellknown tale, common in
Sumerian literature, of a man who fits the description. In addition to the Sumerians, the
Babylonians wrote about this person; the Assyrians likewise; and the Hittites. Even in
Palestine, tablets have been found with this man's name on them. He was obviously the
most popular hero in the Ancient Near East.
Part of Nimrod's kingdom (Genesis 10:11), Nineveh along the Tigris River continued to be a major
city in ancient Assyria. Today adjacent to modern Mosul, the ruins of ancient Nineveh are centered on
two mounds, the acropolis at Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunis (Arabic "Prophet Jonah"). Pictured is
Sennacherib's "Palace without a rival" on Kuyunjik, constructed at the end of the seventh century BC
and excavated by Henry Layard in the early 20th century.
The Gilgamesh Epic
The person we are referring to, found in extraBiblical
literature, was Gilgamesh. The first clay tablets naming
him were found among the ruins of the temple library of
the god Nabu (Biblical Nebo) and the palace library of
Ashurbanipal in Nineveh. Many others have been found
since in a number of excavations. The author of the best
treatise on the Gilgamesh Epic says,
The date of the composition of the Gilgamesh Epic
can therefore be fixed at about 2000 BC. But the
material contained on these tablets is undoubtedly
much older, as we can infer from the mere fact
that the epic consists of numerous originally The Babylonian Flood Story is told
independent episodes, which, of course, did not on the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh
Epic, almost 200 lines of poetry on 12
spring into existence at the time of the composition
clay tablets inscribed in cuneiform
of our poem but must have been current long script. A number of different versions
before they were compiled and woven together to of the Gilgamesh Epic have been
form our epic (Heidel 1963: 15). found around the ancient Near East,
most dating to the seventh century
Yet his arrogance, ruthlessness and depravity BC. The most complete version came
were a subject of grave concern for the citizens of from the library of Ashurbanipal at
Uruk (his kingdom). They complained to the great Nineveh. Commentators agree that the
story comes from a much earlier
god Anu, and Anu instructed the goddess Aruru to period, not too long after the Flood as
create another wild ox, a double of Gilgamesh, described in the story.
who would challenge him and distract his mind
from the warrior's daughter and the noblemen's spouse, whom it appears he would
not leave in peace (Roux 1966: 114).
The Epic of Gilgamesh has some very indecent sections. Alexander Heidel, first translator
of the epic, had the decency to translate the vilest parts into Latin. Spieser, however, gave
it to us "straight" ( Pritchard 1955: 72). With this kind of literature in the palace, who needs
pornography? Gilgamesh was a vile, filthy, man. Yet the myth says of him that he was "2/3
god and 1/3 man."
Gilgamesh is Nimrod
How does Gilgamesh compare with "Nimrod?"
Josephus says of Nimrod,
Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such
an affront and contempt of God. He was the
grandson of Ham, the son of Noah a bold
man, and of great strength of hand. He
persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it
were through his means they were happy, but
to believe that it was their own courage which
procured that happiness. He also gradually
changed the government into tyranny seeing Model of ancient ziggurat.
no other way of turning men from the fear of
God, but to bring them into a constant dependence upon his own power. He
also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the
world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to be able to
reach! and that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers
(Ant. 1: iv: 2)
What Josephus says here is precisely what is found in the Gilgamesh epics. Gilgamesh
set up tyranny, he opposed YHVH and did his utmost to get people to forsake Him.
Two of the premiere commentators on the Bible in Hebrew has this to say about Genesis
10:9,
Nimrod was mighty in hunting, and that in opposition to YHVH; not "before
YHVH" in the sense of according to the will and purpose of YHVH, still less, . . .
in a simply superlative sense . . . The name itself, "Nimrod" from marad, "we will
revolt," points to some violent resistance to God . . . Nimrod as a mighty hunter
founded a powerful kingdom; and the founding of this kingdom is shown by the
verb with vav consecutive, to have been the consequence or result of his
strength in hunting, so that hunting was intimately connected with the
establishing of the kingdom. Hence, if the expression "a mighty hunter" relates
primarily to hunting in the literal sense, we must add to the literal meaning the
figurative signification of a "hunter of men" (a trapper of men by stratagem and
force); Nimrod the hunter became a tyrant, a powerful hunter of men (Keil and
Delitzsch 1975: 165).
"in the face of YHVH can only mean "in defiance of YHVH," as Josephus and
the Targums understand it (op. cit.: 166).
