Concrete Design Procedures (MIT)

1.
051 Structural Engineering Design

Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Fall 2003

1.051 Structural Engineering Design

Recitation 5 Part I
Design Procedures of Short Columns
In Accordance to the ACI-318

Reference: Chapter 10, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ACI-318
and Commentary (ACI-318R), American Concrete Institute, Box 19150,
Redford Station, Detroit, Michigan 48219

The ACI Procedure for Classifying Beam-Columns
A column can be classified as short (stocky) when its effective slenderness ratio satisfies
the following criteria:

s
r
l k
u
22 for unbraced members
s
r
l k
u

2
1
M
M
12 34 for braced members

where k = effective-length factor (see Appendix)
l
u
= unsupported length of member; clear distance between floor slabs,
beams, or other members capable of providing lateral support
r = radius of gyration of cross section of column associated with axis
about which bending is occurring
= 0.3 (depth of section in direction of bending) for rectangular section
= 0.25 (section diameter) for circular section
M
1
= smaller end moment on the column
M
2
= larger end moment on the column

A study found that ~90% of the columns in braced frames and >40% of the columns in
unbraced frames were short (stocky). Since most structural frames are braced, secondary
moments will usually be small and can be neglected in the design of most columns.
Thats also the reason why short column design is emphasized in this course.

A Note on Short Column Design
For columns that are components of rigid-jointed structures, the analysis and design are
inter-related. Since the distribution of forces in an indeterminate structure depends on the
relative stiffness of the members, the dimensions of members must be estimated before
the structure can be analyzed. After both the axial load and the maximum moment in the
column due to factored loads are determined, the reinforcement is selected. If the area of

1

steel falls within the 1 8 percent limits established by the ACI-318, the design is
complete, otherwise, the dimensions must be readjusted and the analysis and design
repeated.

ACI Clause 10.10.1 indicates an analysis is acceptable if the difference between the
assumed dimensions and the final dimensions does not exceed 10 percent. For instance, if
a designer initially assumes a column with 10 square section in a particular location in a
building frame will be adequate to carry floor loads, but the calculated loads from the
analysis indicate a 12 section is required, the designer must repeat the analysis using the
properties of the larger section.

For most building frames, small changes in column dimensions do not produce
significant changes in the column forces; there, an acceptable column section can usually
be established in one or two trials. To complete the design, the ties or spirals enclosing
the steel are sized and the shear strength of the cross section checked. Shear forces are
typically small in interior columns, but may be substantial in exterior columns bent into
double curvature.

Design Methods
1. Interaction Diagrams (Square or circular sections)
2. Trial Method (All sections)

1. Interaction Diagrams
The dimensions of a column cross section and the required area of reinforcement required
to support a specific combination of axial load and moment due to factored loads can be
quickly established by using interaction curve handbooks. Some examples are given in
the Appendix. Both tied and spiral columns with common patterns of reinforcements are
usually contained. To permit these interaction curves to be used for cross sections of any
dimension, the ordinates are plotted in terms of
g
n
A
P u
and the abscissas in terms of
h A
M
or
h A
e P
g
n
g
n
u
.

Step 1: Select the properties of the materials and f
'
c
f
y
and the parameter , a function
of the distance between rows of reinforcement. Select a trial area A
g
.

Step 2: Determine the appropriate design aid (interaction curve).

Step 3: Compute the coordinates required to enter the design aid.
The section axial strength
n
P u is set equal to P
u
; e is computed by M
u
/P
u
.

2

Step 4: Read the required value of the reinforcement ratio
g
from the curve that lies
at the intersect of the coordinates.

Step 5: Compute the total area of steel, A
st
, from
g g st
A A = .

Step 6: Select bars, check clearances, and size ties or spirals to complete design.

2. Trial Method
When an interaction curve is not available because a cross section has an unusual shape
or a nonstandard pattern of reinforcement, cross sections can be designed by a method of
trials. The procedure is set forth below:

Step 1: Select a trial section and analyze the structure to establish the design forces P
u

and M
u
produced by factored service loads. An approximate trial area can be
established by dividing P
u
by 0.5 when the eccentricity does not exceed half
the depth of the section. For larger eccentricities use 0.3 to 0.4 .
'
c
f
'
c
f

Step 2: Establish a reinforcement pattern. The area of steel A
st
might be taken initially
as 3 or 4 percent of the gross area of the cross section.

