Lesson 9

9
First Declension Nouns (Module B)

Masculine and Contract Nouns
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 4)

Lesson Nine Overview
9.0 Introduction, 9-1
9.1 Observations of First Declension Masculine Nouns, 9-2
9.2 Flow Chart, 9-3
9.3 Alpha 1 Masculine Nouns, 9-4
9.4 Alpha 2 Masculine Nouns, 9-8
9.5 ta 1 Masculine Nouns, 9-12
9.6 ta 2 Masculine Nouns, 9-19
9.7 First Declension Contract Nouns, 9-21
9.8 Declension-Paradigm Notation, 9-24
9.9 Overview of First Declension Paradigms, 9-26
9.10 Vocabulary Study, 9-28
Study Guide, 9-31

9.0 Introduction

Lesson Eight considered only first declension feminine nouns. All of these
nouns terminated with either alpha or ta in their nominal stem. They were
subdivided into three distinct paradigms and designated as n-1a, n-1b, and
n-1c. The differences between these paradigms were due to phonetic
changes in the singular inflected forms (plural forms are identically
inflected) because of the next to the last letter of the nouns stem.

As a review, if the next to the last letter of the feminine stem was a vowel
or rh, the nominative singular vocalic stem alpha was retained throughout
the singular forms and considered as the alpha pure pattern. This
classification of first declension feminine nouns was designated as n-1a.
With few exceptions, the final alpha in these instances is long.

Another significant classification of first declension feminine nouns was the
ta pure nouns. These nouns differed from n-1a nouns in that all singular
forms terminated with ta instead of alpha. Feminine nouns belonging to
this paradigm were designated n-1b.
Dr. William D. Ramey Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 4) NTGreek In Session
Lesson 9: First Declension Nouns (Module B) 9-2
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The final paradigm discussed in Lesson Eight was for those feminine
nouns that exhibited a mixture of n-1a and n-1b singular case endings, or
the hybrid-pattern. The vocalic stem vowel alpha of the nominative
singular lengthens to q, and q in the genitive and dative singular
respectively. Phonologically, this hybrid pattern occurs when a sibilant
phoneme (zta, sigma or a compound consonant) precedes the vocalic
stem vowel alpha. Nouns belonging to this paradigm were designated as
n-1c.

Including proper names, NTGreek also contains one hundred and eighty-
four masculine nouns that belong to the first declension. As to be
expected, masculine nouns of this declension display different singular
case endings than those of feminine nouns in the same declension. These
differences and their paradigms, designated as n-1d, n-1e, n-1f, n-1g, and
n-1h, are the primary focus of this lesson.

9.1 Observations of First Declension Masculine Nouns

1. All nouns belonging to the first declension, whether feminine or
masculine, exhibit the vowel alpha or ta at the end or near the end
of their nominative singular form.
2. Masculine nouns make up only about thirty percent of all first
declension nouns. There are not any neuter nouns in the first
declension.
3. The nominative singular is the lexical entry for all first declension
masculine nouns.
4. All first declension nouns whose nominative singular ends in o, or
q, are masculine.
5. Masculine nouns of the first declension are divided into five separate
paradigms, designated as n-1d, n-1e, n-1f, n-1g, and n-1h.
6. Regardless of the manner in which first declension masculine nouns
are formed, they all exhibit identical plural case endings (exactly like
those of first declension feminine nouns). The article inflects to
modify the masculine noun according to gender, number, and case.
7. The vocative singular is NOT identical to the nominative singular
case forms; however, the plurals are.

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9.2 Flow Chart for First Declension Masculine Nouns

What vowel t ermi nates
the mascul i ne nomi nal st em?
q
o
Yes No
n-1a to
n-1e
vtovi o, vtovioi
vtoviou vtoviov
vtovioi,
vtovi ov vtovi o,
vtovioi
vtovi o
vtovio
n-1d
2oovo,
2o ov
2oovov
2oovo
o
2oovo
n-1e
oqq, o qoi
oqov
oqoi,
oqqv oqo,
o q oi
oqou
oqq
oqo
n-1f
1g n-
Yes No
Al pha 1
Al pha 2
Eta 1
a 2
Does t he geni ti ve
singular end wi th -ou?
Does the geni ti ve
si ngul ar end wi th -ou?
Et
Eta 2 n-1g
M
Movoooq
Movoooq
Movoooq
Movoooq
ovoooq,

The flow chart illustrates the simplicity of determining the paradigm that a first declension masculine
noun will follow. These four paradigms (n-1d, n-1e, n-1f, n-1g) represent 100% of all uncontracted first
declension masculine nouns. Contracted first declension masculine nouns (n-1h; only two in NTGreek)
always decline like paradigm n-1f nouns (cf. 9.7.2).

Two decisions are always necessary in determining the correct paradigm for a masculine noun.

Which vowel (alpha or ta) terminates the nominal stem?
Does the genitive singular terminate with -ou?

Regardless which paradigm first declension masculine nouns follow, their plural case endings are
always the same (both masculine and feminine plural case endings are identical). Furthermore, first
declension masculine nouns in paradigms n-1e and n-1g occur only in the singular.
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9.3 First Declension Alpha 1 Masculine Nouns (n-1d)

Nominal stems ending with alpha and the abbreviated genitive singular ou
are first declension masculine nouns. The declension-paradigm notation
for this classification of nouns is n-1d. All but three nouns are proper
nouns, which are declined in the singular only. The only n-1d plural forms
in NTGreek are qpoio oi, and opoiooi,.

It will be important to memorize the genitive singular with the
nominative singular form, because not all nouns ending in o, are
first declension nouns (some are third declension nouns). To be
certain of the inflectional pattern of a noun, one must observe the
genitive singular as well as the nominative singular in a lexicon.