And the proverb must have arisen when other daring and rebellious men
followed in Nimrod's footsteps and must have originated with those who saw in
such conduct an act of rebellion against the God of salvation, in other words,
with the possessors of the divine promise of grace (loc. cit.).
After the Flood there was, at
some point, a breakaway from
YHVH. Only eight people
descended from the Ark. Those
people worshipped YHVH. But
at some point an influential
person became opposed to
YHVH and gathered others to
his side. I suggest that Nimrod
is the one who did it. Cain had
done similarly before the Flood,
founding a new city and
religious system.
Often attributed to Nimrod, the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:19)
Our English translation of the was not a Jack and the Beanstalk type of construction, where
Hebrew of Genesis 10:810 is people were trying to build a structure to get into heaven. Instead, it
weak. The author of this is best understood as an ancient ziggurat (Assyrian "mountaintop"),
passage of Scripture will not as the one pictured here from ancient Ur of the Chaldees, Abraham's
hometown (Genesis 11:31). A ziggurat was a manmade structure
call Gilgamesh by his name with a temple at its top, built to worship the host of heaven.
and honor him, but is going to
call him by a derisive name, what he really is a rebel. Therefore we should translate
Genesis 10:810 to read,
Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a tyrant in the earth. He was a tyrannical
hunter in opposition to the Lord. Thus it is said, "Nimrod the tyrannical
opponent of YHVH."
Likewise, Gilgamesh was a man who took control by his own strength. In Genesis 10
Nimrod is presented as a type of him. Nimrod's descendants were the ones who began
building the tower in Babel where the tongues were changed. Gilgamesh is a type of early
city founders. (Page numbers below are from Heidel 1963)
He is a "shepherd" .................. page 18
From Uruk ............................. page 17 (Kramer 1959: 31 calls Uruk, Erech.)
A giant ................................... page 17 (11 cubits)
Builds cities ............................ page 17
Vile man "takes women" ......... page 18
Mighty hunter ......................... page 18
Gilgamesh Confronts YHVH!
The name of YHVH rarely appears in extraBiblical literature in the Ancient Near East.
Therefore we would not expect to find it in the Gilgamesh epic. But why should the God of
the Jews rarely be mentioned? The Hebrew Bible is replete with the names of other gods.
On the other hand, the nations surely knew of Him even though they had no respect for
Him. If so, how might His Name appear in their literature, if at all? The name of YHVH, in a
culture which is in rebellion against His rule, would most likely be in a derisive form, not in
its true form. Likewise, the writers of Scripture would deride the rebels.
Putting the Bible and the Gilgamesh Epic Together
The Gilgamesh Epic describes the first "God is Dead" movement. In the Epic, the hero is a
vile, filthy, perverted person, yet he is presented as the greatest, strongest, hero that ever
lived. (Heidel 1963: 18). So that the one who sent the Flood will not trouble them anymore,
Gilgamesh sets out to kill the perpetrator. He takes with him a friend who is a monstrous
halfman, halfanimal Enkidu. Together they go on a long journey to the Cedar Mountain
to find and destroy the monster who sent the Flood. Gilgamesh finds him and finally
succeeds in cutting off the head of the creature whose name is "Huwawa" ("Humbaba" in
the Assyrian version; see Heidel 1963: 34ff).
Is there a connection with the Gilgamesh epic and Genesis 10? Note what Gilgamesh says
to Enkidu, the halfman, halfbeast, who accompanied him on his journey, found in Tablet
111, lines 147 150.
"If I fall," Gilgamesh says, "I will establish a name for myself. 'Gilgamesh is
fallen,' they will say, 'in combat with terrible Huwawa.'"
But the next five lines are missing from all tablets found so far! Can we speculate on what
they say? Let's try . . . We suggest that those five lines include,
"But if I win,.. they will say, Gilgamesh, the mighty vanquisher of Huwawa!"
Why do we say that? Because Genesis 10:9 gives us the portion missing from the
Gilgamesh tablets. Those lines include... "it is said, Nimrod (or Gilgamesh) the mighty
vanquisher of YHVH." This has to be what is missing from all the clay tablets of the
Gilgamesh story. The Gilgamesh Epic calls him Huwawa; the Bible calls Him YHVH.
Heidel, speaking of the incident as it is found on Tablet
V says,
All we can conclude from them (the lost lines) is
that Gilgarnesh and Enkidu cut off the head of
Humbaba (or Huwawa) and that the expedition
had a successful issue (ending) (1963: 47).
