Double Integration Method

UNIT 9
Structure
9.1 9.2
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Deflection of Beams
Introduction
Objectives
Different Methods
9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 Governing Equation for Deflections Sign Conventions The Boundary Conditions
9.3
Deflections of Simply Supported Beams (SS Beams)

9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 9.3.8 SS Beams with Central Point Load SS Beams with a Point Load anywhere on Span SS Beams with UDL SS Beams with Triangular Load SS Beams with a Couple SS Beams with an End Couple SS Beans with Equal End Couples Examples
9.4
Deflection of Cantilever Beams

9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.5 9.4.6 9.4.7 Cantilever Beams with Single Concentrated Load at Free End Cantilever Beams with a Central Point Load Cantilever Beams with a UDL Cantilever Beam with a UDL on Some Portion Cantilever Beams with a Triangular Load Cantilever Beams with an End Couple Examples
9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8
Deflection of Overhang Beams Application of Deflections of Beams Summary Answers to SAQs
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Deflection is defined as the vertical displacement of a point on a loaded beam. Slope is defined as the angle between the deflected central line and original central line of the beam. Illustration From Figure 9.1, yc = Deflection at point c. The beam is replaced by central line of neutral plane. The bent form of this central line is called elastic curve of beam. The expression for this elastic curve is in the form of y = f (x) where y is the deflection at x. A = Slope at A, B = Slope at B,
B
ACB = Original beam, and ACB = Deflected beam. 5
Stresses in Shafts and Shells

A A
C B B C1 yc
Figure 9.1
The deflections of beams are very significant in the design of structures. The excessive deflection cause cracks in walls, cracks in ceilings, create a feeling of lack of safety and affect geometry, shape and appearance. In machine parts, such as shafts may result in undesirable interference between mating parts such as gears. Hence, the maximum deflection is minimized in the design.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to conceptualise the deflections, calculate the deflection and slope of simply supported beams, calculate the deflection and slope of cantilevers, and calculate the deflection and slope of other determinate beams.
9.2 DIFFERENT METHODS

The following methods are used to calculate the slopes and deflections : (a) Double Integration Method This is most suitable when concentrated or Udl over entire length is acting on the beam. (b) Macaulays Method This method is most conveniently used when a concentrated load is acting on a beam at some point other than mid-point. (c) Moment Area Method This is conveniently used when the area of BMD can be easily calculated and beam cross-section changes after certain length. (d) Conjugate Beam Method This is most suitable for beams with varying moment of inertia. (e) (f) (g) Strain Energy Method Virtual Work Method Unit Load Method
9.2.1 Governing Equation for Deflections

Let us consider a beam represented by its elastic curve as shown in Figure 9.2, subjected to some arbitrary loading.
A C D B x
dx
Figure 9.2
The ACDB is the elastic curve of the beam. The original central line was along x-axis.
Let us consider a small length CD = ds of the deflected beam, where horizontal distance between C and D is dx.
y
Deflection of Beams
A d ds C dx
B D dy
Figure 9.3
The normal drawn to the curve at C and D will meet at centre of curvature. Let ds = length of the portion CD, R = radius of the curvature, = angle made by tangent at D with x-axis, and d = angle made by radius at C with radius at D. From Figure 9.2 ds = R d
R=
ds dx = d d
[since ds dx]
. . . (9.1)
1 d = R dx
tan =
For small angle, tan =
dy dx
dy dx
. . . (9.2)
dy is defined as the slope of the curve. The curve in case of deflected beam is the shape dx of the central line of the beam.
Differentiating the Eq. (9.2), w.r.t., x, we can get
d d 2 y = dx dx 2
From Eqs. (9.1) and (9.3),
. . . (9.3)
1 d2y = R dx 2
From the theory of pure bending, we know,
. . . (9.4)
M E = I R
From Eqs. (9.4) and (9.5),
. . . (9.5)
M =
EI d2y = EI R dx 2
. . . (9.6) 7
This is the equation for elastic curve of beam and governing equation for deflections. dy Note that y and can be found by integration once and twice, respectively. The dx condition for integration is that function M = f (x) must be continuous.
9.2.2 Sign Conventions

(a) (b) (c) (d) x is +ve towards right. y is +ve upwards. Anticlockwise slopes are +ve. Sagging BM are +ve.
9.2.3 The Boundary Conditions

Boundary conditions are the known values of deflection and slope at specified values of dy dy x. The y and are invariably known at the supports. may also be ascertained from dx dx symmetry of bent shape of beam central line. For example, (a) At simple supports, y = 0, At fixed supports, y = 0,
dy 0. dx
(b) (c)
dy =0. dx
At middle of SS beam loaded either by a single central or Udl over entire dy = 0. length y 0, dx
9.3 DEFLECTIONS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS (SS BEAMS)

Simply supported beam is supported on one hinged support and other roller support. The loads may be point loads or concentrated or distributed. Distributed loads may be uniformly distributed or distributed in any other manner. Triangular distribution is common, Udl, triangular loads, etc.
9.3.1 SS Beams with Central Point Load

AC = CB =
Because of symmetry,
l 2
RA = RB =
W 2
Boundary conditions are the known values of deflection and slope at specified values of x. The Boundary Condition (BC) for this problem are : (a) (b) (c) 8 At x = 0, y = 0. At x = l, y = 0 At x =
l dy , =0 2 dx
Deflection of Beams
W/2
W/2
Figure 9.4
Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A,
l M = RA x W x 2 = W x W 2 l x 2
. . . (9.7)
The governing equation for deflection is :
EI
or
d2y dx 2
d2y dx
2
=M
= W x W 2 l x 2 l < x < l 2 . . . (9.8)
EI
Integrating the above equation, we can get
EI
dy W x 2 W l = x + C1 2 2 dx 2 2
. . . (9.9)
C1 is constant for integration. Apply B.C 3, i.e. at x =

0=
l dy , =0 2 dx
W l2 + C1 2 8 W l2 16
3
C1 =
Integrating the above equation, we can get
EIy =
W x3 W l . x + C1 x + C2 4 3 6 2
3
. . . (9.10)
W x3 W l W l2 x EIy = + C2 x 4 3 6 2 16
with B.C 2, y = 0 at x = l
0=
= or
W 3 W 3 W 3 l l l + C2 12 48 16
W l3 1 1 1 + C2 4 3 12 4
C2 = 0
Here is the constant of integration. Applying the boundary condition (2) into the Eq. (9.10). Applying the BC (2) into the Eq. (9.11), we can get
0= W l2 . + C1 4 4 C1 = W l2 16
The slope and deflection will be :
EI
dy W x 2 W l W l2 = x 4 2 2 16 dx
3
l < x < l 2
. . . (9.11)
W x3 W l W l2 EIy = x x 12 6 2 16
The variation of slope is parabolic. The variation of deflection is cubic parabola . The maximum slopes are at A and B. The maximum deflection is at C. Slope at A, i.e. at x = 0, from Eq. (9.11)
A = W l2 16 EI
. . . (9.12)
Slope at B, x = l, from Eq. (9.11),

B = + W l2 16 EI
Deflection at C, x =
l , from Eq. (9.12), 2

yC = W l3 48 EI
W A B
The slope and deflection diagrams are shown in Figure 9.5.
(a) Beam
Parabola B A A B
(b) Slope Diagram

A B
yC
Cubic Parabola
(c) Deflection Diagram Figure 9.5
9.3.2 SS Beams with a Point Load Anywhere on Span

AB = l,
y =0
AC = a,
CB = b,
a+b=l . . . (9.13)
R A + RB = W
Taking moments about A,

W AC = RB AB or Wa = RB l
10
RB =
Wa () l
. . . (9.14)
From Eqs. (9.13) and (9.14)
Deflection of Beams
RA =
Wb () l
x a A l w l B
. . . (9.15)
Figure 9.6