9.3.1 Case formation. First declension masculine nouns terminating
with alpha and the abbreviated genitive singular -ou, have the following
inflected case endings. Notes concerning case formation follow.

n-1d Singular Case Endings Plural Case Endings
Nominative
,
1, 2
(identical to accusative plural)
i
(identical to vocative plural)

Genitive
ou
3
(contraction)

ov
6

(contraction)

Dative
i (subscript)
4

(contraction)

i,
Accusative v
,
2

(identical to nominative singular)

Vocative

5

(no case ending)
i
(identical to nominative plural)

1. N-1d masculine noun stems are identified by removing the
nominative singular case ending (sigma). The nominative singular is
the lexical form for all n-1d nouns.

2. The case ending sigma is the case ending for both the nominative
singular and the accusative plural (and not the genitive singular and
accusative plural as in n-1a, n-1b, and n-1c first declension feminine
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nouns). Context will help to determine the proper function of the
noun.

3. First declension n-1d masculine nouns do not use the sigma for the
genitive singular as do the feminine nouns in order to avoid
confusion with the inflected nominative singular. These nouns
borrow the second declension case ending ou.

4. The masculine dative singular is actually the stem + i. The iota
regularly monophthongizes and is written under the long alpha as an
iota subscript.

Dative Singular: vtovio + i > vtovioi > vtovi o

5. The vocative singular retains the long pure nominal stem whereas
the nominative singular has the case ending sigma.

6. The genitive plural is ov because of vowel contraction. The
circumflex accent is evidence of this contraction.

9.3.2 Paradigm. A representative n-1d paradigm follows.

vtovio,, ou, o (youth, young man) vtovio + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1d
Article Noun Article Noun
Nominative o vtovio, oi vtovioi
Genitive ou vtoviou ov vtoviov
Dative o vtovio oi, vtovioi,
Accusative ov vtoviov ou, vtovio,
C
A
S
E

Vocative

vtovio

vtovioi
The diphthong becomes a single
vowel sound by the formation of
the improper diphthong, o.
The stem vowel, alpha, first combines
with the dative masculine singular case
ending, iota, to create a diphthong.
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9.3.3 Vocabulary paradigms. For illustration, examples from the
vocabulary words of this lesson whose noun stems terminate in alpha and
have the genitive singular ou are declined below.

All declined words below are proper nouns except for one. Plural forms
should not be expected for proper names. All proper nouns begin with a
capital letter to follow modern convention. The final vocalic stem vowel
alpha is always long. Furthermore, because the nominative and vocative
singulars are declined differently, the vocative is included in these
examples.

Hiio,, ou, o (Elijah) Hiio + case ending

n-1d Singular Plural
Nominative o Hiio,
Genitive ou Hii ou
Dative o Hiio
Accusative ov Hiiov
Vocative Hii o

Mtooio,, ou, o (Messiah) Mtooio + case ending

Nominative o Mtooio,
Genitive ou Mtooi ou
Dative o Mtooio
Accusative ov Mtooiov
Vocative Mtooio

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vtovio,, ou, o (youth, young man) vtovio + case ending

Dative o vtovio oi, vtovi oi,
Accusative ov vtoviov ou, vtovi o,
Vocative vtovi o vtovi oi

9.3.31 Proper names. As reference, the remaining proper names are
declined as the nouns above. None of these proper names appear in the
plural in NTGreek. The lessons vocabulary will not contain these as most
of them transliterate well into English.

Noun Translation Noun Translation
1. Apio, Adriatic Sea 12. Iooio, Josiah
2. Aivto, Aeneas 13. /uoovio, Lysanias
3. Aooio, Amaziah 14. /uoio, Lysias
4. Avovio, Ananias 15. Moio, Matthias
5. Avpto, Andrew 16. Moio, Matthias
6. Hopo_io, Barachiah 17. Mooio, Mattathias
7. Et|io, Hezekiah 18. Oio, Uzziah
8. Hooio, Isaiah 19. Oupio, Uriah
9. Itptio, Jeremiah 20. O_oio, Ahaziah
10. It_ovio, Jechoniah 21. 2ioio, Simaias
11. Iovoo, Jonathas

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9.4 First Declension Alpha 2 Masculine Nouns (n-1e)

Nominal stems ending with alpha and the abbreviated genitive singular o
are first declension masculine nouns. All but four nouns belonging to this
declension-paradigm are proper nouns, with no plural forms occurring in
NTGreek, whether for proper or common nouns. The declension-paradigm
notation for this classification of nouns is n-1e.

N-1e differs from n-1d first declension masculine nouns only in that the
genitive singular retains the long vocalic pure nominal stem like the
vocative rather than the borrowed second declension ending ou. There is
absolutely no way to determine whether a first declension masculine noun
ending with o, in the nominative singular will have ou or o in the
genitive singular other than by consulting a lexicon.

with alpha with the genitive singular -o, have the following case endings.
Notes concerning case formation follow.

n-1e Singular Case Endings Plural Case Endings
Nominative ,
1, 2
Genitive

3
(no case ending)

Dative
i (subscript)
4

(contraction)

Accusative v
Vocative

5

(no case ending)

1. N-1e masculine noun stems are identified by removing the
the lexical form for all n-1e nouns.

2. Because there are not any n-1e nouns that occur in the plural,
possible confusion between the singular nominative case ending
with sigma and the accusative plural is non-existent.

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3. First declension n-1e masculine nouns do not use the sigma for the
confusion with the inflected nominative singular. The genitive
singular retains the long vocalic pure nominal stem (like the
vocative) rather than borrowing the second declension ending ou.
There is absolutely no way to determine whether a first declension
masculine noun ending with o, in the nominative singular will have
ou or o in the genitive singular other than by consulting a lexicon.

regularly monophthongizes and is written under the long alpha as an
iota subscript.

