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Which is the primary purpose of structural dynamics? The primary purpose of structural dynamics is to present the method for analysing the stress and deflection state of a given type of structure subjected to arbitrary dynamic loads. What is a dynamic load? Is any load of which the amplitude, direction and position varies with time In case of a dynamic loading applied on a structure, what are the resulting displacements associated with? Acceleration that produces inertia forces What are the categories a dynamic loading can be divided into, from analytical point of view? Deterministic: Periodic Nonperiodic Nedeterministic The analysis of a structure subjected to random forces is called? Static analysis What is the meaning of wind profile? Means the variation of wind along the height of the structure, depending on the roughness at the earth surface What are the main procedures used for the discretization of a structure? Lumped mass procedure. Generalised displacement concept. Finite element procedures The properties of the dynamical models, chosen to represent the structural behavior are: Mass/inertial characteristics.Stiffness char.Damping properties(c, Which are the elastic properties of a building structure? Flexibility. Stiffness How could the stiffness coefficients be interpreted? Coef kij is the generalised force developed upon i DOF, due to the unit displacement of j DOF , where no other displacements are permitted What are the properties of the stiffness matrix? Stiffness flexibility matrix is symmetric and even positive defined What are the principles of analytical mechanics? Hamilton principle. VW principle or VDisplacement What is the formula for the inertia force, by D'Alembert principle? What is the formula for the damped vibration frequency?

f d = 1 / Td = f 1 2
How is the logarithmic decrement defined?

= ln

u (t1 ) = 2 / 2d = 2 / 1 S d ( , T ) = max (t ) u (t1 + Td )

P (t )
is:

The response of a SDOF model to an applied In the case of unit impulsive force and neglected damping for a SDOF model, the response is: H(t)=1/(m*)*sin(t) The Displacement Response Spectra is defined as: The plots of the maximum displacements response as function of t or t/T. The seismic response spectra for displacement is represented 2 by:

The motion of a structure under harmonic loading is represented by: The equation of motion for un undamped SDOF model under an excitation

In the frequency domain response the equation of motion of a SDOF model is:

m u (t ) + c u (t ) + ku (t ) = P (t )
integral reduces to:

..

.. . m 2 u (i ) + icu (i ) + ku (i ) = P (t ) = P0 sin t m u (t ) + k u (t ) =For P0an sin t SDOF model, the Duhamels undamped
The static deflection under a load equal to

P0

is:

P0 u st = p0 / k
The equation of motion for a viscous damped SDOF model under an harmonic excitation

u (t ) = 1 /( m) * P ( ) sin (t
0
In case of a multi degree of freedom system, the inertia force vector is given by:

P (t ) is:

u (t ) = ( A sin t B cos t ) / m
.. ..

m u (t ) + c u (t ) + ku (t ) = P0 sin t
The solution of the equation of motion for a damped SDOF model under an excitation

..

P (t ) is:

Fi = [ Fli ] = [mi ] * {u i } = M * u The matrix M is called, in this case:

M-the mass matrix ,diagonal and simmetrical stiffness influence coefficient

uf (t ) = e

The ( A cos d t + sin d t )

kij

Fi (t ) = m u (t ) Fi (t ) = m u (t )
..

..

us (t ) = c1 cos t + c 2 sin t
In the equation of the dynamic load factor

D(t ) = D sin(t ) , D

represents: kij the force at coord i due to an unit displacement along coord direction j, uj=1 The vector of the elastic force may be written in a matrix form for the whole model as follows:
E Ei j vector of elastic force Considering the lumped model of a simple supported beam, the vector of damping forces is defined by superposition:

Fi (t ) =
..

m u (t ) 2

..

represents: The amplitude of dynamic load factor or dynamic magnification factor For the complex frequency analysis the force function is expressed as:

F = {F } = [ kij ]{u } = ku

What is the correct form for the equation of motion in the case of free vibration?

P (t ) = P0 e it = P0 (cos t + i sin t ) . The complex amplitude is known as: FC = {FCi } = [c ij ]{u j } = c u H(i)- the complex frequency response function
The measurements required to identify the damping through the free vibration decay method, are of: Relative displacements and instrumentation is very simple The damping ratio obtained by free vibration decay method is: The damping influence coefficient

m u (t ) + ku (t ) = 0
Which are the cases of SDOF used in the process of dynamic modeling of building structures? Assemblies of rigid bodies. Model with distributed elasticity How is the equation of motion written for the case when the support motion effect is taken into account?

cij

defines:

= Dn / 2n; ; ; ; ; Dn = ln(u i / u n +1 )
The forced vibration method to determine the damping ratio uses a phase angle:

m u (t ) + c u (t ) + ku (t ) = m ug (t )
What are the null terms in case of the undamped free vibration response?