M = RA x W [ x a ]
Note that if x < a, M = RA x, i.e. second term is not applicable. or,
M =
Wb x W [ x a] l
. . . (9.16)
EI
d2y dx
2
=M =
Wb x W [ x a] l
. . . (9.17)
Integrating the Eq. (9.17), we can get

EI dy W b x 2 W = [ x a ]2 + C1 dx l 2 2 W b x3 W . [ x a ]3 + C1 x + C2 2l 3 6
. . . (9.18)
EIy =
. . . (9.19)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, x = 0, y = 0 x = l, y = 0 . . . (1) . . . (2)
Applying BC (1) to Eq. (9.19) and noting that W (x a) is not applicable if x < a, as is required for BC (1) or BC at A.
0=
Wb (0) + C1 (0) + C2 6l
C2 = 0
Applying BC (2) into the Eq. (9.19), C2 = 0.
0=
Wb 2 W 3 l b + C1 l 6 6
Wb 2 (b l 2 ) 6l
C1 =
The slope and deflection will be given by
EI
dy W b 2 W Wb 2 = x [ x a]2 + [b l 2 ] dx 2l 2 6l
. . . (9.20) . . . (9.21) 11
EIy =
Wb 3 W Wb 2 x [ x a]3 + [b l 2 ] x 6l 6 6l
Slope at A, (at x = 0), and noting that
W [ x a] is not applicable 2
Wb 2 dy [l b 2 ] = A = 6 EI l dx A
=
Slope at B, (at x = l),
Wb W ab [(a + b)2 a 2 ] = (a + 2b) 6 EI l 6 EI l
. . . (9.22)
Wb 2 W Wb 2 dy .l [l a]2 + [b l 2 ] B = 2l 2 6l dx B
= = = B =
Wb [3l 2 3bl + b 2 l 2 ] 6 EI l Wb [2 (a + b) 2 3 b (a + b) + b 2 ] 6 EI l Wb Wa b (2 a 2 + ab) = (2a + b) 6 EI l 6 EI l W ab (2a + b) 6 EI l

. . . (9.23)
or
l Deflection at centre x = , 2
EI yC =
=
Wb 6l
W l Wb 2 l l a + . [b l 2 ] 6 2 6l 2 2
W bl 2 W b 2 + (b l 2 ) 48 12
=
=
Wb [l 2 + 4b 2 4l 2 ] 48
Wb [4b 2 3l 2 ] 48 Wb [4b 2 3l 2 ] 48 EI Wb [3l 2 4b 2 ] 48 EI
. . . (9.24)
yC =
For deflection under the load yw again
W [ x a]3 vanishes. Hence, by putting x = a 6
yw = =
yw =
Wb 3 [a + b2 a l 2 a] 6 EI l W ab 2 [a + b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab] 6 EI l
W a2 b2 3EI l
or
. . . (9.25)
12
For maximum deflection, From Eq. (9.20),
dy = 0. dx
Deflection of Beams
0=
Wb 2 W Wb 2 x [0 a]2 + [b l 2 ] 2l 2 6l
Wb 2 Wb 2 .x = [l b 2 ] 2l 6l
x=
l 2 b2 3 W bx 2 [ x + b2 l 2 ] 6l
Wb 6l l 2 b2 l 2 b2 + b2 l 2 3 3
3
Substituting the value of x into the Eq. (9.21), we can get
EIymax =
=
Wb 2 (l b 2 ) 2 9 3l
3
ymax =
Wb (l 2 b 2 ) 2 9 3 EI l
. . . (9.26)
The slope and deflection diagram are shown in Figure 9.7.

A B x
(a) Beam
B C B x
A A
(b) Slope Diagram

A D B x
Elastic curve
ymax yc
yW
9.3.3 SS Beams with UDL

Figure 9.8 shows a simply supported beam of span l and loaded by a udl of w per unit length. Because of symmetry,
RA = RB =
wl 2
M =
wl x x wx . 2 2
13
wl x w x 2 2 2
x X C w/unit length B X x
. . . (9.27)
Figure 9.8
EI
d2y dx 2
w l x w x2 2 2
. . . (9.28)

EI dy w l x 2 w x3 = + C1 dx 4 6 w l x3 w x 4 + C1 x + C2 12 24
. . . (9.29)
EIy =
. . . (9.30)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, at C, x = 0, y = 0 x = l, y = 0 . . . (1) . . . (2) . . . (3)
x=
l dy , =0 2 dx
Applying the BC (1) to Eq. (9.30), C2 = 0. Applying the BC (2) to the Eq. (9.30),
0= wl 4 wl 4 wl 3 + C1 l C1 = 12 24 24
. . . (9.31)
The slope and deflection equations will be,

EI dy w l x 2 w x3 wl 3 = dx 4 6 24 w l x3 w x 4 wl 3 x 12 24 24
. . . (9.32)
EIy =
. . . (9.33)
Slope at A, x = 0
wl 3 dy = A = 24 EI dx A
. . . (9.34)
Slope at B, x =
l 2
wl 3 wl 3 wl 3 wl 2 dy EI = EI B = = 4 6 24 24 dx B
14
B = +
wl 3 24 EI
. . . (9.35)
l Because of symmetry, the maximum deflection occurs at mid-span, i.e. at C, x = . 2

From Eq. (9.33),
EIymax = = wl 4 wl 4 wl 4 96 24 16 24 2 wl 4 5 wl 4 [4 1 8] = 384 384 5 wl 4 384 EI
w/Unit length A B
Deflection of Beams
ymax =
. . . (9.36)
l/2
C
l/2
(a) Beam
3 Curve + A C B
(b) Slope Diagram

A C yc = ymax 4 Curve B
9.3.4 SS Beams with Triangular Load

Figure 9.10 shows a simply supported beam with distributed load which uniformly increases from 0 at A (x = 0) to w/unit length at B (x = l). Thus, to load diagram appears 1 as a triangle. Apparently the total load = area of the triangle = wl and at any 2 wx section X-X at a distance x from A the rate of loading will be , so that the load of l 1 wx 1 wx 2x x= shaded triangle = . This load will act at a distance of from A 2 l 2 l 3 (centroid of triangles). The sum of the reactions (RA + RB) will be equal to the load of wl . entire triangle, i.e. 2
B
y=0
or,
RA + RB =
1 wl lw= 2 2
x X w
. . . (9.37)
B X
15
Stresses in Shafts and Shells Figure 9.10 : SS Beam with Triangular Load
wl 2l = RB l 2 3
RB =
wl () 3
. . . (9.38)
From Eqs. (9.37) and (9.38),
RA =
wl () 6
. . . (9.39)
Consider a section X-X at distance x from A,
wl Intensity of load = x M = RA x
=
1 2
x wl .x. 3 x
. . . (9.40)
wl x w x3 6 6l
The governing equation for deflection is
EI
d2y dx 2
=M =
wl x w x3 6 6l
. . . (9.41)

EI dy wl x 2 w x 4 = + C1 dx 12 24l
wl x3 w x5 + C1 x + C2 36 120l
. . . (9.42)
EIy =
. . . (9.43)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, x = 0, y = 0 x = l, y = 0 . . . (1) . . . (2)
Applying the BC (1) to the Eq. (9.43), we can get C2 = 0. Applying the BC (2),
0= wl 4 wl 4 + C1 l 36 120
C1 =
7 wl 3 wl 4 [3 10] = 360 l 360
. . . (9.44)
The slope and deflection equation will be :

