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Power System Protective Relaying

Introduction
The purpose of network protection equipment is to minimize the effects of faults, which can never be entirely avoided, on an electrical power system.

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Power Systems-Fault Free Not Possible Many Reasons

Power system Protection Engineering is an important component of the electrical plant system and of decisive significance for the reliable and safe operation of a power system.

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The cause of electric power system faults is insulation breakdown This breakdown can be due to a variety of different factors: Lightning. wires blowing together in the wind. animals or plants coming in contact with the wires. salt spray or pollution on insulators.
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Tree limbs falling on the line Insulation deterioration Vandalism

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Nature Cause

Introduction
Equipment Failure

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Substation Failure

The Aftermath

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Results of Transformer Fire

Generator Fault

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Expensive Consequences for Protection Failure

Introduction
Human Error

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Introduction
Relay:an electric device that is designed to respond to input conditions in a prescribed manner and , after specified conditions are met, to cause contact operation or similar abrupt change in associated electric control circuits. (IEEE)

Introduction
Protective Relay:A relay whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control circuit action. (IEEE)

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What is Relaying Detects abnormal conditions Initiate Corrective actions Has fast response Disrupts only essential and minimum area

Requirements Define the undesirable conditions Remove only the faulted equipment and to maintain the un-faulted portion of the system.

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Power System Protection Science, skill and art of applying and setting relays &fuses to maximum sensitivity to detect disturbances and to avoid the operation on all permissible tolerable conditions

Define and understand Power System faults Measure and Monitor system parameters V, I, f through transducers( Current, potential transformers) Detection schemes Relays Action Equipment Circuit Breakers

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Effects of faults on power system

Flow of excessive current Abnormal voltages Voltage elevation of system neutral Induce over voltages on neighbouring equipments . Hazards to human, equipment and animals.
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Need for fault analysis

Design of protection system requires the knowledge of fault current. The information obtained from the fault studies are used: to select the sizes of circuit breaker, fuse and characteristic, setting of relays.

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Types of fault Symmetrical fault : Usually three phase to ground fault Unsymmetrical (Asymmetrical) fault The fault is unbalanced in nature

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Sources of Asymmetrical fault are

One phase open circuit Unbalanced in load mainly the arc loads

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One phase open circuit

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SLG fault

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Sources of Asymmetrical fault are:

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Typical Protective Relays

Portable Protective Relay Test Equipment

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Relays
A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device. Relays are used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in substations and transmission and distribution systems.

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Relay Characteristics
Reliability Probability to function properly. The ability to operate for disturbances within zone (dependability) The ability to refrain from operation for external abnormalities( security)

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Sensitivity Ability to detect abnormal quantities

Selectivity Ability to obtain the desired operation to avoid unnecessary tripping Speed Ability to initiate operation in the shortest time possible

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Economy The ability to function at minimum cost Simplicity Ability to function and to operate with minimum equipment and circuitry

Substation control panel relays

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Relay and control panel

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High Voltage Fuses

High voltage fuses are used to protect the electrical system in a substation from power transformer faults. They are switched for maintenance and safety.

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High voltage fuses in a switch box

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External switch for high voltage fuses

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Typical Power Circuit Breakers

Air circuit breaker

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Vacuum circuit breaker, inside

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Vacuum circuit breaker, outside

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Oil circuit breakers in a 41 kV circuit

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Oil circuit breakers in a distribution

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SF6 gas power circuit breaker

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SF6 gas power circuit breaker

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Typical Power Circuit Breakers

Sample Device Numbers

Master element: 1 Time-delay starting or closing relay: 2 Distance relay: 21 Directional power relay: 32 Instantaneous overcurrent relay: 50 AC time overcurrent relay: 51 AC directional overcurrent relay: 67 Frequency relay: 81 Differential protective relay: 87

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IEEE Device Numbers & Functions

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Device Description Legend 49 Thermal 50/51 Instantaneous & Time Overcurrent 51 Time Overcurrent 51N-1 Ground Time Overcurrent 51N-2 Neutral Time Overcurrent 51N-3 Ground Time Overcurrent 63 Sudden Pressure 67 Directional Overcurrent 67N Directional Ground Overcurrent 86 Lockout Auxiliary 87T Phase Differential, 3 Phase 87N Ground Differential OP Operating Coil Pol Polarizing Coil N.C. Normally Closed Transformer Bushing CS Circuit Switcher Rg Grounding Resistor
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Typical Relay and Circuit Breaker Connections

Typical single line AC connection

Typical Relay and Circuit Breaker Connections

Typical three-phase AC connection

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Basic Objectives of System Protection

Reliability Selectivity Speed of Operation Simplicity Economics

Factors Affecting the Protection System

Economics Personality Location of Disconnecting and Input Devices Available Fault Indicators

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Philosophy of Protection
Both an art and a science Well-designed system will use:
Overlapping primary zones of protection Some form of backup protection

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Qualities Required of Protection Selectivity (Discrimination): Effectiveness in isolating only the faulty part of the system. Stability: The property of remaining inoperative with fault occurring out side the protected zone (called external faults).

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Speed of operation: The time between the incidence of a fault and the trip command being issued to the circuit breaker by the protection. The speed of operation must be as fast as possible. In modern power systems the relay operates in one or fraction of a period of the power system frequency.

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Sensitivity: The level of magnitude of the fault current at which the operation of protective device occurs. Reliability: The ability of a protective system to fulfill its purpose throughout its operation life. It should not mal-operate at any time.
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Economic of consideration: In distribution system it is very important and it overrides the technical consideration provided basic safety requirements are met. In transmission systems the technical aspects are more important.

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Zones of protection
Line 1 Zone Bus 2 Zone Transf Zone

Gen Zone

Bus 1 Zone

Line 2 Zone

Line 3 Zone

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Overlapping zones
Zone A CB Zone B CT B CT A Trip all zone A Trip all zone B

Zones A and B overlap at circuit breaker CB

Faults in overlap trip both zones No gaps in protection

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Classification of Relays
Protective Relays Regulating Relays Reclosing, Synchronism Check, and Synchronizing Relays Monitoring Relays Auxiliary Relays Others

Protective Relay Performance

Since many relays near the trouble area may begin to operate for any given fault, it is difficult to completely evaluate an individual relays performance. Performance can be categorized as follows:
Correct: (a) As planned or (b) Not as planned or expected. Incorrect: (a) Fail to trip or (b) False tripping No conclusion

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Principles of Relay Application

The power system is divided into protection zones defined by the equipment and available circuit breakers. Six possible protection zones are listed below:
Generators and generator-transformer units Transformers Buses Lines (Transmission, subtransmission, and distribution) Utilization equipment Capacitor or reactor banks

Principles of Relay Application

Typical relay primary protection zones

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Principles of Relay Application

Overlapping protection zones

Information for Application

One line diagram and system configuration Impedance and connection of the power equipment, system frequency, system voltage, and system phase sequence Existing protection and problems Operating procedure and Practices Importance of the system equipment being protected

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Information for Application

System fault study Maximum loads and system swing limits Current and voltage transformer locations, connections, and ratios Future expansion

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