5. The vocative singular retains the long pure nominal stem (like the
genitive singular), whereas the nominative singular has the case
ending sigma.

9.4.2 Paradigm. A representative n-1e paradigm follows.

2oovo,, o , o (Satan) 2oovo + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1e
Article Noun
Nominative o 2oovo,
Genitive ou 2oovo
Dative o 2oovo
Accusative ov 2oovov
C
A
S
E

Vocative 2oovo

9.4.3 Vocabulary paradigms. Examples from the vocabulary words of
this lesson whose noun stems terminate with alpha and have the genitive
singular o are declined below. All declined words are proper nouns.
Plural forms should not be expected for proper names. The final alpha of
the nominal stem is always long in n-1e nouns.

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Aypio,, o, o (Agrippa) Aypio + case ending

n-1e Singular Plural
Nominative o Aypio,
Genitive ou Aypio
Dative o Aypio
Accusative ov Aypiov
Vocative Aypio

Hopoo,, o , o (Barabbas) Hopoo + case ending

Nominative o Hopoo,
Genitive ou Hopoo
Dative o Hopoo
Accusative ov Hopoov
Vocative Hopoo

Hopvoo,, o , o (Barnabas) Hopvoo + case ending

Nominative o Hopvoo,
Genitive ou Hopvoo
Dative o Hopvoo
Accusative ov Hopvoov
Vocative Hopvoo

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Ooo,, o , o (Thomas) Ooo + case ending

Nominative o Ooo,
Genitive ou Ooo
Dative o Ooo
Accusative ov Ooov
Vocative Ooo

2oovo,, o , o (Satan) 2oovo + case ending

Nominative o 2oovo,
Genitive ou 2oovo
Dative o 2oovo
Vocative 2oovo

2iio, (or 2iio,), o (or o), o (Silas) 2iio + case ending

Nominative o 2iio,
Genitive ou 2iio
Dative o 2iio
Accusative ov 2iiov
Vocative 2iio

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9.4.31 Proper names. All the remaining proper names appearing in
NTGreek which are not included in this lessons vocabulary are cited
below. None of these proper names occurs in the plural in NTGreek. The
lessons vocabulary will not contain these as most of them transliterate well
into English.

1. Avvo, (H)annas 13. Iouvio, Junias
2. Avio, Antipas 14. Iovo, Jonah
3. Apto, (H)aretas 15. Koioo, Caiaphas
4. Apto, Artemas 16. Kqo, Cephas
5. Hopiovo, Bar-Jonas 17. Kitoo, Cleopas
6. Hopooo, Barsabbas 18. Kioo, Clopas
7. Lqo, Demas 19. /ou|o, Luke
8. Eiuo, Elymas 20. Nuo, Nymphas
9. Eopo, Epaphras 21. Oiuo, Olympas
10. Epo, Hermas 22. Hoptvo, Parmenas
11. Otuo, Theudas 23. Hopoo, Patrobas
12. Iouo, Judah 24. 2|tuo, Scevua

9.5 First Declension ta 1 Masculine Nouns (n-1f)

Nominal stems ending with ta and the abbreviated genitive singular ou
are first declension masculine nouns and are designated as n-1f. A
consonant ALWAYS precedes the vocalic terminal stem. This category of
nouns comprises the largest proportion of first declension masculine
nominal stems.

N-1f differs from n-1d first declension masculine nouns in two respects: the
substitution of the terminating ta for alpha in the vocalic stem (the genitive
singular for both paradigms is ou), and the use of a short alpha in the
vocative singular if the terminal consonant is tau, otherwise, the vocative
singular retains the stems vocalic pure ta.

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9.5.1 Case formation. First declension masculine nouns that terminate
in ta and have a genitive case ou exhibit the following case endings.
Notes concerning case formation follow.

n-1f Singular Case Endings Plural Case Endings
Nominative
,
1, 2
(identical to accusative plural)
i
(identical to vocative plural)

Genitive
ou
3
(contraction)
ov
6

(contraction)

Dative
i (subscript)
4

(contraction)

i,
Accusative v
,
2

(identical to nominative singular)

Vocative (o/q)
5

i
(identical to nominative plural)

1. N-1f masculine noun stems are identified by removing the
the lexical form for all n-1f nouns.

2. The case ending sigma is the case ending for both the nominative
singular and the accusative plural (and not the genitive singular and
accusative plural as in n-1a, n-1b, and n-1c first declension feminine
nouns). Context will help to determine the proper function of the
noun.

3. First declension n-1f masculine nouns do not use the sigma for the
confusion with the inflected nominative singular. These nouns
borrow the second declension case ending ou.

regularly monophthongizes and is written under the ta as an iota
subscript.

5. The vocative singular for n-1f nouns may be either a short alpha or
the retention of the ta pure nominal stem. If the consonant which
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occurs before the vocalic stem is tau, the vocative case ending is
always a short alpha, otherwise ta.

6. The genitive plural is ov because of vowel contraction. The
circumflex accent is evidence of this contraction.

9.5.2 Paradigm. A representative n-1f paradigm follows.

oqq,, ou, o (disciple) oqq + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1f
Nominative o oqq, oi oqoi
Genitive ou oqou ov oqov
Dative o oqq oi, oqoi,
Accusative ov oqqv ou, oqo ,
C
A
S
E

Vocative oqo oqoi

9.5.3 Vocabulary paradigms. Examples from the lessons vocabulary
words whose noun stems terminate in ta and have a genitive singular ou
are declined below.