..

..

..

/ 4or tan = 1
.. .

The damping infl coeff cij defines the resistance force at the coord i of the model, for a velocity of a unit along the coord j uj=1 The presence of axial forces usually causes in a structural model: A reduction of structures resistance, that structure offers to an elastic deformation The influences flexibility coefficient ij represents: The deflaction at the coord i due to the unit loading applied upon the j coord pj=1 The displacement

c u (t ) = 0
How is it possible to represent the vibrations by means of phase plane diagram? The curve is described by the rotating vector f in the system of axes u(t) and

The equation of motion of a SDOF model subjected to ground motion is:

uj

can be written as follows:

utj = j1 p1 + j 2 p 2 + ... + jn p n m u (t ) + c u (t ) + ku (t ) = mu 0 2 sin

The effect of the harmonic loading on the Stress-Displacement State of a structure, modeled as SDOF, can be obtained by considering an equivalent static force, computed as: Pmax,min=G+-DPo general dynamic force involves the: (superposing the responses to the individual impulses).Use of Duhamels integral An impulsive force is: A large force that acts for a very short distance time
Propery of ortogonality The orthogonality property of eigenvectors can be stated as: The displacements vector in the case of N degrees of freedom model is computed with the following relationship: u=f*P The equation of motion, taking into account the axial effect, can be written in the matrix

u (t ) / and u (t )

What are the dynamic characteristics of SDOF? -circular frequency. T-period. f- frequency What are the model cases depending on the value of the damping coefficient? Critical damped model. Overdamped model. Underdamped

model What is the main characteristic of the critical damped model? Evaluated as ratio = / = 1 What is the main characteristic of the overdamped model?

= / >1

What is the main characteristic of the underdamped model?

<1
1

form as:

FI + FC + FE FGE = P(t )
.. .

M u + C u + (k k G )u = P (t )
In case of finite element formulation, the displacement vector

can be expressed by the formula:

{ {

2
T i T i

M i = ij k i = l i ij

u = i z i = * z
i =1
In case of finite element formulation, the displacement vector

is written as a function of

, which is called: i

0, i j ij = 1, i = j
The procedure of scaling the eigenvectors is called: Normalisation (KRONEKER-DELT) The linearized eigenvectors are: The nodal shapes and the square roots are the eigenvalues frequencies The transformation used in the mode superposition method in order to obtain the solution of the undamped free vibration is:

is called the shape function vector

The transformed mass matrix has the form: T M*=

The transformed matrix equation of motion has the form:

M "*"+ c"*" u + k "*" u = P"*" (t )

The direct stiffness method is based on the following principle: The stiffness matrix of the wole model , called system stiffness matrix, can be obtained by adding the stiffness coefficients appropiatlly

The transformed vibrations are:

u = . y = i y i
equation of

undamped

free

ku =ku

..

.. ( l )

+ku
mij

.. ( m )

+ku

.. ( n )

T M y (t ) + T k. y (t ) = 0
The transformed equation of damped free vibrations are: st

..

The mass coefficient

can be defined as:

The force at nodal coord i due to a unit acc at nodal coord j while other coord are maintened at zero acc The free vibrations of a multidegree-of-freedom model are governed by the following equations of motion, when P(t)=0:

u = ql

The dynamic response of a MDOF model is governed by the following equation of motion:

The undamped free vibrations of a model are governed by the following equation:

M u + C u + Ku = 0 M u + Ku = 0
..

..

..

M y+ C y+ K y = 0

..

M y + C y + K y = P 2 (t )
The maximum response in the case of the forced vibration model can be given using the mode superposition method as:

..

What is the solution (also called the displacement amplitude of the motion) for the equation of the free undamped vibrations:

u = q sin(t + ) 2 The equation (K M )q = 0 ,

matrix form, is called: Linearised 2 eigenvalue

given in problem

The Square Root of the Sum of Squares of Modal Contributions gives the following estimation of the maximum response in the case of the forced vibration model:

u k , max = ki y i max , , , , , i =1...n

q(k M ) = 0
2 k M =0

The characteristic equation of a system is a: Polynomial eq of degree n in ^2 which should be satisfied for n values of ^2.

u k , max =

ki

y i max ) 2 , , , , , i =1...n

The eigenvalues of a system represent the: Characteristics of the nodal vibration of a MDOF in free vibration l= The characteristics of the modal vibration of a multidegreeof-freedom model in free vibration are: Eigenvalues :l1<l2<<ln l= Eigenvectors:q1<q2<<qn The flexibility formulation of MDOF free vibrations response is represented by the equation: D=1/^2=0 In the flexibility formulation of MDOF free vibrations response, D represents: D=fM(the dynamic matrix) The eigenvectors possesses the property of: