Respiratory System system to transport respiratory gases between cells and external environment O2 is needed for metabolic processes

s and CO2 is released as waste product Respiration gas exchange between organism and its environment Requires: diffusion of gases; moist & semi-permeable membranes Organism Aquatic animals (extract O2 dissolved in water) Terrestrial animals (O2 in gaseous form) Respiratory System Gills Tracheal system (arthropods) w/ spiracles Book lung (arachnids) Vertebrates (lungs) Lungs (Pulmonary respiration) 2/3 Skin (Cutaneous respiration) 1/3 Mouth and pharynx lining (Buccopharyngeal respiration)

Amphibians (frogs & toads)

Vocal cord vs. vocal sac Bulk Flow higher pressure to lower pressure Positive Pressure Breathing - frogs; air is pushed down Negative Pressure Breathing humans; air is sucked in *based on difference between pressure gradient between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure Part Glottis Larynx/Voice Box Bronchi Lungs Feature/Function Slit-like opening at the floor of the pharynx Hollow cartilaginous; below the glottis Short tubes; connects larynx to the lungs Sac-like, thin-walled and elastic Special Structures Arytenoid cartilage & ring-like cricoid cartilage Vocal cords

Alveoli minute compartments w/ walls lined w/ BV

External Respiration (breathing) environment to the lungs Internal Respiration (cellular respiration) lungs to the tissues Rate of breathing velocity at which air is brought into the lungs and out again (metabolic activity) *Forms of CO2 PARTS OF ALVEOLI Physiology A. Mechanics of Breathing B. Breathing rate & amt. of CO2 Accumulation of CO2 caused murky color of lime water (saturated CaOH2 in H2O) More activity, higher breathing rate, higher rate of color change CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 -> 2CaCO3 + 2H2

C. Vital capacity of the lungs Improvised wet spirometer (measures air capacity) Higher vital capacity if needs more O2 (men, people in high lands) Residual volume prevents collapse of lungs Vital capacity 4600 mL (VC = TV + IRV + ERV) o Tidal volume 500 mL o Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3000 mL o Expiratory Reserve Volume 1000 mL Urogenital System = Excretory + Reproductive Organism Protozoans, sponges, cnidarians Flatworms & Roundworms Annelids Crustaceans Insects Embryonic: birds, reptiles, mammals Adult: Amphibians and fishes Adult: most vertebrates Urogenital System Contractile vacuole - osmoregulation Flame cells/solenocytes (protonephridia) Metanephridia Antennal/Green Glands Malpighian Tubules Mesonephros Metanephros

Hermaphrodite EXCEPTIONS: arthropods, mollusks and nematodes Sexual dimorphism Nephron basic functional unit of the kidney Renal Corpuscle = Glomerulus + Bowmans capsule Collecting tubules Circulatory System transport of gases, nutrients and waste products PATHWAY OF BLOOD