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Physical Parameters used in the evaluation of agricultural water quality Parameters Total dissolved solids Electrical conductivity Temperature Color/turbidity Hardness sediments Symbol TDS EC T Unit mg/l ds/m oC NTU/JTU mg equivalent CaCO3/l g/l
Chemical Parameters used in the evaluation of agricultural water quality Parameters Acidity/basicity Type and concentration of anions and cations Calcium Magnesium Sodium Carbonate Bicarbonate Chloride Sulphate Sodium adsorption ratio Boron Trace metals Heavy metals Nitrate-nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Symbol pH Unit
mg/l
NO3-N PO4-P K
mg/l
Salinity
All waters used for irrigation contain varying amount of salts Salinization of soil and water is inevitable in climates where ET > precipitation
Class 2, good
Class 3, permissible Class 4, Doubtful 1000-2000
0.25- 0.75
0.76-2.00 2.01-3.00
Class 5, Unsuitable
2000
3.00
Permissible: leaching is needed if used Doubtful and Unsuitable: good drainage needed and sensitive plants will have difficulty obtaining stand.
Crop Selection
Phaseolus bean
Saline sites: salt tolerance genotypic differences in reaction to increasing NaCl supply
sugar beet
ECe
(Gates et al 2006)
Salinity effects
1.4
3.0 6.0 10.0
8.0
16.0 24.0 32.0
SAR =
Na
++ ++ Ca + Mg 2
EC (ds/m)
4.0 4.0
SAR
13 13
pH
8.5 8.5
Saline-Sodic High pH
4.0 4.0
13 13
8.5 7.8
Stunted plants
Toxicity and leaf burn potential
EC and SAR
The hazard of irrigation water sodium on soil infiltration mustbe determined from the SAR/EC interaction.
Chloride (Cl-)
Contributes to EC Essential in low amounts Sensitive crops affected at high concentration
Leaf burn potential under sprinkler Burn higher with daytime irrigation
Chloride tolerance criteria Chloride (mg/l) < 70 70-140 Effect on crop Generally safe for all plants Sensitive plants show injury
Boron (B)
Essential in low amounts (alfalfa) Toxic to sensitive crops (>1.0 to 2.0 ppm)
Fertility Sufficient in low concentrations
The Guidelines for the use of effluent waste water quality in irrigation (Takashi, 1990)
Potential irrigation problem unit None Salinity EC TDS Permeability SAR= 0-3 and EC = 3-6 6-12 12-20 20-40 Specific Ion toxicity Sodium Surface irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Chloride Surface irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Miscellaneous effects pH Residual chlorine (overhead sprinkler only) Degree of restriction Slight to moderate 0.7-3 450-2000 0.7-0.2 1.2-0.3 1.9-0.5 2.9-1.3 5.0-2.9 Sever
< 0.7 < 450 > 0.7 > 1.2 > 1.9 > 2.9 > 5.0
> 3.0 > 2000 < 0.2 < 0.3 < 0.5 < 1.3 < 2.9
>9
> 350
> 5.0
Management Options
Field Diagnosis
Nitrogen cycle
N2
Atmosphere
biological N2 fixation
(N2R-NH2)
N2O, NOx, N2
denitrification
(NO3-N2O, NOx, N2)
uptake
+ NH4+(R-NH2 NH4 )
nitrification
NO3- fertilizers
leaching
P deficiency sypmtoms
K deficiency symptoms
Phaseolus bean
Saline sites: salt tolerance genotypic differences in reaction to increasing NaCl supply
sugar beet
Fecal coliform
(geometric mean no. per 100 ml)
<1
< 1000
Irrigation of cereal crops, industrial crops, fodder crops, pasture and tries Localize irrigation of crops in category B if exposure of workers and the public does not occur
Workers
<1
No standard recommended
None
Not applicable
Not applicable
Crop type and areas in the Gaza Strip (dunum) Source: Ministry of agriculture, 2004
Crop Type North Gaza Middle Khanyuns Rafah Total
Citrus
Olives
2,200
145
5,812
6,200
3,522
5,552
173
8,000
893
3,000
12,600
22,897
Date Palm
Almonds 2 0
Fruits
Vegetables (protected) Vegetables
301
4,754 6,756
2,992
286 3,532
2,552
2,347 5,860
3,831
6,470 17,376
657
7,525 13,520
10,333
21,382 47,044
Field crops
Flowers ornamentals Total
2,494
13 12 16677
3,423
0 0 22245
5,135
10 0 25489
21,680
10 120 58560
3,830
481 0 31656
36,562
514 132 154,627
Irrigation
BOD (mg/l) 20-60
Recharge
20
TSS (mg/l)
TDS (mg/l) EC (ms/cm) T-N (mg/l) Na (mg/l)
30-90
1500 45 200
30
1500 100 230
Cl (mg/l)
SAR
500
9
600
-
B (mg/l)
F. Coliform (MPN/100ml) Nematodes (ovum/l)
0.7
200-1000 <1
1
200-1000 <1