Internet and World Wide Web

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The Internet
Definition:-

The Internet (also known as Net) is a worldwide collection of networks that links
millions of business, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.

Services Found on the Internet:-

Following are a few services that can be found on the internet:-

1. E-mail
2. Web
3. File Transfer
4. Chat
5. Message Board
6. Instant Messaging

History of the Internet

The ARPANET

The history of the internet can be retraced to late 1960s and early 1970s when a
networking project started by the Pentagon’s Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA), an
agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPA’s goal was to build a network that could do
following two things:-

(i) Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work
together on military and scientific projects.
(ii) Function if the part of network were disabled or destroyed by a nuclear attack.

The network called ARPANET became functional in September 1969, linking scientific and
academic researches across the United States.

The original ARPANET consisted of four main computers, one each located at the
University of California at Los Angeles, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the
Stanford Research Institute, and the University of Utah. Each computer served as host, more
commonly known as server, is any computer that provides services and connections to other
computer over the network.

Expansion of the ARPANET

As researcher and other people realized the great benefit of the use of ARPANET’s e-mail
to share data and information, ARPANET underwent phenomenal growth. By 1984, ARPANET
had more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts. Some organizations connected
their entire network to ARPANET to take advantage of the high-speed communication it
offered.

NSFnet
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In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) connected its huge network of five
supercomputer centers, called NSFnet to ARPANET. This configuration becomes known as the
internet.

Until 1995, NSFnet handled the bulk of the communication activity, or traffic, on the
internet, in 1995, NSFnet terminated its network and resumed its status as a research
network.

Internet of Today

Today, Internet consists of many local, regional, national, and international networks.
Numerous corporations, commercial firms, and other companies such as IBM provide
networks to handle the Internet traffic. Both public and private organizations own networks
on the internet.

Who Controls the Internet? – No One

Even as the Internet grows, it remains a public, cooperative, and independent

network. Each organization on the internet is only responsible for maintaining its own
network. No single person, company, institution, government agency controls or owns the
internet.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) overseas research and sets standards and
guideline for many areas of the Internet. The mission of W3C is to contribute to the growth
of the web. Nearly 400 organizations from around the world are members of the W3C. They
advise, define standards, and address other issues.

Internet2

Internet2 is another non-profit project connects more than 206 educational and 60
research institutions via a high-speed private network. When used solely as a research tool,
Internet2 applications process massive amount of data, such as linking observatories atop
Hawaii’s tallest mountains and video conferences from 20 remote sites across the world.

Connecting to the Internet

We can connect to internet by one of the following ways:-

1. Dial-up Access
2. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
3. Cable Modem
4. Fiber to the Premises (FTTP)
5. Fixed Wireless
6. Wireless Modem
7. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
8. Satellite Modem
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1. Dial-up Access:-

Dial-up Access takes place when the modem inside the computer uses a standard
telephone line to connect to internet

➢ Dial-up is a slow speed technology.

2. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):-

DSL is a technology that provides high-speed internet connections using regular

copper telephone lines.

3. Cable Modem:-

A Cable Modem allows access to high speed Internet services through the cable
television network.

4. Fiber to the Premises (FTTP):-

FTTP uses a fiber-optic cable to provide high-speed Internet access to home and
business users.

5. Fixed Wireless:-

Fixed Wireless high-speed internet connections use a dish-shaped antenna on the

house or business to communicate with a tower location via radio signals.

6. Wireless Modem:-

A Wireless Modem allows access to the internet through a cellular network.

7. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi):-

A Wi-Fi networks uses radio signals to provide Internet connections to wireless

computers and devices.

➢ Wi-Fi is used by mobile users.

➢ Hot Spot: Many public locations such as airports, hostels, schools, shopping malls,
and the coffee shops, are hot spots that provide Wi-Fi internet connections.

8. Satellite Modem:-

A Satellite Modem communicates with a satellite dish to provide high-speed internet

connections via satellite.

➢ In most cases Broad Band Internet access is always on i.e., it is connected to the
Internet the entire time the computer is running.
➢ In Dial-Up Access we need to connect to the Internet every time we turn our
computer on.
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Accessing the Internet

Access Provider:-

An access provider is a business that provides individuals and companies access to

the internet free or for a fee

There are two types of Access Providers which provide users the access to the internet:-

1. Regional or National Internet Service Provider (ISP)

2. Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)

1. Regional or National ISP:-

An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a regional or national access provider.

(i) Regional ISP:-

A regional ISP usually provides Internet access to a specific geographic area.

(ii) National ISP:-

A national ISP is a business that provides Internet access in cities and towns
nationwide.