Step 3: Compute the eccentricity of the axial force
u
u
P
M
e =

Step 4: Guess a strain distribution associated with failure, compute the internal forces,
and solve for P
n
and M
n
using vertical and moment equilibriums.

Step 5: Compute
u
u
P
M
e = and
n
P u . If P
u
<
n
P u and the eccentricity of P
n
is equal to
or slightly greater than the eccentricity of P
u
, the cross section is adequate. If a
larger difference in eccentricity exists between P
u
and P
n
, modify the strain
distribution and repeat the analysis. If the axial strength of the section is
too large or too small, modify the cross section by changing the area of steel
or the dimensions, and repeat the analysis and design.
n
P u

3

Design of Spirals and Ties
A. Spiral
- Bar size > #3
- Clear spacing 3 S 1 > >

B. Ties
- Bar size > #3 if longitudinal bars s #10
- Bar size > #4 if the otherwise including bundled bars
- Spacing the smallest of the following: s
a) ) diameter bar al longitudin (
16
1

b) ) diameter tie ( 48
c) Least dimension of the section, b
- Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar has lateral support provided by the
corner of a tie having an included angle of not more than 135 degree
- No bar shall be farther than 6 clear on either side from such a laterally supported
bar

Rules of Thumb
-
g st
A % 1 A > as always, to provide ductility, reduce creep and shrinkage,
ensure some bending strength due to accidental eccentricity
-
g st
A % 5 A s for sufficient space for concrete flow between bars during casting
- Use bundled bars if
g st g
A % 8 A A % 5 s s to prevent honeycomb and voids
that would reduce column strength significantly
- Bar spacing need to be greater than 1.5*(bar diameter) or 1.5 whichever is
greater
- Cover need to be greater than 1.5 for interior exposure; 2.0 for exterior
exposure
- Use minimum section dimension > 10 for construction clearance

4
1.051 Structural Engineering Design Fall 2003
Prof. Oral Buyukozturk Design of Beams for Flexure

1


Recitation 2
Basic Flexure Design Method for Rectangular Singly Reinforced Beams
in Accordance with the ACI-318

Reference: Chapter 8, 9, 10, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ACI-
318 and Commentary (ACI-318R), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI

Design Principle:

n u
M M Equation (1)

Major Design Equations:
Design Moment

'
c
y
2
y u
f 7 . 1
f
1 d b f M Equation (2)

where M
u
= factored applied moment
M
n
= nominal flexural strength of a section
= strength reduction factor (0.9 for flexural design)
= ratio of tension reinforcement, see Equation (4)
=
d b
A
s
Equation (3)
f
y
= specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi
b = width of compression face of member, in.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement, in.
f
c
= specified compressive strength of concrete, psi

Ratio of Steel Reinforcement
b min
4
3
Equation (4)

where
min
= minimum ratio of tension reinforcement
=
y
f
200
Equation (5)


2

b
= reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions
=
y y
'
c 1
f 000 , 87
000 , 87
f
f 85 . 0
+

Equation (6)

1
= 0.85 if f
c
4 ksi
= 0.85 0.05 (f
c
4) if f
c
> 4 ksi
= not less than 0.65 in any case

Crack Width

3
c s
A d f 000091 . 0 w = Equation (7)

where w = crack width
= 0.016 in. for an interior exposure condition
= 0.013 in. for an exterior exposure condition
f
s
= 0.6 f
y
, kips
d
c
= distance from tension face to center of the row of
reinforcing bars closest to the outside surface
A = effective tension area of concrete divided by the number of
reinforcing bars
=
N
A
eff
Equation (8)
A
eff
= product of the web width and a height of web equal to
twice the distance between the centroid of the steel and
tension surface
N =
bar est arg l of Area
A steel of area Total
s
Equation (9)

Required Design parameters:
Dead Load (DL)
Live Load (LL)
Other loading types: Snow, wind, etc.
Concrete material properties: f
c
, f
r
, E
c
,
c

Steel material properties: f
y
, E
s

Basic Design Procedure:
In real design problems, loading conditions are obtained from structural analysis and real
loading estimates. Frame structures are by far the most commonly encountered structural
systems in design. Beam loadings mostly rely on loads transferred from slabs being
supported and such loads are dependent on the type of occupancy. For instance, the
service load of an office floor would be much less than that of a machine room. Also,
weights of construction materials also contribute significantly in most cases. Self-weight
of the beam under consideration is normally required.