Aiq, (oq,), ou, o (Hids, Hades) oq + case ending

n-1f Singular Plural
Nominative o Aiq,
Genitive ou Aiou
Dative o Aiq
Accusative ov Aiqv
Vocative Aiq
Aiq, is a proper noun of place and
only occurs in the singular. Some
translations improperly translate o
Aiq, as hell/Hell. Because this is a
proper noun of place, it should be
capitalized in translation. Note that
both the breathing and accent precede
the capital letter instead of over the iota
of the improper diphthong (cf. 5.3.22.1
and 3.3.2).

The vocative singular in the above proper noun terminates with ta
because a consonant other than tau occurs immediately before it.
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oioq,, ou, o (baptist one who baptizes)
oioq + case ending

Nominative o oioq, oi oiooi
Genitive ou oioou ov oioov
Dative o oioo oi, oiooi,
Accusative ov oioqv ou, oioo,
Vocative oioo oiooi

tooq,, ou, o (despot, lord) tooq + case ending

Nominative o tooq, oi toooi
Genitive ou tooou ov tooov
Dative o tooq oi, toooi,
Accusative ov tooqv ou, tooo,
Vocative tooo toooi

t|oovop_q,, ou, o (centurion) t|oovop_q + case ending

Nominative o t|oovop_q, oi t|oovop_oi
Genitive ou t|oovop_ou ov t|oovop_ov
Dative o t|oovop_q oi, t|oovop_oi,
Accusative ov t|oovop_qv ou, t|oovop_o,
Vocative t|oovop_q t|oovop_oi

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tuoyytiioq,, ou, o (evangelist) tuoyytiioq + case ending

Nominative o tuoyytiioq, oi tuoyytiiooi
Genitive ou tuoyytiioou ov tuoyytiioov
Dative o tuoyytiioq oi, tuoyytiiooi,
Accusative ov tuoyytiioq v ou, tuoyytiioo,
Vocative tuoyytiioo tuoyytiiooi

qioq,, ou, o (zealot) qioq + case ending

Nominative o qioq , oi qiooi
Genitive ou qioou ov qioov
Dative o qioq oi, qiooi,
Accusative ov qioqv ou, qioo ,
Vocative qioo qiooi

Ioovvq,, ou, o (John) Ioovvq + case ending

Nominative o Ioovvq,
Genitive ou Ioovvou
Dative o Ioovvq
Accusative ov Ioovvqv
Vocative Ioovvq

When ita immediately precedes a long vowel at the beginning of a
word, as in Ioovvq,, its phonetic value resembles the English y
as in yes or yam. Its phonetic sound blends with the following
long vowel (cf. 4.3.5).
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|itq,, ou, o (thief) |itq + case ending

Nominative o |itq, oi |itoi
Genitive ou |itou ov |itov
Dative o |itq oi, |itoi,
Accusative ov |itqv ou, |ito,
Vocative |ito |itoi

|piq,, ou, o (judge) |piq + case ending

Nominative o |piq, oi |pioi
Genitive ou |piou ov |piov
Dative o |piq oi, |pioi,
Accusative ov |piq v ou, |pio,
Vocative |pio |pioi

iqoq,, ou, o (robber) iqoq + case ending

Nominative o iqoq, oi iqooi
Genitive ou iqoou ov iqoov
Dative o iqoq oi, iqooi,
Accusative ov iqoqv ou, iqoo,
Vocative iqoo iqooi

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poqq,, ou, o (prophet) poqq + case ending

Nominative o poqq, oi poqoi
Genitive ou poqou ov poqov
Dative o poqq oi, poqoi,
Accusative ov poqqv ou, poqo,
Vocative poqo poqoi

opoioq,, ou, o (soldier) opoioq + case ending

Nominative o opoioq, oi opoiooi
Genitive ou opoioou ov opoioov
Dative o opoioq oi, opoiooi,
Accusative ov opoioqv ou, opoioo,
Vocative opoioo opoiooi

tuoq,, ou, o (liar) tuoq + case ending

Nominative o tuoq, oi tuooi
Genitive ou tuoou ov tuoov
Dative o tuoq oi, tuooi,
Accusative ov tuoqv ou, tuoo,
Vocative tuoo tuooi

9.5.31 Proper names. Many of the remaining proper nouns appearing
in NTGreek declined as n-1f are cited below. The lessons vocabulary will
not contain these nouns as most of them transliterate well into English.

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1. Aptooyiq, Areopagite 10. Iopovq, Jordan
2. Aoiop_q, Asiarch 11. Io|opioq, Iscariot
3. loioq, Galatian 12. Iopoqiiq, Israelite
4. Eioiq, Elamite 13. Kovoviq, Cananite
5. Eiiqvioq, Hellenist 14. /tuiq, Levite
6. Eupoq, Euphrates 15. Ni|oioiq, Nicolaitan
7. Hpo q, Herod 16. Nivtuiq, Ninevite
8. Iovvq, Jannes 17. 2oopiq, Samaritan
9. Itpoooiuiq, Jerusalemite 18. 2|uq, Scythian

9.6 First Declension ta 2 Masculine Nouns (n-1g)

Nominal stems terminating with the vocalic stem ta and the abbreviated
genitive singular q are first declension masculine nouns and are
designated as n-1g. The only examples of this paradigm in NTGreek are
Movoooq, and Iooq,. The later proper noun only occurs in Matthew
13:55 and 27:56 as a variant reading. No plural forms are attested.

N-1g nouns are distinctive in that the accented vocalic ta pure stem is
used throughout the singular except for the nominative singular.
with ta and a genitive of q have the following case endings. Notes
concerning case formation follow.

n-1g Singular Case Endings Plural Case Endings
Nominative ,
1, 2
Genitive

3

(no case ending)

Dative
i (subscript)
4

(contraction)

Accusative

3, 5

(no case ending)
Vocative

3

(no case ending)

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1. N-1g masculine noun stems are identified by removing the
the lexical form for all n-1g nouns.

2. There are no attested plurals for these nouns in NTGreek. However,
if there were, the nominative singular and the accusative plural
would share inflected case endings.

3. The genitive, accusative, and vocative singulars share inflected case
endings, the vocalic stem ta.

regularly monophthongizes and is written under the ta as an iota
subscript.

5. The normal accusative singular case ending v is truncated, leaving
only the accented vocalic stem vowel ta.

9.6.2 Paradigm. A representative n-1g paradigm follows.

Movoooq,, q , o (Manasseh) Movoooq + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1g
Article Noun
Nominative o Movoooq,
Genitive ou Movoooq
Dative o Movoooq
Accusative ov Movoooq
C
A
S
E

Vocative

Movoooq

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9.7 First Declension Contract Nouns (n-1h)

Six first declension nouns in NTGreek are contracted. Two of them are
masculine proper names and the others common nouns. Of these
common nouns, only one is masculine and the others feminine. Because
these nouns share other paradigm patterns already studied, there are not
any new case endings to be learned with this paradigm.

These six nouns originally ended with two vowels that contracted, resulting
in further contraction with the vowel case ending (if any). Because these
nouns underwent contraction, the final vowel is long and will always have a
circumflex over the stem vowel.

The declension-paradigm notation for all first declension contract nouns is
n-1h, whether feminine or masculine.

9.7.1 Feminine contract nouns.

9.7.11 Contracted alpha alpha. Mvo (mina) is the only first declension
feminine n-1h contracted noun in NTGreek (5x) that originally ended with
oo. The noun is declined identically to n-1a nouns.

The non-contracted form, voo, is never found in NTGreek. The lexical
entry form is its contracted form, vo.

vo, o,, q (mina) vo + case ending (n-1a) listen

Singular Plural
n-1h
Nominative q vo oi voi
Genitive q, vo, ov vov
Dative q vo oi, voi,
Accusative qv vov o, vo,
C
A
S
E

Vocative vo voi

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9.7.12 Contracted epslon-alpha. lq (earth, soil; +250x) and ou|q
(fig tree; 16x) are the only two contracted feminine nouns in NTGreek
that originally ended with to. These nouns are declined identically to n-1b
nouns. Furthermore, neither of these nouns occurs in the plural.

The non-contracted forms, yto and ou|to, are never found in NTGreek.
The lexical entry forms are their contracted form, yq and ou|q.

yq , q,, q (earth, soil) yq + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1h
Article Noun
Nominative q yq
Genitive q, yq,
Dative q yq
Accusative qv yqv
C
A
S
E

Vocative yq

ou|q, q,, q (fig tree) ou|q + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1h
Article Noun
Nominative q ou|q
Genitive q, ou|q,
Dative q ou|q
Accusative qv ou|qv
C
A
S
E

Vocative ou|q

________________________________________________________________

9.7.2 Masculine contract nouns

9.7.21 Epq, (Hermes) and Atiiq, (Apelles) are the only two n-
1h contracted masculine proper names in NTGreek that originally ended
with to. These nouns are declined identically to n-1f nouns.

The non-contracted forms, Epto and Atiito, are never found in
NTGreek. The lexical entry forms are their contracted forms.

Epq,, ou, o (Hermes) Epq + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1h
Article Noun
Nominative o Epq,
Genitive ou Epou
Dative o Epq
Accusative ov Epqv
C
A
S
E

Vocative Epq

Atiiq,, ou, o (Apelles) Atiiq + case ending listen

Singular Plural
n-1h
Article Noun
Nominative o Atiiq,
Genitive ou Atiiou
Dative o Atiiq
Accusative ov Atiiqv
C
A
S
E

Vocative Atiiq

9.7.22 oppo,, o, o (north) is the only contracted n-1h masculine
common noun in NTGreek (2x) that ended with to. It only occurs in the
genitive case as part of a prepositional phrase and follows the n-1e
declension pattern.
________________________________________________________________

9.8 Declension-Paradigm Notation for First Declension

The five paradigms encountered in this lesson for first declension
masculine and contract masculine and feminine nouns are presented in
tandem for the purposes of comparing and contrasting the singular
inflected forms. Except for accent, all plurals are inflected identically.

n-1d (Alpha 1)
listen
Singular Plural
Dative o vtovio oi, vtovioi,
Accusative ov vtoviov ou, vtovio,
Vocative vtovio vtovioi

n-1e (Alpha 2)
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative o 2oovo,
Genitive ou 2oovo
Dative o 2oovo
Vocative 2oovo

n-1f (ta 1)
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative o oqq, oi oqoi
Genitive ou oqou ov oqov
Dative o oqq oi, oqoi,
Accusative ov oqqv ou, oqo,
Vocative oqo oqoi
n-1d (Alpha 1)

The abbreviation n-1d
represents the following:

n = noun (part of speech)
1 = first declension
d = paradigm d

The stem vowel, alpha, is always
pronounced long.

n-1e (Alpha 2)

The abbreviation n-1e

e = paradigm e

All n-1e nouns occur only in the
singular in NTGreek. Except for
three nouns, all are proper nouns.

n-1f (ta 1)

The abbreviation n-1f

f = paradigm f

Most first declension
masculine nouns in NTGreek
follow this paradigm.