EI dy wl x 2 w x 4 7 = wl 3 dx 12 24l 360
. . . (9.45)
16
EIy =
wl x3 w x5 7 wl 3 x 36 120 l 360
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.46)
Slope at A, (x = 0)
7 wl 3 dy = = A 360 EI dx A
. . . (9.47)
Slope at B, (x = l)
wl 3 wl 3 7 dy EI = EI B = wl 3 12 24 360 dx B = wl 3 wl 3 [30 15 7] = 360 45 wl 3 45 EI
B =
. . . (9.48)
l Slope at mid-span, x = . 2
wl 3 wl 3 7 dy EI = EI C = wl 3 48 24 16 360 dx C = wl 3 67 wl 3 [30 15 7 16] = 24 16 15 5760 67 wl 3 5760 EI
C =
. . . (9.49)
l Deflection at centre, x = . 2
EI yC = = wl 4 wl 4 7 wl 4 36 8 12 32 360 2 wl 4 71 wl 4 [40 3 7 16] = 630 32 11520
. . . (9.50)
For maximum deflection,
dy =0 dx
From Eq. (9.42),
0= wl x 2 w x 4 7 wl 3 12 24 l 360
From Eq. (9.43),
0 = 30 l 2 x 2 15 x 4 7 l 4
x4 2 l 2 x2 +
x = 0.5193 l
7 4 l =0 15
EI ymax =
wl w (0.5193 l )3 (0.5193 l )5 36 120 l

17
7 wl 3 (0.5193 l ) 360 2
wl 4 wl 4 [14 0.11 3.64] = 360 153
ymax =
wl 4 154
W
. . . (9.51)
l/2
l/2
(a) Beam
4 Curve B B
A A
X = 0.5193 l C D
(b) Slope Diagram

A C yc D ymax B 5 Curve
9.3.5 SS Beams with a Couple

A simply supported beam AB of span l on which a couple of moment M0 acts at C is shown in Figure 9.12.
x A a X MO C B X
MOb/l MOa/l
Figure 9.12
Since sum of all forces in y direction is equal to zero,

RA + RB = 0
. . . (9.52)

M 0 = RB l
RB =
M0 () l
. . . (9.53)
From Eqs. (9.52) and (9.53), 18
RA =
M0 () l
Deflection of Beams
Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A and write expression for BM at X-X. At this point you must note two important features of expression for BM at X-X. If X-X lies between A and C, i.e. 0 < x a the BM is only due to RA. If X-X is between C and B, i.e. a < x < b, then BM is due to RA and M0. So we write the second BM because the first is included but take care that M0 is not considered if integration is in the region 0 < x a and x is taken as (x a) if integration is in the region a < x l and x = l. Thus, in two cases we can apply BC at x = 0 and x = l. For specific presentation in the expression for M, M0 is placed in < > meaning that < M0 > to be ignored in 0 < x a and to be considered in a < x b with x replaced by (x a). The procedure is known as Macaulays method and has already been used in Section 9.3.2.
M = RA x + < M 0 >
M0 x + < M0 > l
. . . (9.54)
EI
d2y dx
2
=M =
M0 x + < M0 > l
. . . (9.55)
EI
M x2 dy = 0 + < M 0 > [ x a] + C1 dx 2l
M 0 x3 + 6l M0 2 [ x a ]2 + C1 x + C2
. . . (9.56)
EIy =
. . . (9.57)
The constants of integration C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, x = 0, y = 0 x = l, y = 0 . . . (1) . . . (2)
Applying the boundary condition (1) to the Eq. (9.57), with M0 ignored, C2 = 0. Applying the BC (2) into the Eq. (9.57),
0= C1 =
M0 l2 M0 + (l a)2 + C1 l 6 2 M0 l M0 + (l a) 2 6 2l
. . . (9.58)
EI
M x2 M l M dy = 0 + < M 0 > [ x a] + 0 0 (l a) 2 dx 2l 6 2l M 0 x3 M0 M l M + [ x a ]2 + 0 x 0 (l a) 2 x 6l 2 6 2l
. . . (9.59)
EIy =
. . . (9.60)
If the moment M0 is applied at the centre,
a=
l 2
19
C1 =
M0 l M0 6 2l
M0 l M0 l M0 l l = l = 2 6 8 24
EI
M x2 dy l M l = 0 + M0 x + 0 dx 2l 2 24
M 0 x3 M 0 M0 l l + x x + 6l 2 2 24
2
. . . (9.61)
EIy = Slope at A, (x = 0)
. . . (9.62)
A = +
Slope at B, (x = l)
M0 l 24 EI
. . . (9.63)
EI B =
B = l Slope at C x = , 2 EI C =
M0 l M0 l M0 l M0 l + + = 2 2 24 24
. . . (9.64)
M0 l 24 EI
M0 l M0 l M l + = 0 8 24 12
. . . (9.65)
C =
M0 l 12 EI
l Deflection at C x = , y = 0 2
To get new slope,
M 0 x2 M 0 l = 2l 24
l l = 12 2 3
x=
9.3.6 SS Beams with an End Couple

Fy = 0 so that RA + RB = 0 Taking moments about A,
RB l = M 0
. . . (9.66)
RB = +
A
M0 () l
x X B MO
. . . (9.67)
20
BDM
MO
B B
Deflection of Beams Figure 9.13 : SS Beam with End Couple
From Eqs. (9.66) and (9.67),
RA =
M0 () l
M0 x l M0 x l
Consider a section X-X at a distance from x from A,
M = RA . x =
. . . (9.68)
EI
d2y dx
2
=M =
. . . (9.69)
EI
M dy = 0 x 2 + C1 dx 2l M0 3 x + C1 x + C2 6l
. . . (9.70) . . . (9.71)
EIy =
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, x = 0, y = 0 x = 0, y = 0 . . . (1) . . . (2)
Applying the boundary condition (1) into the Eq. (9.71), C2 = 0. Applying the BC (2) into the Eq. (9.71),
0=
M0 l2 M l + C1 l C1 = 0 6 6
EI
M M l dy = 0 x2 + 0 2l 6 dx M0 3 M0 l x x + 6l 6
. . . (9.72)
EIy =
Slope at A, (x = 0)
. . . (9.73)
A = +
Slope at B, (x = l)
M0 l 6 EI
. . . (9.74)
EI B =
M0 l M0 l M l + = 0 2 6 3 M0 l 3 EI
. . . (9.75)
B =
l Slope at C, x = , 2
21
EI C =
M0 l M0 l M l M l = 0 + 0 + 8 2 6 8 6
. . . (9.76)
C = +
M0 l 24 EI
l Deflection at C, x = , 2
EIy = M0 l M0 l l + 6l 2 6 2
3
M0 l2 M0 l2 M0 l2 + = 48 12 16 M0 l2 16 EI
B C D MO
yC = +
A
. . . (9.77)
(a) Beam
2 Curve A A 0.577l + C C D
B B
(b) Slope Diagram

3 Curve A yc C D ymax + B
For maximum deflection, the slope is zero.
M 0 x2 M 0 l + =0 2l 6
l2 3 l = 0.577 l 3
x2 = x=
The maximum deflection,
EIymax =
=
M 0 l3 M l l + 0 . . 6l 3 3 6 3
[ l + 3 ] = + M0 l2 9 3 . . . (9.78)
M0 l2 18 3
22
ymax = +
M0 l2 9 3 EI
9.3.7 SS Beams with Equal End Couples

Fy = 0 so that RA + RB = 0 Taking moments about A,
M 0 M 0 = RB l RB = 0
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.79)
. . . (9.80)
From Eqs. (9.79) and (9.80),