3
Section design is an iterative process as (1) the section size is, in most cases, not yet
determined, self-weight (DL) of the beam need to be updated with the section size, and
(2) the initially assumed section size may not meet the required capacity and need to be
redesigned. The following presents a general design procedure:

1. Determine the service loads
2. Assume h and estimate b by the rule of thumb of effective section (dimensions
should satisfy architectural requirements, if any)
3. Check minimum thickness of beam according to Table 9.5(a) in the code
4. Estimate self weight
5. Determine initial dead loads
6. Perform preliminary elastic analysis {Plot bending moment diagram (BMD) +
shear force diagram (SFD)}; Choose the largest moment and shear values from
the BMD and SFD for design
7. Compute
min
and
b

8. Choose a that satisfies Equation (4)
9. Compute bd
2
from Equation (2) and compare to the assumed bd
2
used for self
weight estimation
10. If the assumed bd
2
is larger than the computed (required) bd
2
, and that the
values are not too different, go to Step 11 for steel provision design. Otherwise,
go to Step 2 using the computed bd
2
value as the assumed value and reiterate the
design procedure until the difference becomes small.
11. With the chosen , b, d, and Equation (3), determine the total A
s
required.
12. Design the steel reinforcement arrangement with appropriate concrete covers
and spacing stipulated in the code. Bar size and the corresponding number of
bars for the determined A
s
can be found in typical design aids or computed
accurately based on the knowledge that bar size #n = n/8 inch diameter for
n<10. Spacing between bars should be greater than 1 in. or one bar diameter,
whichever is larger
13. Sketch the section with the designed rebar arrangements
14. Check crack widths by Equation (7)
15. Calculate deflections and check with Table 9.5(b) in the code.
16. Design Completed

The above design guideline is mostly applicable to rectangular singly reinforced R.C.
beams only. If the design involves other complicated section shapes and/or doubly
reinforcement provisions, this procedure will need slight modifications.


4

Some Useful Rules of Thumb:
0 . 2 ~ 5 . 1
b
d
= for beam spans of 15 ~ 25 feet
0 . 4 ~ 0 . 3
b
d
= for beam spans > 25 feet
Larger the
b
d
, the more efficient is the section due to less deflection
For initial estimation, h d = 2.5
h should be rounded to the nearest whole number
b is taken as an even number

These rules of thumb are very commonly used in practice. But they need not be strictly
followed if the real situation proves them impractical.


Recitation 5 Part II
Introduction to Slab Systems

Classification of Slabs
- 1-way slabs
- 2-way slabs

Types of 2-way Slab Systems
- Flat plate
- Flat slab
- Waffle slab (Stratton Student Center, MIT)
- Two-way slabs with two-way beams (conventional framing)
- Two-way slabs with band beams
*

Characteristics of Selected Systems
Flat Plate System
a) 15 to 20 foot spans
b) light gravity loads (e.g. apartment buildings)
c) economical due to low-cost formwork

Flat Slab System
b) higher gravity loads than flat plates (e.g. office buildings)
c) use of drop panels to reduce shear stresses (both direct and moment
induced) at column

Waffle Slab System
b) high gravity loads (e.g. industrial buildings)
c) high stiffness and small deflections
d) expensive due to high-cost formwork

*
band beams are wide and shallow so as to permit passage of services

1


Recitation 3
Basic Shear Design Method for Reinforced Concrete Beams
In Accordance to the ACI-318

Reference: Chapter 11, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete ACI-318
and Commentary (ACI-318R), American Concrete Institute, Box 19150,
Redford Station, Detroit, Michigan 48219

Design Principle:

n u
V V Equation (1)
s c n
V V V + = Equation (2)

Major Design Equations:
Concrete Shear Strength
At present, ACI-318 uses an empirical expression, Equation (3) to predict the shear
strength of a cross section that fails by the formation of a flexure-shear crack. This
expression takes into account the applied bending moment effect on the shear strength of
a section.

Detail Estimation
d b
M
d V
2500 f 9 . 1 V
w
u
u
w
'
c c

+ = Equation (3)

As an alternative to Equation (3), ACI permits the shear strength to be more simply
evaluated by Equation (4), which is the value of the first term in Equation (3) rounded off
to the nearest whole number. Use of this equation will speed design and will not make a
significant difference in the total amount of the shear reinforcement required.