________________________________________________________________

n-1g (ta 2)
listen
Singular Plural
Nominative o Movoooq,
Genitive ou Movoooq
Dative o Movoooq
Accusative ov Movoooq
Vocative Movoooq

n-1h (Feminine Contract)
Singular (oo) Singular (to)
Nominative q vo q yq
Genitive q, vo, q, yq,
Dative q vo q yq
Accusative qv vov qv yqv
Vocative vo yq

n-1h (Masculine Contract)
listen
Singular (to) Plural
Nominative o Epq,
Genitive ou Epou
Dative o Epq
Accusative ov Epqv
Vocative Epq

n-1g (ta 2)

The abbreviation n-1g

g = paradigm g

One and perhaps two proper nouns
in NTGreek follow this paradigm. No
plurals are exemplified.

n-1h Feminine Contract

The abbreviation n-1h

h = paradigm h

lq occurs over 250x in
NTGreek.

n-1h Masculine Contract

The abbreviation n-1h

h = paradigm h

Only two contract masculine
proper nouns appear in NTGreek
in the first declension that end
with epslon alpha.

________________________________________________________________

9.9 Overview of All First Declension Paradigms

9.9.1 Feminine Nouns
Uncontracted Nouns n-1a n-1b n-1c
Nominative opo ovq oo
Genitive opo, ovq, oq,
Dative opo ovq oq
Accusative opov ovqv oov
Vocative opo ovq oo
Contract Nouns
n-1h (oo) n-1h (to)
Plural Endings
Nominative vo yq i
Genitive vo, yq, ov
Dative vo yq i,
Accusative vov yqv ,
Vocative vo yq i
I
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l

E
n
d
i
n
g
s

F
o
r

A
l
l

P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
s

Notes:

1. N-1h contracted nouns are declined exactly like n-1a nouns whose
stems end with alpha-alpha (-oo). The alpha is long in the
nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of most n-1a (and all
n-1h) feminine nouns; however for those whose antepenult syllable
is accented with an acute in the lexical form (e.g. oiqtio) the alpha
is short in these three forms. The dative form is always long
because of monophthongization.

2. N-1h contracted nouns are declined exactly like n-1b nouns whose
stems end with epsilon-alpha (to).
3. The nominal stem alpha is short in nouns declined like n-1c. The
letter with which the hybrid stem ends cannot be reduced to rule;
however o/q-mixed endings always appear after zta (), double-
lambda (ii), xs (), and sigma (o). This does not imply that o/q-
mixed endings do not appear after other consonants as well!

________________________________________________________________

9.9.2 Masculine Nouns
Uncontracted Nouns n-1d n-1e n-1f n-1g
Nominative vtovio, 2oovo, oqq, Movoooq,
Genitive vtoviou 2oovo oqou Movoooq
Dative vtovio 2oovo oqq Movoooq
Accusative vtoviov 2oovov oqqv Movoooq
Vocative vtovio 2oovo oqo Movoooq
Contract Nouns
n-1h (to)
Plural Endings
Nominative Epq, i
Genitive Epou ov
Dative Epq i,
Accusative Epqv ,
Vocative

Epq i
I
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l

E
n
d
i
n
g
s

F
o
r

A
l
l

P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
s

Notes:

1. All first declension masculine nouns use sigma as their
nominative case ending. The case ending is borrowed from the
second declension since most second declension nouns are
masculine and the tendency is to harmonize all masculine nouns.

2. All but three nouns in the n-1d paradigm are proper nouns, which
of course are declined only in the singular. The only plural forms
in NTGreek are two common nouns, qpoiooi, (one who kills
his mother) and opoiooi, (one who kills his father).

3. N-1f paradigm nouns differ from n-1d paradigm nouns only in the
substitution of ta for alpha in the nominative, dative, and
accusative singular, and in the use of a short alpha rather than a
long alpha in the vocative singular.

4. Contracted masculine n-1h nouns are declined exactly like those
in paradigm n-1f. Both feminine and masculine nouns in the n-1h
paradigm always have the circumflex over the stem vowel.
________________________________________________________________

9.10 Vocabulary Study

Vocabulary Word Meaning Part of Speech
Agrippa proper noun
Aypio,, o, o
Stem: Aypio
Aypio, (A-grp-pas) n-1e
Hades proper noun
oq, ( Aiq,), ou, o
Stem: oq (a proper noun that is
not capitalized in Greek texts. When
alpha is capitalized, the adscript may
also be written under alpha [ Aq,]).
oq, or Aiq, / Aq, (hi-ds) n-1f
NB. When capitalized, both the breathing and accent
come before the alpha to differentiate the vowel
combination as an improper diphthong.
baptist,
one who baptizes
noun
oioq,, ou, o
Stem: oioq
oioq, (bap-ti-sts) n-1f
Barabbas proper noun
Hopoo,, o, o
Stem: Hopoo
Hopoo, (Ba-rab-bs) n-1e
Barnabas proper noun
Hopvoo,, o, o
Stem: opvoo
opvoo, (Bar-na-bs) n-1e
earth, soil, land noun
yq, q,, q
Stem: yq
yq (g) n-1h
despot, lord noun
tooq,, ou, o
Stem: tooq
tooq, (de-sp-ts) n-1f
centurion noun
t|oovop_q,, ou, o
Stem: t|oovop_q
t|oovop_q, (he-ka-ton-tr-chs) n-1f
Hermes proper noun
Epq,, ou, o
Stem: Epq
Epq, (Her-ms) n-1h
evangelist noun
tuoyytiioq,, ou, o
Stem: tuoyytiioq
tuoyytiioq, (eu-an-ge-li-sts) n-1f
Zachariah proper noun
Zo_opio,, ou, o
Stem: Zo_opio
Zo_opio, (Za-cha-r-as) n-1d
________________________________________________________________