RA = 0
X C A x MO X B MO
Figure 9.15 : SS Beam with Equal End Couples

M = M0
. . . (9.81)
EI
d2y dx 2
= M = M0
. . . (9.82)
EI
dy = M 0 x + C1 dx M 0 x2 + C1 x + C2 2
. . . (9.83) . . . (9.84)
EIy =
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : at A, at B, x = 0, y = 0 x = l, y = 0
C2 = 0
. . . (1) . . . (2)
Applying the BC (1) into the Eq. (9.84),
Applying the BC (2) into the Eq. (9.84),
0=
M0 l2 M l + C1 l C1 = 0 2 2
. . . (9.85)
The slope and deflection equations will be :
EI
M l dy = M0 x + 0 dx 2
M 0 x2 M 0 l + x 2 2 M0 l 2 EI
. . . (9.86) . . . (9.87)
EIy =
Slope at A, (x = 0)
A = +
Slope at B, (x = l)
. . . (9.88)
EI B = M 0 l +
M0 l M l = 0 2 2
23
B =
M0 l 2 EI
. . . (9.89)
EI C =
C = 0
M0 l M0 l + 2 2
. . . (9.90)
l Deflection at C, x = , 2 EIyC =
M0 l M0 l l M0 l2 + + 2 2 2 2 8
. . . (9.91)
C
M0 l2 yC = + 8 EI
A MO MO B
(a) Beam
1 Curve (Straight line) A A + C B B
(b) Slope Diagram

+ yc = ymax
9.3.8 Examples
Example 9.1
A simply supported beam of span l is subjected to two concentrated loads at one-third span from two supports. Find the maximum slope and maximum deflection EI is constant.
Solution
By symmetry,
R A = RB = W
. . . (1)
M = W . x W x
W A C
l W 3
W
2l x 3
X
. . . (2)
l/3
l/3
l/3
24
Elastic curve
BM
Deflection of Beams
Figure 9.17
The equation for deflection is : EI = d2y

2
l = M = W x W x W 3 dx
2l x 3
2
. . . (3)
Integrating the Eq. (3),
dy W x 2 W EI = dx 2 2 EIy =
l W x 3 2
3
2l x 3 + C1
3
. . . (4)
W x3 W x 6 6
l W 2l x + C1 x + C2 3 6 3
. . . (5)
The boundary conditions : at A,

x = 0, y = 0 C2 = 0
It should be understood that the Eqs. (3), (4) and (5) pertain to the region x > Hence second and third terms vanish when BC at x = 0 is used. at B, x = l, y = 0
2l . 3
W l 3 W 2l W l 0= + C1 l 6 6 3 6 3
C1 = W l3 6 8 1 W l2 1 = 27 27 9 . . . (6)
dy W x 2 W EI = dx 2 2
l W x 3 2
2l W l2 x 3 9
Apparently since the problem is symmetric the maximum deflection occurs in the centre.
y1C + y2C = y3C 1 A + 2 A = 3 A = 3 B
l Deflection under the load, x = , 3 EIyD =

=
yD =
W l W l2 l 6 3 9 3
3 W l3 1 5W l = 1 27 6 27 6
5 W l3 162 EI W l2 9 EI
. . . (7)
At A, (x = 0),
A =
. . . (8)
At B (x = l), 25
EI B = =
W l 2 W 4l 2 W l 2 W l 2 . . 2 2 9 2 9 9 W l2 W l2 [9 4 1 2] = + 18 9 W l2 9 EI
B = +
. . . (9)
For maximum deflection, slope is zero.
0=
W x2 W x 2 2
l W l2 3 9
Again note that maximum deflection will occur between the loads which is easily ascertained from symmetry. However, to prove this Eq. (5) is used and since 2l x< between the loads, the third term vanishes. 3
0 = 9 x2 9 x
l 2 2l 3
l 2 2l x = 9 x2 9 x2 + 2l 2 9 3
= l 2 + 6 l x 2l 2 6l x = 3l 2
x=
l 2 W 3 W x x 6 6 l Wl 2 x 3 9
3
. . . (10)
EIy max =
Now put x =
l 2 EIy max W l W l l Wl 3 = 6 2 6 2 3 18
3 3 3
W l 2l W l2 l Wl 3 1 1 1 = . = + 6 2 3 9 2 6 216 3 8
=
=
W l3 6
Wl 3 72 + 1 27 1 1 1 = 8 36 3 6 216
W l3 23 [36 8 96] = Wl 3 36 8 6 648 23 Wl 3 648 EI
Example 9.2
y max =
. . . (11)
A simply supported beam of span 6 m is subjected to Udl of 24 kN/m for a length of 2 m from left support. Find the deflection at the centre, maximum deflection and slopes at the ends and at the centre. Take EI = 20 106 N-m2.
Solution
26
Fy = 0, so that RA + RB = 24 2 = 48 kN
24 kN/m C A 2m D 6m B
. . . (1)
Deflection of Beams
Figure 9.18

24 2 1 = RB 6
RB = 8 kN ()
RA = 48 8 = 40 kN ()
Apply the Udl over the portion DB downwards and upwards,
24 kN/m A 2m D 4m B 24 kN/m
. . . (2) . . . (3)
Figure 9.19
M = 40 x 24 x
x ( x 2) + 24 ( x 2) 2 2
Note that the third term vanishes if x < 2 m.

= 40 x 12 x 2 + 12 ( x 2) 2
. . . (4) . . . (5)
EI
d2y dx
2
= 40 x 12 x 2 + 12 ( x 2)2
EI
dy 40 x 2 12 x3 12 ( x 2)3 = + + C1 2 3 3 dx
= 20 x 2 4 x 3 + 4 ( x 2)3 + C1
. . . (6) . . . (7)
EIy =
20 x 2 x 4 + ( x 2) 4 + C1 x + C2 3
Here again note that the third term vanishes for x < 2 m. at A, at B,
x = 0, y = 0 C2 = 0
x = 6 m, y = 0
0= 20 63 64 + (6 2) 4 + C1 6 3
C1 = 20 12 + 36 6
16 16 200 = 6 3
. . . (8)
EI
dy 200 = 20 x 2 4 x3 + 4 ( x 2)3 dx 3
The third term vanishes. Slope at A, (x = 0), 27
A =
200 200 103 1 = = rad = 3.33 10 3 rad 6 3 EI 300 3 20 10
Slope at B, (x = 6 m),
EI B = 200 62 4 63 + 4 (6 2)3 B =
200 3
136 136 103 = = + 2.27 10 3 radian 6 3 EI 3 20 10
Slope at C, (x = 3 m), i.e. x > 2 m
EI C = 20 32 4 33 + 4 (3 2)3 C =
EIy =
200 3
20 = 0.47 10 3 radians 3 EI
. . . (9)
20 x3 200 x 4 + ( x 2) 4 x 3 3
Deflection at centre, (x = 3 m),
EIyC =
yC =
20 200 33 34 + (3 2)4 3 3 3
100 100 103 103 = = 5 mm EI 20 106
For maximum deflection,
dy =0 dx 0 = 20 x 2 4 x3 + 4 ( x 2)3 200 3 200 3
= 20 x 2 4 x3 + 4 x3 32 24 x 2 + 48 x = 4 x 2 + 48 x
296 3
x 2 12 x +
74 =0 3
x = 2.63 m , x > 2m
EIymax =
Example 9.3
20 200 2.633 2.634 + (2.63 2)4 2.63 = 101.7 3 3
ymax = 5.087 mm ; 5.1 mm
A beam of span 4 m is subject to a point load of 20 kN at 1 m from the left support and a Udl of 10 kN/m over a length of 2 m from the right support. Determine : (a) (b) (c) (d) 28 Slope at the ends. Slope at the centre. Deflection under the load. Deflection at the centre.
(e)
Maximum deflection.
Deflection of Beams
Take EI = 20 106 N-m2.