2. Wireless Internet Service Provider:-

A WISP is a company that provides wireless Internet access to desktop and notebook
computers and mobile devices or to computers using wireless modems or wireless access
capabilities.

➢ Wireless modems are usually in form of a card that inserts in a slot in a computer or a
mobile device.
➢ Generally it dials a telephone number to establish a connection with the wireless
internet.

How Data Travels the Internet

Computers connected to the internet work together to transfer data and information
around the world using servers and clients. On the internet our computer is a client that can
access data, information, and services on a variety of servers.

The inner structures of the internet works much like a transport system. Just as
interstate highways connect major cities carry the bulk of automotive traffic across the
country, several main transmission media carry the heaviest amount of traffic on the
internet.

➢ Internet Backbone:-
The major carriers of the network traffic are known as the Internet backbone.
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How a Home User’s Data Might Travel the Internet Using DSL:-

The data of a home user might travel the internet using cable modem by taking the
following steps:-

Step 1: You initiate action to request data from the internet.

Step 2: Modem converts digital signal to analogue signal.
Step 3: Data request travels through telephone line to ISP.
Step 4: Data request passes through router.
Step 5: Regional ISP uses leased line to send data to a National ISP.
Step 6: National ISP routes data request through internet backbone to server.
Step 7: Server computer sends the requested data back to you.
So, technically saying it goes as follow:-

➢ Your Computer
➢ Modem
➢ Dial-up Program
➢ Telephone Lines / Cables
➢ ISP
➢ Server
➢ Your Requested data

Internet Addressing
IP Address:-

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a number that uniquely identifies each

computer or device connected to the internet.

IP address usually consists of four groups of numbers, each separated by a period;

the number in each group is from 0 to 255. For example, the numbers 172.16.21.55 are an
IP address. In general, the first portion of each IP address identifies the network and the last
portion identifies the specific computer.

Domain Name:-

A Domain Name is the text version of an IP address.

Because IP addresses are very difficult to remember and use, the internet supports
the use of a text name that represents one or more IP addresses. As with IP addresses the
domain name are also separated by periods

Example:-

Domain Name: www.google.com

IP Address: 216.239.39.99
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The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (or Web) consists of a world wide collection of electronic
documents.

Web:-

Each electronic document on the web is called a web page, which can contain text,
graphics, audio, and video.

➢ Web Pages usually built0in connections to other documents.

➢ Some web pages are static (Fixed), others are dynamic (changing).
Static Web Page: Visitors to a Static Web page all see the same content.
Dynamic Web Page: Visitor can customize some or all the viewed contents. Such as
desired stock quotes, ticket availability for flights.

Website:-

Website is a collection of related web pages and associated items, such as

documents and pictures, stored on a web server.

➢ A website may be used for advertisement, advocacy, and news etc.

➢ Home Page: The first page of the website display.
Web Server:-

A Web Server is a computer that delivers requested web pages to your computer.

➢ The same web server can store multiple websites.

Web Browser:-

A Web Browser (or Browser) is application software that allows the users to access
and view web pages.

➢ The more widely used web browsers for personal computers are: Internet Explorer,
Fire Fox, Opera, Netscape, and Safari.
➢ Downloading: Downloading is a process of computer receiving information, such as
web page, from a server on the internet.
➢ Connecting to a Web Browser:
Step 1: Connect to the internet.
Step 2: Open the Web Browser.
Step 3: Type the web URL.
Step 4: Connection to the server occurs and a home page is displayed.

Web Address (URL):-

A web page has a unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

➢ Every Web Site has a unique address called a URL.

➢ We need to enter the web address correctly in your web browser otherwise it would
not open the desired page for you.
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➢ The entered web address will deliver the requested web pages from the computer
called the web servers.
➢ Web Servers: The computers that hold the web pages are called the web server.
Hyperlink:-

A Hyperlink (shortly known as link) is a built-in connection to another related

webpage or a part of the webpage.

➢ There are two types of hyper-links:-

(i) Hypertext: Hypertext refers to links in text-based documents.
(ii) Hypermedia: Hypermedia combines text-based links with graphic, audio,
➢ Links allow us to obtain information in an indirect way.
➢ Recognizing Links:-
i. Links may be underlined and/or displayed in different colors.
ii. The pointer changes to a small hand as it is rolled over.
iii. The Link sometimes changes its appearance when pointer is rolled over it.
➢ Tabbed Browsing:-
Many current pages now a day’s support Tabbed Browsing, where the top of
the browser displays a tab for each page that we visit.

Searching for Information on Web

Search Tools:-

There are two types of search tools:-

(i) Search Engine

(ii) Subject Directory

(i) Search Engine:-

A Search Engine is a program that finds Web sites, Web pages, images, videos, news,
and other information related to the specific topic.

➢ Some Search Engine search through web pages for all types of information. Other
search engines can restrict their searches to a specific type of information, such as
following items, Images, Videos, Audios, News, Maps, People or Business, Blogs.
➢ Search Text/Key Word: Search engine requires that you enter a word or phrase,
called Search Text or Key Word. That describes the item that you want to find.
➢ Hits: The result of the search is called hits, that link to the web pages. Each hit in the
list has a link when clicked, displays an associated web site or web page.
➢ Techniques to improve Search:-
1. Use specific nouns and put the most important terms first in the search
text.
2. List all possible spellings.
3. Before using a search engine read its help information.
4. If the search is unsuccessful with one search engine try another.

(ii) Subject Directories:-

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A subject directory provides categorized list of links arranged by subject.

➢ Each time we click a category link the subject directory displays a list of sub category
links form which you again choose. We continue in this fashion until the search tool
displays a list of web pages about the desired topic.
➢ Major Problem: Major Problem with the subject directory is deciding which
categories to choose as you work through the menus of links presented.

Types of Websites:-
Following are the eight types of websites:-

1. Portal
2. News
3. Informational
4. Business/Marketing
5. Educational
6. Entertainment
7. Advocacy
8. Personal

1. Portal:-

A portal is a Web Site that offers a Varity of internet services form a single,
convenient location.

➢ Most portals offer the following free services: search engines, subject directory, news,
sports, weather, web publishing, reference tools, such as yellow pages, stock quotes,
maps, shopping, e-mail, and other forms of online communication.
➢ Online Community: An Online Community is a Web Site that joins a specific group
of people with similar interests and relationship.
➢ Most popular Portal are: AltaVista, Excite, Go.com, iGoogle, msn.com, yahoo.com,
looksmart, Lycos, Netscape.

2. News:-

News web sites contains news worthy material including stories and articles relating
to current events, life, money, sports, and the weather.

➢ Newspapers and TV and Radio Stations are some of the media that maintain news
Web Sites

3. Informational:-

Informational Web Sites contains factual information.

➢ Many government agencies have informational websites providing information such

as census data, text codes, and the congressional budget.

4. Business/Marketing:-
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A Business/Marketing Web Sites contains content that promotes or sells product or

services nearly every business has a Business/Marketing website.

➢ Many of these companies also allow you to purchase their products or services
online.

5. Educational:-

An educational Web Site offers exciting, challenging avenues for formal and informal
teaching and the learning.

6. Entertainment:-

An entertainment Web Site offers an interactive and engaging environment.

➢ Popular entertainment web sites offer music, videos, and sports, games, on going
web episodes, sweep stakes, charts, and more.

7. Advocacy:-

Advocacy Web Site contains content that describe a cause, opinion, or idea.

➢ These websites usually present views of a particular group or association.

8. Personal Web Site:-

A personal Web Site is a Web Site that is about a single individual or a group that is
either maintained by them or may be some other.

Multimedia on the Web:-

Multimedia:-

Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with graphics animation,
audio, video, and virtual reality.

➢ Multimedia Web Pages often require specific hardware and software and take more
time to download because of their heavy sizes

Graphics:-

A graphic or a graphical image is a digital representation of non-text information,

such as drawing, chart, or photo.

➢ General Formats: Following are the most commonly used graphical formats on the
web: BPM, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.
➢ Thumbnail: Thumbnail is a smaller version of larger graphic. We usually click a
thumbnail to display a larger image.

Animation:-
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Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying the series of still images
in sequence.

➢ Animation can make web page more visually appealing

➢ They draw attention to important information or links.
➢ General Format: GIF is the format used for animations.

Audio:-

Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound.

➢ Player: To listen to an audio file on your computer, you need a special file called
player.
➢ Streaming: Streaming is a process of transferring data in a continuous and even
flow.
➢ Audio Streaming: Audio Streaming is a process of transferring audio data in a
continuous and even flow.
➢ General Formats: General Formats used for audio are: MP3, WMV, RA, AAC, AIFF,
ASF, WAV, and QT.

Video:-

Video consists of full-motion images that are played back at various speeds.

➢ Streaming Video: Streaming Video allows us to watch longer or live video images
as they are downloaded to our computer.
➢ GENERAL FORMATS: General video formats used are, WMV, MPEG-4, AVI, and RM.
Plug-In:-

A plug-in (or an add-on) is a program that extends the capability of the web browser.

➢ Most web browsers have the capability of displaying basic multimedia elements on a
Web Page.
➢ Plug-in is a configuration software

Web Publishing
Web Publishing is the development and maintenance of Web pages.