The missing lines from the Epic are right there in the
Bible!
Because of the parallels between Gilgamesh and
Nimrod, many scholars agree that Gilgamesh is Nimrod. This face supposedly represents
Continuing with Gilgamesh's fable, he did win, he did Huwawa who, according to the
vanquish Huwawa and took his head. Therefore he Gilgamesh's Epic, sent the Flood on
could come back to Uruk and other cities and tell the the earth. According to the story,
people "not to worry about YHVH anymore, he is dead. I Huwawa (Humbaba in the Assyrian
version) was killed by Gilgamesh and
killed him over in the Lebanon mountains. So just live his halfman/halfbeast friend, Enkidu.
however you like, I will be your king and take care of The author suggests Huwawa is the
you." ancient pagan perspective of Yahweh
(YHVH), the God of the Bible. About 3
There are still other parallels between the Bible and the inches (7.5 cm), this mask is dated to
Gilgamesh epic: "YaHVeH" has a somewhat similar around the sixth century BC. Of an
sound to "Huwawa." Gilgamesh did just as the "sons of unknown provenance, it is now in the
British Museum.
god" in Genesis 6 did. The "sons of god" forcibly took
men's wives. The Epic says that is precisely what Gilgamesh did. The Bible calls Nimrod a
tyrant, and Gilgamesh was a tyrant. There was a Flood in the Bible, there is a flood in the
Epic. Cush is mentioned in the Bible, Kish in the Epic. Erech is mentioned in Scripture,
Uruk was Gilgamesh's city. Gilgamesh made a trip to see the survivor of the Flood. This
was more likely Ham than Noah, since "Nimrod" was Ham's grandson! Historically,
Gilgamesh was of the first dynasty of Uruk. As Jacobsen points out (1939: 157), kings
before Gilgamesh may be fictional, but not likely. The fact that the Gilgamesh Epic also
contains the Deluge story would indicate a close link with events immediately following the
Flood. S.N. Kramer says,
A few years ago one would have strongly doubted his (historical) existence . . .
we now have the certitude that the time of Gilgamesh corresponds to the
earliest period of Mesopotamian history. (Kramer 1959: 117)
Originally established by Nimrod (Genesis 10:11), and today known as Nimrud,
Calah became an important city in Iraq. This is an artist's reconstruction of the interior
of Tiglathpileser III's palace (late seventh century BC).
What a contrast Psalm 2 is compared with the Gilgamesh Epic!
Why do the nations conspire and the peoples plot in vain? The kings of the
earth take their stand and the rulers gather together against the LORD and
against his Anointed One. "Let us break their chains," they say, "and throw off
their fetters." The One enthroned in heaven laughs, the Lord scoffs at them.
Then he rebukes them in his anger and terrifies them in his wrath, saying, "I
have installed my King on Zion, my holy hill." I will proclaim the decree of the
LORD: He said to me, "you are my Son, today I have become your Father, Ask
of me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, the ends of the earth your
possession. You will rule them with an iron scepter; you will dash them to
pieces like pottery." Therefore, you kings, be wise; he warned, you rulers of the
earth. Serve the LORD with fear and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son, lest
he be angry and you be destroyed in your way, for his wrath can flare up in a
moment. Blessed are all who take refuge in him. (Psalm 2)
Bibliography
Brown, F., Driver, S.R., and Briggs, C.A.(abbreviated to BDB)
1962 A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cassuto, U.
1964 A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. 2 Vols., Jerusalem: Magnes.
Frankfort, R.
1948 Kingship and the Gods. Chicago: University Press.
Heidel, A.
1963 The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University Press.
Jacobsen, T.
1939 The Sumerian Kinglist. Chicago: University Press.
Josephus
1998 Jewish Antiquities. Books IIII, Loeb Classics, Cambridge MA: Harvard University
Press.
Kautzsch, E., ed.
1910 Genesius' Hebrew Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon.
Kramer, S. N., ed.
1959 History Begins at Sumer. Garden City NY: Doubleday.
Keil, C. F., and Delitzsch, P.
1975 Commentary on the Old Testament., Vol. I, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Pritchard, J.
1969 Ancient Near Eastern Texts and the Old Testament. 3rd ed., Princeton: University
Press.
Roux, G.
1992 Ancient Iraq. 3rd ed., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin.
Thomas, D.W.
1958 Documents From Old Testament Times. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
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