Solution
Fy = 0, so that RA + RB = 20 + 10 2 = 40 kN
20 kN A 1m D 1m x C 2m 10 kN/m B
. . . (1)
Figure 9.20

RB 4 = 20 1 + 10 2 3 = 80 RB = 20 kN R A = 20 kN
. . . (2)
M = 20 x 20 [ x 1] 10 [ x 2]
= 20 x 20 [ x 1] 5 [ x 2]2
[ x 2] 2
. . . (3)
EI
d2y dx 2
=M
. . . (4) . . . (5) . . . (6)
= 20 x 20 [ x 1] 5 [ x 2]2
EI
dy 5 = 10 x 2 10 [ x 1]2 [ x 2]3 + C1 3 dx
EIy = 10 x 3 10 5 [ x 1]3 [ x 2]4 + C1 x + C2 3 3 12
at A, at B,
x = 0, y = 0, C2 = 0
x = 4 m, y = 0
0= 10 43 10 5 (4 1)3 (4 2) 4 + C1 4 3 3 12
C1 = 29.17
EI
(a)
dy 5 = 10 x 2 10 [ x 1]2 [ x 2]3 29.17 dx 3 29.17 29.17 103 = = 1.46 10 3 radians 6 EI 20 10
Slope at A, (x = 0),
A =
(b)
Slope at B, (x = 4 m),
EI B = 10 42 10 (4 1)2
B = + 1.38 10 3 radians
5 (4 2)3 29.17 = + 27.5 3
(c)
Slope at centre, (x = 2 m), 29
EI C = 10 22 10 (2 1) 2 29.17 C = + 0.04 10 3 radians
Deflection under the load :

EIy = 10 x 3 10 5 [ x 1]3 [ x 2]4 29.17 x 3 3 12
At x = 1 m,
EIyD = EIyD =
(d)
10 29.17 3 25.84 103 103 20 106 = 1.29 mm
Deflection at the centre : x=2m

EIyC = 10 23 10 (2 1)3 29.17 2 3 3
yC = 1.75 mm
(e)
Maximum deflection : Let the maximum deflection b/w D and C (x < 2 m).
dy =0 dx
10 x 2 10 ( x 1) 2 29.17 = 0 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 + 20 x 29.17 = 0
x = 1.96 m < 2 m
EIymax =
Example 9.4
10 10 (1.96)3 (1.96)3 29.17 1.96 = 35 3 3
ymax = 1.7501 mm
A beam of span 8 m is loaded with UDL of 10 kN/m over the middle half portion. Find the maximum deflection. EI is constant.
Solution
By symmetry,
RA = RB =
10 4 = 20 kN 2
10 kN/m x
A 2m x
C 4m
B 2m
Figure 9.21
M = 20 x
10 ( x 2) 2 10 ( x 6) 2 2 2
= 20 x 5 ( x 2) 2 5( x 6) 2
. . . (1)
30
EI
d2y dx 2
=M
= 20 x 5 ( x 2) 2 5( x 6) 2
Deflection of Beams
. . . (2) . . . (3) . . . (4)
EI
dy 20 x 2 5 ( x 2)3 5 = ( x 6)3 + C1 2 3 3 dx EIy = 10 x3 5 5 ( x 2) 4 ( x 6) 4 + C1 x + C2 3 12 12
at A, at B,
x = 0, y = 0, C2 = 0
x = 8 m, y = 0
0= 10 83 5 5 (8 2) 4 (8 6) 4 + C1 8 3 12 12
C1 = 145
EI
dy 5 5 = 10 x 2 ( x 2)3 ( x 6)3 145 dx 3 3

EIy = 10 x3 5 5 ( x 2)4 ( x 6) 4 145 x 3 12 12
The maximum deflection at centre, since the beam is symmetrical and symmetrically loaded.
EIymax = 10 43 5 5 (4 2) 4 ( 4 6) 4 145 4 3 12 12
ymax =
1120 3 EI
SAQ 1
(a) A simply supported beam of span 5 m carries a concentrated load of 100 kN at a distance 2 m from the left support. Determine the deflection at mid span and the maximum deflection. Take EI = 20 106 N-m2. A simply supported beam of span 6 m is subjected to an end couple of 30 kN-m. Determine the maximum deflection. EI = 30 106 N-m2. A simply supported beam of span 6 m carries a Udl of 48 kN/m for a length 3 m from the right support and a clockwise moment of 20 kN-m is applied at a distance of 1 m from left support. Determine the deflection at a distance of 1 m from left end.
(b) (c)
9.4 DEFLECTION OF CANTILEVER BEAMS

Cantilever beams are fixed at one end and the other end is free. Since the x-axis is taken from left to right, the free end is taken at the left for convenience. 31
9.4.1 Cantilever Beams with Single Concentrated Load at Free End

Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a point load W at free end. Consider a section X-X at a distance x from left end. M = W . x (Hogging BM) . . . (9.92)
EI =
d2y dx 2
W
= M = W x
. . . (9.93)
X A x B
l
X
Figure 9.22

EI dy W x2 = + C1 dx 2 W x3 + C1 x + C2 6
. . . (9.94) . . . (9.95)
EIy =
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
(Fixed end)
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
Applying the BC (1) into the Eq. (9.94), we can get

0= W l2 + C1 2 W l2 2
C1 = +
. . . (9.96)
Applying BC (2) into the Eq. (9.95), we can get

0= W l3 W l2 + l + C2 6 2 W l3 3
C2 =
. . . (9.97)

EI dy W x2 W l 2 = + dx 2 2 W x3 W l 2 x W l 3 + 6 2 3
. . . (9.98) . . . (9.99)
EIy =
The maximum slope occurs at x = 0. Slope at free end, A = + 32

W l2 2 EI
. . . (9.100)
The maximum deflection occurs at x = 0.

ymax = W l3 3 EI
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.101)
l Slope at centre x = , 2 EI C =
A = +
W l W l2 + 2 2 2
. . . (9.102)
3W l 2 8 EI
l Deflection at centre x = , 2 W l W l2 l W l3 EIyC = + 6 2 2 2 3

= W l3 5 W l3 [ 1 + 12 16] = 48 48 5 W l3 48 EI
3
yC =
W
. . . (9.103)
C A
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilever
2 Curve
A
A
C
C B
(b) Slope Diagram

C yA A yc B
9.4.2 Cantilever Beams with a Central Point Load

Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a point load W at the centre C. Consider a section X-X at a distance x from left end.
l Moment, M = W x 2
The governing equation for deflection is : EI d2y
2
(Hogging BM)
. . . (9.104)
l = M = W x 2 dx
. . . (9.105) 33
W A
l/2
x
C X
l/2
Figure 9.24
dy W EI = dx 2 W EIy = 6
l x 2 + C1
3
. . . (9.106)
l x 2 + C1 x + C2
. . . (9.107)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
0=
W l2 2
W l2 8
l l 2 + C1
. . . (9.108)
C1 = +
W l W l2 l + C2 0= l + 6 2 8
C2 = 5 W l3 48
. . . (9.109)
EI
dy W = dx 2
l W l2 + 2 8
3
. . . (9.110)
W EIy = 6
Slope at (x = 0),
A = +
l W l 2 5 W l3 x + 2 8 48
. . . (9.111)
W l2 8 EI
. . . (9.112)
l Slope at C x = , 2
C = + W l2 8 EI
. . . (9.113)
Deflection at A (x = 0), 34
yA =
5 W l3 48 EI
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.114)
l Deflection at C x = , 2
EIyC = + W l 2 l 5 W l3 W l3 . = 8 2 48 24
W l2 24 EI
W A B
yC =
. . . (9.115)
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilever Beam with a Central Point Load

2 Curve
A
A
C
C B
(b) Slope Diagram

A yA St. line C yc B
2 Curve
9.4.3 Cantilever Beams with a UDL

Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a Udl of w/unit length on total length. Consider a section X-X at a distance x from left end. Moment, M = w x
x w x2 = 2 2
(Hogging BM)
. . . (9.116)
EI
d2y dx 2
=M =
w/unit length
w x2 2
X C
. . . (9.117)
l/2 x
l/2
X
Figure 9.26

EI dy w x3 = + C1 6 dx w x4 + C1 x + C2 24
. . . (9.118) . . . (9.119)
EIy =
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from boundary conditions. 35
The boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
wl 3 + C1 6 wl 3 6

