DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chennai 601 301.

BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIT I SURVEYING PART A (Question and Answers) 1. Define surveying. Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of distinctive features on earths surfaces. In surveying, measurement of distances, determination of angles and elevations are possible. It is also used for representing the ground plan. 2. What are the objectives of surveying? The various objectives of the surveying is to, (i) to prepare the plan or a map of the location of area under construction (ii) to measure the distances, and thereby the area of the boundary for making a construction. (iii) to determine angle between two points on the land 3. List the various types of surveying. (i) Plane surveying : In plane surveying the surface of the earth is assumed to be horizontal. (ii) Geodetic surveying: In geodetic surveying, the radius of curvature of the earth is taken in to consideration. The shape of earth is considered as spheroidal. 4. Write the classification of land surveying. The land surveying is classified into (i) Topographical surveying (ii) Cadastal surveying (iii) City surveying.

Support notes available at : www.scribd.com / www.arpradeep.tk

5. Write short notes on (i) Topographical surveying (ii) Cadastal surveying. (i) Topographical surveying Topographical surveying is used to locate the horizontal and vertical points by linear and angular measurements. It is used to determine the natural features like streams, lakes, forests, etc., (ii) Cadastal surveying Cadastal surveying is implemented for fixing the boundary lines of a property, the calculation of land area and to transfer of land property from one person to another person. 6. Write short notes on marine (hydrographic) surveying and astronomical surveying. Marine surveying: Marine surveying, which is also known as hydrographic surveying is used for bodies of water such as navigation, water supply and harbor works. Astronomical surveying: In astronomical surveying, determination absolute location of heavenly bodies such as sun, moon and any fixed star has been done. 7. List the classification of surveying based upon the instruments used. (i) Chain surveying (ii) Compass surveying (iii) Theodolite surveying (iv) Tacheometric surveying (v) Aerial surveying (vi) Photographic surveying 8.What are the different methods of direct measurement? (i) Pacing (ii) Measurement of passometer (iii) Measurement of pedometer (iv) Measurement by odometer and speedometer (v) Chaining

Support notes available at : www.scribd.com / www.arpradeep.tk

9. What is the principle used in chain surveying? The principle of chain surveying is to divide the area into a number of triangles of suitable sides. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying and doesnt require the angle measurement. 10. What are the limitations of chain surveying? (i) The chain surveying cannot be used in the wooded areas (ii) The chain surveying is not possible in undulating area and land having many details. 11. Write short notes on Prismatic compass and surveyors compass. (i) Prismatic compass: Prismatic compass is used as a preliminary surveying for roadways, railways. The results of prismatic compass may be unrealistic where there is a local attraction. (ii) Surveyors compass: Nowadays surveyors compass is obsolete for land surveying. In general it is similar to prismatic compass except that it has another plain sight having a narrow vertical slit in the place of a prism. 12. Define bearing. Bearing is the horizontal between the reference meridian and survey line. It is always measured in clockwise direction. 13. What are the various classifications of the bearing? Bearings are classified into (i) True bearing (ii) Magnetic bearing (iii) Whole circle bearing (WCB) (iv) Reduced bearing (RB) 14. Define (i) True bearing (ii) Magnetic bearing. (i) True bearing: True bearing is the angle which a line makes with the true north or geographical north measured always in the clock wise direction. The true bearing will range from 0 360o.

Support notes available at : www.scribd.com / www.arpradeep.tk

(ii) Magnetic bearing: Magnetic bearing is the angle in which a line makes with the magnetic north. It is measured in clock wise direction. The magnetic bearing will range from 0 360o. 15. Define (i) Whole circle bearing (ii) Reduced bearing (i) Whole circle bearing: Any angle measured directly between 0 360o is called whole circle bearing (WCB). The true and magnetic bearings are also called as whole circle bearings. (ii) Reduced bearing: It is also called s a quadrant bearing as it is based on a quadrantal system. The angle is denoted with a prefix of N or S and suffix of E or W. (N North; S South; E East; W West). 16. Define (i) Fore bearing (ii) Back bearing. (i) Fore bearing: It is the angle measured from the survey station point and other station in the same direction of conduct of survey. (ii) Back bearing: It is the angle taken from the next station point to the previous station point from which the fore bearing is taken. The difference between the angles of Fore bearing and back bearing should be 180o. 17. Define local attraction. The needle of a magnetic compass may get deflected from its normal position due to the influence of present in the place of observation. This disturbance due to the surrounding to the magnetic field is known as Local attraction. 18. Define levelling. Levelling is the process used to determine the level of points / objects with reference to a selected datum (reduced level). 19. Define (i) Bench mark (ii) Reduced level. (i) Bench mark is a surveyors mark out on a stone / rock or any reference point used to indicate a level in levelling survey. (ii) Reduced level is the level of the point with respect to the level of permanent feature or bench mark. It indicates that a point on the land is above or below the levelling point.
Support notes available at : www.scribd.com / www.arpradeep.tk 4

20. List the various instruments used for levelling. The various instruments used for levelling are, (i) Dumpy level (ii) Theodelite (Levelling instrument) (iii) Levelling staff. 21. Define (i) Height of instrument (ii) Change point. (i) Height of instrumentis the elevation of line of sight with reference to the assumed datum. 22. Write short notes on fly levelling. Fly levelling is also known as differential levelling, in which any number of change points are established. Fly levelling is used to find the difference in level between two points when they are very far away from each other. 23. Define contour. Contour is defined as a line joining process of same elevation on a map.

References : www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/.../section3-eng.php Shanmugam G and Palanichamy M S, Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering,Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, (1996). Venugopal K and Prahu Raja V, Basic Mechanical Engineering, Anuradha Publishers, Kumbakonam, (2000).

Prepared by A.R. Pradeep Kumar Associate Professor/Mechanical Web : www.arpradeep.tk Email : dearpradeepkumar@gmail.com Hand phone : 99 41 42 43 37

Support notes available at : www.scribd.com / www.arpradeep.tk