Steps to Web Publishing:-

The five major steps to Web Publishing are as follow:-

Step 1: Plan a Web Site

Step 2: Analyze and Design the Web Site
Step 3: Create the Web Site
Step 4: Develop the Web Site
Step 5: Maintain the Web Site.
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E-Commerce
E-Commerce (short for Electronic Commerce) is a business transaction that occurs
over an electronic network such as the internet.

➢ Anyone with access to Internet connection and a mean to pay for purchased goods or
services can participate in e-commerce.
➢ M-commerce: The e-commerce that is done through mobile devices is sometimes
referred to as m-commerce.

Types of e-commerce:-

Three different types of e-commerce are:-

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
2. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
3. Business-to-Business (B2B)

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C):-

A Business-to-Consumer occurs when a consumer, instead of going to the stores,

purchases the product over the internet (from the company’s website) by ordering for it.

➢ The consumer visits an online business website through electronic software, which
contains images, descriptions, and a shopping cart.
➢ Shopping Cart: A shopping cart allows the consumer to collect purchases.
➢ When ready to complete the sale consumer enters the personal data and the method
of payment.

2. Consumer-to-Consumer:-

A consumer-to-consumer e-commerce occurs when one consumer directly sells (or

buys), to (or from) another consumer.

➢ Online Auction: An online auction is a web site where users bid in the items that are
sold by someone else. The highest bidder at the end of the bid purchases the item.
➢ EBay is one of the most popular C2C website.
3. Business-to-Business:-

A Business-to-Business e-commerce takes place between businesses.

➢ Business often provide goods and services to other businesses, such as online
advertising, recruiting, credit, sales, market research, technical support, and training.

Other Internet Services

E-mail:-

E-mail (short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and files via a
computer network.
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➢ E-mail is one of the original services on the internet.

➢ Messages can consist on simple texts or can contain attachments such as
documents, graphics, or audio/video clips.
➢ E-mail services can be provided either by internet service providers or internet
services (which may be paid or may be free) such as, AOL, msn, yahoo.
➢ E-mail Program: An e-mail program is used to create, send, receive, forward, store,
print, and delete e-mail messages. Outlook Express and Windows Mail are two
popular e-mail programs.
➢ E-mail Address: E-mail address is a unique name that consists of a user name and
domain name that identifies the user.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):-

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an internet standard that permits file uploading and
downloading with other computers on the internet.

➢ FTP Server: An FTP Server is a computer that allows users to upload/download files
using FTP.
➢ FTP Site: An FTP site is a collection of file including text, graphics, audio clip, video
clip, and program files that reside on an FTP server.
➢ FTP is the simplest and most secure way of file transferring over the internet.
Whether we know it or not we use FTP all the time.

Newsgroup:-

A newsgroup is an online are in which users have written discussion about a

particular subject

➢ To participate in a discussion, a user sends a message to the newsgroup, and other

users in the newsgroup read and reply to those messages.
➢ Some major news groups’ topic areas include news, recreation, society, business,
science, and computers.
➢ News Server: A news server is a computer that stores and distributes news group
messages.
➢ Newsreader: A newsreader is software which we need to participate in newsgroup.

Message Board:-

A message board is a popular web-based type of discussion group that does not
require a newsreader is a message board.

➢ A message board does not need a newsreader.

Mailing List:-

A mailing list (also called a distribution list) is a group of e-mail addresses given a
single name.
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➢ When a message is sent to the mailing list, everyone in the mailing list receives it.
➢ To add your name to a mailing list you must subscribe to it
➢ Mailing lists are also used for advertisement purpose.
Chat:-

Chat is a real-typed conversation that takes place on a computer.

➢ From Real type we mean that we and the person we are chatting with must be online
at the same time.
➢ Chat Room: A chat room is a location on an internet server that permits users to
chat with each other.
➢ Anyone in the chat room can chat with anyone.

Instant Messaging (IM):-

Instant messaging (IM) is a real-timed internet communication that notifies you when
one or more people are online and allows you to exchange messages or file.

➢ Some IM service providers support voice and video conversation.

➢ For IM to work both parties must be online.
➢ Many IM services can alert you to information such as calendar appointment, stock
quotes, weather or sports score.

Netiquette:-

Netiquette (is the short form for Internet etiquette) is the code of acceptable behavior
users should follow while on the internet; that is, it is the conduct expected of the individuals
while online.

➢ It includes rules from all aspects of internet, including the World Wide Web, e-mail,
instant messaging, chat rooms, FTP, and newsgroups and messages boards.
➢ The Golden Rule of Netiquette is: “Treat others as you would like them to treat you.”