0=
C1 = +
. . . (9.120)

0= wl 4 wl 4 + + C2 24 6 wl 4 8
C2 =
. . . (9.121)

EI dy w x3 wl 3 = + dx 6 6 w wl 3 x wl 4 + 24 6 8 wl 3 6 EI
. . . (9.122) . . . (9.123) . . . (9.124)
EIy =
Slope at (x = 0),
A = +
EI C = wl 3 wl 3 7 wl 3 + =+ 48 6 48
C =
7 wl 3 48 EI
. . . (9.125)
Deflection at A (x = 0),
yA = wl 4 8 EI
. . . (9.126)
l Deflection at C x = , 2 w l wl 3 l wl 4 EIyC = + 24 2 6 2 8
= wl 4 17 wl 4 ( 1 + 32 48) = 24 16 384 17 wl 4 384 EI
w/unit length A B
yC =
. . . (9.127)
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilever Beam with Udl
36
A
B B
3 Curve +
C
B B
Deflection of Beams
(b) Slope Diagram

A yA yC 4 Curve C B
9.4.4 Cantilever Beam with a UDL on Some Portion

Case I
Udl on the right half portion : Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a Udl of w/unit length on portion CB as shown in Figure 9.28. Consider a section X-X at a distance x from left end.
l x l 2 M = wx 2 2
Moment,
w l = x 2 2
(Hogging BM)
w/unit length B
. . . (9.128)
X A
l/2
x
C X
l/2
Figure 9.28
w EI =M = 2 2 dx
d2y
l x 2
. . . (9.129)
EI
dy w l = x + C1 dx 6 2 dy w l = x + C1 x + C2 dx 24 2
4
. . . (9.130)
EIy
. . . (9.131)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
Applying the boundary condition (1) into the Eq. (9.130), we can get 37
0=
C1 =
w 6
l l 2 + C1
. . . (9.132)
wl 3 48
Applying boundary condition (2) into the Eq. (9.131), we can get
w l wl 3 l + C2 0= l + 24 2 48
= wl 4 [ 1 + 8] + C2 24 16 7 wl 4 384
C2 =
. . . (9.133)
EI
dy w l wl 3 = x + dx 6 2 48 w 24 l wl 3 7 wl 4 x + x 2 48 384
4
. . . (9.134)
EIy =
Slope at (x = 0),
. . . (9.135)
A = +
wl 3 48 EI
. . . (9.136)
C = + wl 3 48 EI
. . . (9.137)
Deflection at A (x = 0),
yA = 7 wl 4 384 EI
. . . (9.138)
l Deflection at C x = , 2
EIyC = + = wl 3 l 7 wl 4 48 2 384
wl 4 3 wl 4 (4 7) = 384 384 3 wl 4 384 EI

w/unit length
yC =
. . . (9.139)
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilever Beam with Udl on the Right Half
38
3 Curve
Deflection of Beams
A
A
C
C B
(b) Slope Diagram

A yc yA 4 Curve C B
St. line
Case II
Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a Udl of w/unit length on portion AC as shown in Figure 9.30(a). The Udl is added in both directions on the portion CB as shown in Figure 9.30(b).
w/unit length A D
l/2
l/2
(a)
C A w/unit length B
l/2
l/2
(b) Figure 9.30
Consider a section X-X at a distance x from left end, Moment,
M = w. x.
x w l l + x x 2 2 2 2 l x 2
2
w x2 w + 2 2
(Hogging BM)
. . . (9.134)
EI
d2y dx 2
=M =
w x2 w + 2 2
l x 2
. . . (9.135)
EI
dy w x3 w = + dx 6 6
l x 2 + C1
4
. . . (9.136)
w x2 w EIy = + 24 24
l x 2 + C1 x + C2
. . . (9.137)
The constants C1 and C2 can be found from boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are : At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) 39
At B,
x = l, y = 0
. . . (2)
Applying the boundary condition (1) into the Eq. (9.136), we can get
0=
C1 =
wl 3 w + 6 6
wl 3 6
l l + C1 2
. . . (9.138)
1 7 wl 3 1 = 8 48
Applying the boundary condition (2) and value of C1 into the Eq. (9.137), we can get
wl 4 w l 7 wl 4 + + C2 0= l + 24 24 2 48
C2 = wl 4 24 1 7 wl 4 1 = 16 2 24 16 (16 1 56)
39 wl 4 24 16
C2 =
39 wl 4 384
. . . (9.139)
EI
dy w x3 w = + x dx 6 6
l 7 wl 3 + 2 48
4
. . . (9.140)
w x4 w EIy = + 24 24
A = + 7 wl 3 48 EI
l 7 wl 3 39 wl 4 x + x 2 48 384
. . . (9.141)
. . . (9.142)
EI C = w 6 7 wl 3 6 wl 3 l + = + 48 EI 48 EI 2
3
. . . (9.143)
3l Deflection at D x = , 4 w 3l w 3l l 7 wl 3 EI D = + + 6 4 6 4 2 48
= 27 wl 3 wl 3 7 wl 3 + + 24 16 24 16 48 wl 3 30 wl 3 5 wl 3 [ 27 + 1 + 56] = =+ 24 16 384 64
3 3
40
D = +
5 wl 3 64 EI
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.144)
Deflection at A, (x = 0)
yC = 39 wl 4 384 EI
. . . (9.145)
l Deflection at C, x = 2 EI yC =
=
w 24
7 wl 3 l 39 wl 4 l + 48 2 384 2
wl 4 12 wl 4 [ 1 + 28 39] = 384 384
yC =
12 wl 4 384 EI
. . . (9.146)
3l Deflection at D, x = 4 EI yD =
= =
w 24
w 3l l 7 wl 3 3 l 39 wl 4 3l + + 4 2 24 48 4 384 4
wl 4 [ 18 + 1 + 21 32 39 16] 24 256 32 wl 4 2 wl 4 = 24 256 384
yD =
wl 4 wl 4 192 EI
w/unit length A D
. . . (9.147)
l/2
l/4
l/4
(a) Cantilever Beams with Udl on Left Portion

3 Curve
A
A
C
C
D
D B
(b) Slope Diagram

yC
yA
9.4.5 Cantilever Beams with a Triangular Load

Consider a cantilever beam loaded with a triangular load as shown in Figure 9.32.
x w/unit length
41
A x B
Figure 9.32
Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A as shown in Figure 9.32. Intensity of loading = Moment,
w .x l
. . . (9.148)
3 1 w x wx M = x x = 6l 2 l 3

EI d2y dx 2 =M = w x3 6l
. . . (9.149)

EI dy w x4 = + C1 24 l dx w x5 + C1 x + C2 120 l
. . . (9.150)
EIy =
. . . (9.151)
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
wl 3 + C1 24 wl 3 24 wl 4 wl 4 + + C2 120 24 wl 3 24
0=
C1 = +
. . . (9.152)
0=
C2 = +
. . . (9.153)

EI dy w x 4 wl 3 = + dx 24 l 24 w x5 wl 3 wl 3 + x 120 l 24 30 wl 3 24 EI
. . . (9.154)
EIy =
. . . (9.155)
A = +
. . . (9.156)
42
EI C =
=
Deflection of Beams
w l wl 3 + 24 l 2 24
wl 3 1 15 wl 3 + 1 = + 24 24 16 16 15 wl 3 384 EI wl 4 30 EI
C = +
. . . (9.157)
Deflection at A, (x = 0),
yA =
. . . (9.158)
l Deflection at C, x = , 2
EI yC = = wl 4 wl 4 wl 4 + 120 48 30 wl 4 wl 4 [4 + 10 16] = 480 240 wl 4 240 EI
w/unit length A B
yC =
. . . (9.159)
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilever Beams with a Triangular Load