Conservative Estimation
d b f 2 V
w
'
c c
= Equation (4)

At all times,
d b f 5 . 3 V d b f 9 . 1
w
'
c c w
'
c

0 . 1
M
d V
u
u

psi 000 , 10 f
'
c

1

Reinforcing Steel Shear Strength

s
d f A
V
y v
s

= Equation (5)

At all times,
psi 000 , 60 f
y

===============================================================
Index

V
u
= factored applied shear
M
u
= factored applied moment
V
n
= nominal shear strength of a section
V
c
= shear strength of concrete
V
s
= shear strength of reinforcing steel
= strength reduction factor
= 0.85 for shear design
w
= ratio of tension reinforcement
=
d b
A
w
s
Equation (6)
b
w
= web width of section, in.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement, in.
f
y
= specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi
f
c
= specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
A
v
= area of shear reinforcement within distance s
s = horizontal distance between bars

===============================================================

Basic Design Procedure:
1. From the applied load, determine the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending
moment diagram (BMD) using the factored service loads.
2. Establish the shear strength V
c
of the concrete. For members subject to shear
and moment only (i.e. no axial force), using either Equation (3) or Equation
(4). Make sure that 0 . 1
M
d V
u
u
and d b f 5 . 3 V
w
'
c c
. Equation (3) will
predict a significantly greater value of V
c
than Equation (4) only in regions
where the moment M
u
is small. If an axial force also acts, (come see me and I
will tell you) V
c
will be different. In addition, the value of the concrete
strength is not to exceed 10,000 psi, which is considered high strength.
3. For slabs, footings, shallow beams, and all other members that are generally
reinforced for moment only, verify that
c u
V V . If the otherwise, the

2

shear capacity of the cross section can be raised by increasing the depth of the
cross section. Stirrups are not very effective in shallow members because the
compression zone lacks the depth required to anchor the force in the stirrups if
the steel is stressed to its yield point.
4. For beams that are not shallow, reinforcement is required in regions where
2
V
V
c
u

. The procedure to establish the stirrup spacing depends on the
relative magnitude of and
u
V
c
V . There are altogether three cases:

Case 1
2
V
V
c
u

but
c u
V V

Use minimum reinforcement
y
w
min , v
f
s b 50
A

=

Stirrup spacing is the smallest of
2
d
s =
w
y v
b 50
f A
s
=
in 24 s =

Case 2
c u
V V

and d b f 8 V
w
'
c s

The required shear capacity of the stirrups is
c
u
s
V
V
V
=

After V
s
has been determined, stirrup spacing can be established by

3

s
y v
V
d f A
s

=

Also, the spacing is subjected to the following restrictions:
Shear carried by reinforcement, V
s
Maximum spacing, s
max
d b f 4 V
w
'
c s

2
d
but not to exceed 24 in or not to exceed
w
y v
b 50
f A

d b f 4 V
w
'
c s

4
d
but not to exceed 12 in or not to exceed
w
y v
b 50
f A

Case 3
d b f 8 V
w
'
c s
>

This signifies that the cross section is too small. To prevent one of several possible brittle
modes of failure associated with high shear stress, the cross-sectional area must be
increased.

Special Note:
ACI Code 11.1.3 permits the stirrups adjacent to a support to be sized for the shear that
exists d inches out from the face of the support. This provision recognizes that a crack
adjacent to a support whose reaction induces compression into a beam will have a
horizontal projection of at least d in; therefore the maximum shear force that must be
transmitted across the potential failure plane closest to the support will be equal to the
reaction reduced by any external forces applied to the beam within a distance d of the
support. If a support does not introduce compression into a member, the critical section
for shear should be taken at the face of the support. For this situation the state of stress in
the joint should also be studied to determine whether special reinforcement is required. If
a concentrated load is applied to a beam between the support and the critical section at d,
the design is also based on the magnitude of the shear at the face of the support.

4


Recitation 1

CALCULATION OF WIND AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS ON STRUCTURES
ACCORDING TO ASCE 7 & IBC

WIND LOADS

Buildings and their components are to be designed to withstand the code-specified wind
loads. Calculating wind loads is important in design of the wind force-resisting system,
including structural members, components, and cladding, against shear, sliding,
overturning, and uplift actions.

Wind Load Calculation Procedures

The design wind loads for buildings and other structures shall be determined according to
one of the following procedures:

(1) Method 1 Simplified procedure for low-rise simple diaphragm buildings
(2) Method 2 Analytical procedure for regular shaped building and structures
(3) Method 3 Wind tunnel procedure for geometrically complex buildings and
structures

Method 1 Simplified Procedure

The simplified procedure is used for determining and applying wind pressures in the
design of simple diaphragm buildings with flat, gabled, and hipped roofs and having a
mean roof height not exceeding the least horizontal dimension or 60 feet (18.3 m),
whichever is less, and subject to additional limitations.