zealot noun
qioq,, ou, o
Stem: qioq
qioq, (z-l-ts) n-1f
or conjunction
q

q ()
Elijah proper noun
Hiio,, ou, o
Stem: Hiio
Hiio, (E-li-as) n-1d
Thomas proper noun
Ooo,, o, o
Stem: Ooo
Ooo, (Th-ms) n-1e
John proper noun
Ioovvq,, ou, o
Stem: Ioovvq
Ioovvq, (I--n-ns) n-1f
thief noun
|itq,, ou, o
Stem: |itq
|itq, (kl-pts) n-1f
judge noun
|piq,, ou, o
Stem: |piq
|piq, (kri-ts) n-1f
robber noun
iqoq,, ou, o
Stem: iqoq
iqoq, (li-sts) n-1f
disciple noun
oqq,, ou, o
Stem: oqq
oqq, (ma-th-ts) n-1f
pearl noun
opyopiq,, ou, o
Stem: opyopiq
opyopiq, (mar-ga-r-ts) n-1f
Messiah proper noun
Mtooio,, ou, o
Stem: Mtooio
Mtooio, (Mes-s-as) n-1d
mina noun
vo, o,, q
Stem: vo

vo (mn) n-1h
youth, young man noun vtovio,, ou, o
Stem: vtovio
vtovio, (ne-a-n-as) n-1d
________________________________________________________________

master of the house noun oi|otooq,, ou, o
Stem: oi|otooq
oi|otooq, (oi-ko-de-sp-ts) n-1f
prophet noun
poqq,, ou, o
Stem: poqq
poqq, (pro-ph-ts) n-1f
Satan proper noun
2oovo,, o, o
Stem: 2oovo
2oovo, (Sa-ta-ns) n-1e
Silas proper noun
2iio,, o, o
Stem: 2iio
alternate: 2iio,, o
2iio, (S-las) n-1e
Stephen proper noun
2tovo,, o, o
Stem: 2tovo
2tovo, (Ste-pha-ns) n-1e
soldier noun
opoioq,, ou, o
Stem: opoioq
opoioq, (stra-ti--ts) n-1f
fig tree noun
ou|q, q,, q
Stem: ou|q
ou|q (su-k) n-1h
false prophet noun
tuopoqq,, ou, o
Stem: tuopoqq
tuopoqq, (pseu-do-pro-ph-ts)
n-1f
liar noun
tuoq,, ou, o
Stem: tuoq
tuoq, (pse-sts) n-1f

________________________________________________________________

9

The following exercises will guide the student in grasping the essential
elements in this lesson. If you cannot answer a question, take the time
now and restudy the material. Remember that there are not any time
limits in answering these questions.

Exercise One: Fill in the blank.

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the article. It is
essential to know flawlessly the article paradigm.

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Study Guide
First Declension Nouns (Module B)
Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 4)

2. Supply the article and inflectional endings for the following nouns.

a. |opio, o,, q (heart)

Singular Plural
n-1a
Nominative |opio |opio__
Genitive |opio__ |opi__
Dative |opio |opio__
Accusative |opio__ |opio__
C
A
S
E

Vocative |opio |opio__

________________________________________________________________

b. oyoq, q,, q (love)

Singular Plural
n-1b
Nominative oyoq oyoo__
Genitive oyoq__ oyo__
Dative oyoq oyoo__
Accusative oyoq__ oyoo__
C
A
S
E

Vocative oyoq oyoo__

c. oo, q,, q (glory)

Singular Plural
n-1c
Nominative oo oo__
Genitive oq__ o__
Dative oq oo__
Accusative oo__ oo__
C
A
S
E

Vocative oo oo__

d. Mtooio,, ou, o (Messiah)

Singular Plural
n-1d
Nominative

Mtooio__
Genitive

Mtooi __
Dative

Mtooi o
Accusative

Mtooio__
C
A
S
E

Vocative

Mtooio

________________________________________________________________

e. 2oovo,, o, o (Satan)

Singular Plural
n-1e
Article Noun
Nominative

2oovo __
Genitive

2oovo
Dative

2oovo
Accusative

2oovo __
C
A
S
E

Vocative

2oovo

f. oqq,, ou, o (disciple)

Singular Plural
n-1f
Nominative

oqq__

oqo_
Genitive

oq__

oq__
Dative

oqq

oqo___
Accusative

oqq__

oqo __
C
A
S
E

Vocative

oq_

oqo_

g. yq q,, q (earth, soil, land)

Singular Plural
Feminine n-1h
Article Noun
Nominative

yq
Genitive

yq __
Dative

yq
Accusative

yq __
C
A
S
E

Vocative

yq

________________________________________________________________

3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate paradigm of the designated
noun. Except for the genitive plural, the accent will remain over the
same vowel throughout the paradigm. In the case of the genitive
plural, the circumflex accent will always appear over the omega.

vtovio,
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative

Aypio,
n-1e Singular
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative

poqq,
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
________________________________________________________________

4. Supply the correct Greek article before each of the following nouns.

1. oi|otooou
25.
opov
2. oiqtio
26.
|upio
3. loiiioiov
27.
ooiitio
4. iioi,
28.
qpiov
5. poqqv
29.
opyopiq
6. oi|otoooi
30.
opoioou
7. tuopoqqv
31.
tuoq
8. o iooooi
32.
opo
9. ooiitiov
33.
uvo,
10. oiqtiov
34.
ooio
11. yq
35.
yqv
12. ou|q
36.
ou|q
13. 2iio,
37.
2oovo,
14. Hopvoo
38.
Ooov
15. Aypiov
39.
2tovo
16. oqoi
40.
oqou
17. Aiq, (oq,)
41.
oioov
18. oiooi
42.
oo,
19. tpyov
43.
Xpioiovoi
20. ooi
44.
qpiov
21. oiqtioi,
45.
oupovoi,
22. |piou
46.
|piqv
23. iqoq,
47.
oqoi,
24. opoioq
48.
tuoo,
________________________________________________________________

49. yq, 54. ou|qv
50. vov 55. voi
51. oov 56. |opiov
52. |toiqv 57. |upioi,
53. to 58. tou,

Exercise Two: Mind Bender. Choose the noun or nouns that are in the
same gender, number, and case as the key word. More than one match is
possible.