4 Curve
A
A
C
C B
(b) Slope Diagram

A yA yC C
9.4.6 Cantilever Beams with an End Couple

Consider a cantilever beam loaded with an end couple M0 as shown in Figure 9.34.
MO A X B
l
x
C X
Figure 9.34
Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A as shown in Figure 9.34. 43
Moment,
M = M 0 . x0
. . . (9.160)
EI
d2y dx
2
= M = M 0 x0
. . . (9.161)
EI
dy = M 0 x 0 + C1 dx
x2 + C1 x + C2 2
. . . (9.162) . . . (9.163)
EIy = M 0
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (1) . . . (2)
x = l, y = 0
Applying the boundary condition (1) into the Eq. (9.162), we can get 0 = M 0 l + C1
C1 = M 0 l
. . . (9.164)
M0 l2 0= + M 0 l . l + C2 2 M0 l2 2 The slope and deflection equations will be : dy EI = M0 x + M0 l dx
C2 =
. . . (9.165)
. . . (9.166) . . . (9.167)
EIy =
M 0 x2 M l2 + M0 l x 0 2 2
A =
M0 l EI
. . . (9.168)
l Slope at C x = , 2 EI C = M 0
l + M0 l 2 M l C = + 0 2 EI
. . . (9.169)
M0 l2 yA = EI l Deflection at C, x = , 2 EI yC =
44
. . . (9.170)
M0 l l M0 l2 + M l . 0 2 2 2 2
M l2 yC = 0 8 EI
MO A C B
Deflection of Beams
. . . (9.171)
l/2
l/2
(a) Cantilevers with an End Couple

St. line A C A C B
(b) Slope Diagram

A yA yC C B
9.4.7 Examples
Example 9.5
A cantilever beam of length l carries a point load W at a distance
l from free end. 4 Determine the slopes at free end and under load and the maximum deflection and deflection under the load. l M = w x 4
EI d2y
2
Solution
. . . (1)
l = w x 4 dx
2
. . . (2)
dy w l EI = x + C1 dx 2 4 EIy = w 6 l x 4 + C1 x + C2
3
. . . (3)
. . . (4)
l/4
A B
Figure 9.36
Boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = l,
dy =0 dx
. . . (5) . . . (6)
x = l, y = 0
From Eqs. (3) and (5),
0=
w 2
l l 4 + C1
45
C1 = +
9 wl 2 32
3
. . . (7)
From Eqs. (4), (6) and (7)
w 0= 6
C2 =
l 9 wl 3 l + + C2 4 32
wl 3 [ 108 + 27] 6 64 81 wl 3 27 wl 3 = 6 64 128
. . . (8)
The Eqs. (3) and (4) will be :
EI
dy w l 9 wl 2 = x + dx 2 4 32 w 6 x l 9 wl 2 27 wl 3 + x 4 32 128
3
. . . (9)
EIy =
A = +
. . . (10)
9 wl 2 32 EI
. . . (11)
C = + 9 wl 2 32 EI
. . . (12)
yA = 27 wl 3 128 EI
. . . (13)
l Deflection under load at C, x = , 4

EI yC = 9 wl 2 l 27 wl 3 18 wl 3 . = 32 4 128 128 18 wl 3 128 EI
Example 9.6
yC =
Find the slope and deflection at the free end of a cantilever shown in Figure 9.37. Take EI = 200 106 N-m2.
Solution
M = 30 x 60 [ x 2] 24 ( x 3)
= 30 x 60 [ x 2] 12 [ x 3]2
( x 3) 2
. . . (1)
EI
46
d2y dx 2
=M
= 30 x 60 [ x 2] 12 [ x 3]2
. . . (2) . . . (3) . . . (4)
Deflection of Beams
EI
dy = 15 x 2 30 [ x 2]2 4 [ x 3]3 + C1 dx
EIy = 5 x 3 10 [ x 2]3 [ x 3]4 + C1 x + C2

30 kN A 60 kN 24 kN/m 1m D 2m B
2m
Figure 9.37
Boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = 5 m,
dy =0 dx
. . . (5) . . . (6)
x = 5 m, y = 0
From Eqs. (3) and (5)

0 = 15 52 30 (5 2) 2 4 (5 3)3 + C1
C1 = 677
. . . (7)
From Eqs. (4), (6) and (7)

0 = 5 53 10 (5 2)3 (5 3) 4 + 677 5 + C2
C2 = 2474
. . . (8) . . . (9) . . . (10)
EI
dy = 15 x 2 30 [ x 2]2 4 [ x 3]3 + 677 dx
EIy = 15 x 3 10 [ x 2]3 [ x 3]4 + 677 x 2474
At free end, i.e. at A, x = 0, From Eq. (9)
A = +
From Eq. (10)
677 677 103 = = 3385 10 3 radians EI 200 106
yA =
2474 2474 103 103 = = 12.37 mm EI 200 106
= 12.37 mm ( )
Example 9.7
Find the slope and deflection at the free end of the cantilever shown in Figure 9.38. Take EI = 200 106 N-m2.
Solution
Apply Udl in both the upward and downward directions in the portion CB.
24 kN/m A 1m C 1m 30 kN D 2m B
Figure 9.38
47

24 kN/m A 1m x C D X 24 kN/m 30 kN X B
Figure 9.39
M = 24 x .
x ( x 1) + 24 ( x 1) 30 [ x 2] 2 2
. . . (1) . . . (2)
= 12 x 2 + 12 [ x 1]2 30 [ x 2]
EI
d2y dx
2
= M = 12 x 2 + 12 [ x 1]2 30 [ x 2]
EI
dy = 4 x3 + 4 [ x 1]3 15 [ x 2]2 + C1 dx
. . . (3) . . . (4)
EIy = x 4 + [ x 1]4 5 [ x 2]3 + C1 x + C2
The boundary conditions are : At B, At B,
x = 4 m,
dy =0 dx
. . . (5) . . . (6)
x = 4 m, y = 0
From Eqs. (3) and (5)

0 = 4 43 + 4 (4 1)3 15 (4 2)3 + C1
C1 = 208
. . . (7)
From Eqs. (4), (6) and (7)

0 = 44 + (4 1) 4 5 (4 2)3 + 208 4 + C2
C2 = 617
. . . (8) . . . (9) . . . (10)
EI
dy = 4 x3 + 4 [ x 1]3 15 [ x 2]2 + 208 dx
EIy = x 4 + [ x 1]4 5 [ x 2]3 + 208 x 617
At free end A, x = 0, From Eq. (9)
A = +
From Eq. (10)
208 208 103 =+ = + 1.04 10 3 radians 6 EI 200 10
yA =
617 617 103 103 = = 3.085 mm ( ) EI 200 106
SAQ 2
Find the displacement of free end of a cantilever shown in Figure 9.40. Take EI = 40 106 N-m2.
24 kN/m 20 kN 2m B
48
2m
Deflection of Beams
Figure 9.40
9.5 DEFLECTION OF OVERHANG BEAMS

The overhang beams have overhangs on one side or on both sides. This type of beams are generally supported on rollers and hinged supports (Figure 9.41).
A B
(a) Single Overhang Beam
(b) Double Overhang Beam Figure 9.41
For this types of beams the deflection are generally calculated using Macaulays Method.
Example 9.8
Determine the deflection under the loads as shown in Figure 9.42.