Following are the steps of the simplified procedure:

1. Determined the basic wind speed, V, in accordance with ASCE 7 Figure 6-1 or IBC
Figure 1609, assuming the wind can come from any direction. ASCE 7 6.5.4 includes
some provisions for the special wind regions indicated, near mountainous terrain, and
near gorges.
2. Determine the importance factor, I, in accordance with ASCE 7 Table 6-1 & Table 1-
1, or with IBC Table 1604.5.
3. Determine the exposure category in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.6 or IBC
Section 1609.4.
4. Determine the height and exposure adjustment coefficient, , from ASCE 7 Figure 6-
2 or IBC Table 1609.6.2.1 (4)
5. Determine
30 S
p , the simplified wind pressure for exposure B, at h=30 ft, for I=1.0,
from ASCE 7 Figure 6-2 or IBC Table 1609.6.2.1.
1
Simplified design wind pressures, p
S
, for the main wind force resisting systems of low-
rise simple diaphragm buildings is determined by the following equation:

30 S S
p Ip = (1)

where p
S
represents the net pressure (sum of internal and external) to be applied to the
horizontal and vertical projections of building surfaces. For the horizontal pressures, p
S
is
the combination of the windward and leeward net pressures.

Method 2 Analytical Procedure

Wind loads for buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using the
simplified procedure can be calculated using the analytical procedure provided that it is a
regular shaped building or structure, and it does not have response characteristics making
it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter,
or does not have a site location that require special consideration.

The steps of analytical procedure, described in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.3 only, are as
follows:

1. Determine the basic wind speed, V, and wind directionality factor, K
d
in accordance
with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.4.
2. Determine the importance factor, I, in accordance with ASCE Section 6.5.5.
3. Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure
exposure coefficient, K
z
or K
h
, as applicable, for each wind direction according to
ASCE 7 Section 6.5.6.
4. Determine the topographic factor, K
zt
, if applicable, according to ASCE 7 Section
6.5.7.
5. Determine the gust effect factor G or G
f
, as applicable, in accordance with ASCE 7
Section 6.5.8.
6. Determine the enclosure classification in accordance with Section 6.5.9.
7. Determine the internal pressure coefficient, GC
pi
in accordance with ASCE 7 Section
6.5.11.1.
8. Determine the external pressure coefficients, C
p
or GC
pf
, or force coefficients, C
f
, as
applicable, in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.11.2 or 6.5.11.3.
9. Determine the velocity pressure, q
z
or q
h
, as applicable, in accordance with ASCE 7
Section 6.5.10. The velocity pressure, q
z
evaluated at height z is calculated by the
following equation:

(2)
2 2
2 2
0.00256 (lb/ft )
0.613 (N/m ; V in m/s)
z z zt d
z z zt d
q K K K V I
q K K K V I
=
=

10. Determine the design wind pressure, p or design wind load, F, as applicable, in
accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.12 and 6.5.13. The design wind pressure is
given by the following equations:
2

For rigid buildings of all height
(3a)
2
( ) (lb/ft ) (N/m )
p i pi
p qGC q GC =
2
2
2
for flexible buildings
(3b)
2
( ) (lb/ft ) (N/m )
f p i pi
p qG C q GC =

where
q=q
z
for windward walls evaluated at hight z above the ground,
q=q
h
for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluated at height h
q
i
=q
h
for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed
buildings
q
i
=q
z
for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed
buildings

For low-rise buildings

(3c)
2
[( ) ( )] (lb/ft ) (N/m )
h pf pi
p q GC GC =

The design wind load, F, on open buildings and other structures is determined by the
following formula:

(lb) (N)
z f f
F q GC A = (4)

where
q
z
=velocity pressure evaluated at height z of the centroid area A
f
A
f
=projected area normal to the wind (ft
2
) (m
2
)

3

EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Every building and its portions, as a minimum, shall be designed and constructed to resist
the effects of earthquake ground motions as prescribed by the following provisions.
Additions to existing structures shall also be designed and constructed to resist the
earthquake ground motion effects. Special structures including vehicular bridges,
transmission towers, piers and wharves, hydraulic structures, and nuclear reactors are
beyond the scope of these provisions.