Example: qv ovqv Atiiqv vo, |piqv yqv

In the example above, ovqv is feminine accusative singular.
Although Atiiqv and |piqv are accusative singular, they would not
be chosen because both are masculine nouns. Mvo, would also be
incorrect because it is feminine accusative plural.

The difficulty in this exercise arises between reconciling grammatical
agreement and phonetic dissonance. This is because nouns are being
compared across declensions that do not always share the same
inflected endings. An example is ioyoi and poqoi. The inflected
endings, oi and oi are in grammatical concord (masculine nominative
plural), although they differ in both spelling and pronunciation.

What is the solution? Know your vocabulary well! This includes the
words gender, nominal stem, declension-paradigm notation, and
accent. Strive to learn the nominative and genitive lexical form of every
noun. This takes time, patience, and the acknowledgment that learning
NTGreek is not easy. The future rewards, however, will be enormous
when you can read NTGreek and know the authorial grammatical and
syntactical intent of the original Greek authors.

Give the exercise its due time. Begin by parsing the key word. If it is
too difficult, then review the inflected endings for that particular
paradigm. Both first and second declension nouns are included in this
exercise. The article is included with the key word as an aid.
________________________________________________________________

Key Word

1. o ooooio, tpyov oo, ioyo,
2. ou uvou oq oioou |itou
3. o tpyo |ito, iiou, opo
4. o ooooio Ioovvq poqoi, ou|q
5. ov ioyov yq, Mtooiov iiov
6. oi oioi qiooi oiooi tuooi
7. ov Hopvoov ouooov Hiiov opov
8. q, ioit|ou piq, oiqtio, yq,
9. Xpiot Ooo oq Ioovvq
10 oi, _opoi, oiooi, ouoooi, opoi,
11. o itpov tuoyytiioqv tuoyytiiov oyytiov
12. q opto opov i io, tpyo
13. ou povou tov uiou Aiq,
14. o Zo_opio io yo tooq |it q,
15. o poqq, iqoq, tuooi yq,
16. oi voi poqoi oqoi ooi
17. ov |upiov toi, Htpov oooov
18. o t|vov itpo iiov tpyov
19. ou, vtovio, oioo, poqo, ovpoou,
20. ov ioyov poqov ovi_pioov ioit|ov
21. oi tuooi ooi oi|oi o_io,
22. oi, toi, ooooi, t|voi, ovpooi,
23. o Houio, qioq, |itoi tooov
24. ov 2iiov Ioovvqv |itqv yqv
25. ou ovi_pioou Ioovvq, iqoov oqou
26. uit |piq ooooit oqo
27. oi, poqoi, Htpo povoi, opoi,
28. oi oqoi |itoi poqoi oyytioi

________________________________________________________________

Exercise Three: Grammatical Parsing. Parse the following forms. .

D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n

h
o
u
r

L
e
x
i
c
a
l

F
o
r
m

o
p
o

D
e
c
l

n
-
1
a

N
u
m

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

G
e
n
d
e
r

f
e
m
i
n
i
n
e

C
a
s
e

n
o
m
/
v
o
c

W
o
r
d

o
p
o

q
i
o
o
u

I
o
o
v
v
q

|
i
t
o
,

q
,

i
q
o
q
v

|
p
i
o
i
,

o
p
y
o
p
i
p
o
o
v

p
o
q
v

t
u
o
o
,

o
p
o
i
o
o
i

q
t
p
o
,

u
_
o
i
,

y
q
v

2
o
o
v
o
v

|
p
i
q
,

o
i
,

________________________________________________________________

Exercise Four: True or False. Circle the correct answer. Be careful,
because all of the answer has to be correct in order for it to be true.

1. First declension feminine nouns are inflected differently in the plural.
True False

2. Monophthongization does NOT occur in first declension masculine
dative singular nouns. True False

3. There are NOT any neuter nouns in the first declension. True False

4. There are more masculine nouns in the first declension than feminine
nouns. True False

5. There are NOT any contract nouns in the first declension. True False

6. It is NOT important to memorize the genitive singular for first declension
nouns. True False

7. The correct declension-paradigm notation for Mtooio, is n-2d.
True False

8. The correct declension-paradigm notation for oqq, is n-1f.
True False

9. The correct declension-paradigm notation for oioq, is n-1f.
True False

10. The first declension is sometimes called the alpha-declension.
True False

11. Monophthongization always occurs in first declension feminine dative
singular nouns. True False

12. Monophthongization always occurs in first declension masculine
dative singular nouns. True False

13. There are less paradigms in the first declension than in the second
declension. True False

________________________________________________________________

Exercise Five: Lexical form. Supply the correct lexical form for the
following inflected words.

Inflected
Form
Lexical
Form
Inflected
Form
Lexical
Form
1.
toi
16.
ioyov
2.
poqoi
17.
ouio
3.
oqov
18.
_opo,
4.
tuoou
19.
Movoooq
5.
voi,
20.
yq,
6.
ovq,
21.
opov
7.
oyoq
22.
Hiiou
8.
oiqtiov
23.
Zo_opiov
9.
opooiq
24.
Mtooio
10.
ovpoou,
25.
vtovio,
11.
Hopoo
26.
Ooo
12.
2oovo,
27.
2iio
13.
2tovo
28.
Aiou
14.
oioo
29.
oqqv
15.
Ioovvou
30.
oioooo,

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9

First Declension Nouns (Module B)

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