The process of determining earthquake loads can be broken down to following basic
steps:

(a) determining the maximum considered earthquake and design spectral response
accelerations
(b) determining the seismic base shear in conjunction with the building or structures
dynamic characteristics (e.g. fundamental period)
(c) distribution of the seismic base shear within the building or structure

General Procedure for Determining Maximum Considered Earthquake and Design
Spectral Response Accelerations

Ground motion accelerations, represented by response spectra and coefficients derived
from these spectra, shall be determined in accordance with:

- the general procedure described in ASCE 7 Section 9.4.12 or IBC Section 1615.1
- the site-specific procedure described in ASCE 7 Section 9.4.1.3 or IBC Section
1615.2.

Conditions on use of these methods depend on the seismic use group and site
characteristics of the building or structure.

The procedure for determining the design spectral response accelerations is as follows:

1. Determine the mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response
accelerations at short periods, S
s
and at 1-second period, S
1
using the spectral
acceleration maps in ASCE 7 Figure 9.4.1.1a through 9.4.1.1j or IBC Figures 1615(1)
through (10). Straight-line interpolation is allowed for sites in between contours.
Acceleration values obtained from the maps are given in %g, where g is the
gravitational acceleration.
2. Determine the site class in accordance with ASCE Section 9.4.1.2.1 or IBC 1615.1.1.
Site class (A, B, C, D, E or F) is obtained based on the average shear wave velocity,
v
s
, average standart penetration resistance, N, or the average undrained shear strength,
S
u
. These parameters represent average values for the top 100 ft (30 m) of soil.
4
3. Determine the maximum considered earthquake spectral response accelerations,
adjusted for Site Class effects, at short period, S
MS
, and at 1-second period, S
M1
, in
accordance with ASCE Section 9.4.1.2.4 or IBC 1615.1.2.
4. Determine the design spectral response accelerations at short period, S
DS
and 1-
second period, S
D1
in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 9.4.1.2.5 or 1615.3.
5. Using the parameters determined in the previous steps, construct the general response
spectrum in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 9.4.1.2.6 or IBC Section 1615.4.

Determining the Seismic Base Shear

Structural Design Criteria, Analysis, and Procedures

Each structure shall be assigned a seismic use group (ASCE 7 Table 9.1.3), based on its
corresponding occupancy category (determined from ASCE 7 Table 1-1) and a
corresponding occupancy importance factor as indicated in ASCE 7 Table 9.1.4 and IBC
Table 1604.5. All structures shall be assigned to a seismic design category based on their
seismic use group and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients, S
DS
and S
D1
,
in accordance with ASCE Table 9.4.2.1a or 9.4.2.1b, or IBC Table 1616.3(1) or
1616.3(2), whichever gives the most severe seismic design category.

The analysis procedures, which can be used within certain limitations, are as follows:

(a) Index force analysis (ASCE 7 Section 9.5.3, IBC Section 1616.4)
(b) Simplified analysis (ASCE 7 Section 9.5.4, IBC Section 1617.5)
(c) Equivalent lateral force analysis (ASCE 7 Section 9.5.5, IBC Section 1617.4)
(d) Modal response spectrum analysis (ASCE 7 Section 9.5.6, IBC Section 1618)
(e) Linear response history analysis (ASCE 7 Section 9.5.7, IBC Section 1618)
(f) Nonlinear response history analysis ((ASCE 7 Section 9.5.8, IBC Section 1618)

Equivalent lateral force analysis covers most structures encounter in daily design
practices.

The seismic base shear, V, in a given direction is determined in accordance with the
following equation:

s
V C W =
where
C
s
= the seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with
ASCE Section 9.5.5.2.1
W = the total dead load and applicable portions of other loads as
indicated in Section 9.5.3.

Vertical distribution of the base shear can be determined as follows:

x vx
F C V =
5
and

1
k
x x
vx n
k
i i
i
w h
C
wh
=
=

where
C
vx
= vertical distribution factor
V = total design lateral force or base shear
w
i
, w
x
= the portion of the total gravity load of the structure located or
assigned to level i or x.
h
i
, h
x
= the height from the base to Level i or x
k = an exponent related to the structure period as follows:
for structures having a period of 0.5 sec or less, k = 1 (linear)
for structures having a period of 2.5 sec or more, k = 2 (parabolic)
for structures having a period between 0.5 sec and 2.5 sec., k shall
be 2 or shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1 and 2

6

Concrete Design Procedures (MIT)

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051 Structural Engineering Design

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