80kN A 1m C x 1m B 1m X X 20 kN D
Figure 9.42
Solution
Fy = 0, so that RA + RB = 80 + 20 = 100 kN M about A = 0.
. . . (1)
80 1 + 20 3 = RA 2 RB = 70 kN ()
. . . (2)
RA = 30 kN ( )
M = 30 x 80 ( x 1) + 70 ( x 2) . . . (3) . . . (4) . . . (5) . . . (6)
EI
d2y dx 2
= M = 30 x 80 [ x 1] + 70 [ x 2]
EI
dy = 15 x 2 40 [ x 1]2 + 35 [ x 2]2 + C1 dx
40 35 [ x 1]3 + [ x 2]3 + C1 x + C2 3 3
EIy = 5 x3
The boundary conditions are : At A, x = 0, y = 0 . . . (7) 49
At B,
x = 2 m, y = 0
. . . (8)
From Eq. (6) and (7), C2 = 0 From Eqs. (6) and (8)
0 = 5 23 C1 =
40 [2 1]3 + C1 2 3
40 3
EIy = 5 x3
40 35 40 [ x 1]3 + [ x 2]3 x 3 3 3
. . . (7)
Deflection at C, x=1m
EIyC = 5 13
40 25 1= 3 3
. . . (8)
yC =
25 3 EI
Deflection at D, x=3m
EIyD = 5 33
yD = 0
40 35 40 (3 1)3 + (3 2)3 3=0 3 3 3
Example 9.9
For the beam shown in Figure 9.43, determine the deflection at free end and the maximum deflection.
48kN/m A D 2m 6m E 4m B 4m C 60 kN
Figure 9.43
Solution
R A + RB = 48 6 + 60 = 348 kN
. . . (1)
M about A = 0.
48 6 (2 + 3) + 60 16 = RB 12
RB = 200 kN () RA = 148 kN ()
. . . (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), . . . (3)
Apply the Udl in downward and upward directions in the portion EC (Figure 9.44).
48 kN/m A D 8m 148 kN x E B 200 kN X 60 kN X C
50
Figure 9.44
Deflection of Beams
M = 148 x
48 48 [ x 2] [ x 2] + [ x 8] [ x 8] + 200 [ x 12] 2 2
. . . (4)
= 148 x 24 [ x 2]2 + 24 [ x 8]2 + 200 [ x 12]
EI
d2y dx 2
=M
. . . (5) . . . (6) . . . (7)
= 148 x 24 [ x 2]2 + 24 [ x 8]2 + 200 [ x 12]
EI EIy
dy = 74 x 2 8 [ x 2]3 + 8 [ x 8]2 + 100 [ x 12]2 + C1 dx 74 3 100 [ x 12]3 + C1 x + C2 x 2 [ x 2]4 + 2 [ x 8]4 + 3 3

x = 0, y = 0 x = 12 m, y = 0
The boundary conditions are : At A, At B, . . . (8) . . . (9)
From Eqs. (7) and (8), C2 = 0 From Eqs. (7) and (9), . . . (10)
0=

74 123 2 [12 2]4 + 2 [12 8]4 + C1 12 3

. . . (11)
C1 = 1928
EIy =
74 3 100 [ x 12]3 1928 x x 2 [ x 2]4 + 2 [ x 8]4 + 3 3
Deflection at free end, x = 16 m
EIyC =
74 100 [16 12]3 1928 16 = 3680 163 2 [16 2]4 + 2 [16 8]4 + 3 3 yC = + 3680 EI
Maximum Deflection : It occurs between D and E.
dy =0 dx
0 = 74 x 2 8 [ x 2]3 1928 = 74 x 2 8 x 3 + 64 + 48 x 2 96 x 1928 = 8 x3 122 x 2 + 96 x + 1928
By trial and error, x = 5.7 m
EIymax =
Example 9.10
74 5.73 2 [5.7 2]4 1928 5.7 = 6796.3 3

6796.3 EI
51
ymax =
A double overhanging beam of 12 m length rests symmetrically on supports, 8 m apart. A load of 80 kN acts at one free end and a load of 40 kN acts at other free end. Determine the deflection : (a) (b)
Solution
at free ends, and at mid-span. Fy = 0, so that RA + RB = 80 + 40 = 120 kN . . . (1)
M about A = 0,
RB 8 = 40 10 80 2
RB = 30 kN ( )
X 80 kN A D 2m C 8m X B 2m E 40 kN
. . . (2)
Figure 9.45
RA = 90 kN ( )
M = 80 x + 90 [ x 2] + 30 [ x 10]
. . . (3) . . . (4) . . . (5) . . . (6) . . . (7)
EI
d2y dx 2
= M = 80 x + 90 [ x 2] + 30 [ x 10]
EI
dy = 40 x 2 + 45 [ x 2]2 + 15 [ x 10]2 + C1 dx
40 2 x + 15 [ x 2]3 + 5 [ x 10]3 + C1 x + C2 3
EIy =
Boundary conditions are : At A, At B, x = 2 m, y = 0 x = 10 m, y = 0 . . . (8) . . . (9)
0=
40 23 + C2 3 320 3
. . . (10)
C2 = +
From Eqs. (7), (8) and (9),
0=
320 40 103 + 15 [10 2]3 + C1 10 + 3 3

1664 3
. . . (11) . . . (12)
C1 = + EIy =
52
40 3 1664 320 x + 15 [ x 2]3 + 5 [ x 10]3 + x+ 3 3 3
Deflection at free ends : At D, x=0
Deflection of Beams
yD = +
At E,
320 3 EI
. . . (13)
x = 12 m,
EIyE =
40 1664 320 123 + 15 [12 2]3 + 5 [12 10]3 + 12 + 3 3 3

3712 3 EI
yE =
Deflection at mid-span : x=6m
EIyC = yC =
40 1664 320 63 + 15 [6 2]3 + 6+ 3 3 3
4544 3 EI
SAQ 3
Determine the deflection at C and D of the bean shown in Figure 9.46.
12 kN /m A 40 kN 40 kN D
2m
2m
2m
Figure 9.46
9.6 APPLICATION OF DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS

The calculation of deflection of beams is useful in the analysis of structures and also in the design of structures, and machine parts. (a) (b) In the design of structures, the check for deflection can be done. In the analysis of propped cantilever, propped beams, fixed beams, the deflection calculations are used.
9.7 SUMMARY
(a) (b) (c) Deflection is the vertical displacement of a loaded beam. Slope is the rotation of the loaded beam,
EI EI
d2y dx 2 dy = dx
=M
M + C1
EIy =
M + C1 x + C2
53
(d)
A = yC =
wl 2 16 EI wl 3 48 EI
W A B
l/2
l/2
Figure 9.47
(e)
A =
wa b (a + 2b) 6 EI l wb (2a + b) 6 EI l
B = + yC =
wb [3 l 2 4 b 2 ] 48 EI wb (l 2 b 2 ) 2 9 3 EI l
W A a C b B
ymax =
Figure 9.48
(f)
A =
wl 3 24 EI
yC =
5 wl 4 384 EI
w/unit length A C B
Figure 9.49
(g)
B = yB =
wl 2 2 EI wl 3 3 EI
w A B
Figure 9.50
(h)
B =
wl 2 6 EI
yB =
wl 4 8 EI
w/unit length A B
54
Deflection of Beams Figure 9.51
9.8 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
(a)
EI = 20 106 N-m 2
100 kN 2m A x X X 3m B
Figure 9.52
y =0
R A + RB = 100 kN
. . . (1)
M about A = 0
RB 5 = 100 2
RB = 40 kN () RA = 60 kN ()
M = 60 x 100 [ x 2]
. . . (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), . . . (3) . . . (4) . . . (5) . . . (6) . . . (7)
EI EI
d2y dx 2
= M = 60 x 100 [ x 2]
dy = 30 x 2 50 [ x 2]2 + C1 dx 50 [ x 2]3 + C1 x + C2 3
EIy = 10 x3
The boundary conditions are : At A, At B, x = 0, y=0 . . . (8) . . . (9) x = 5 m, y = 0

C2 = 0
From Eqs. (7) and (8), . . . (10)
From Eqs. (7), (8) and (9)
0 = 10 53
C1 = 160
50 [5 2]3 + C1 5 3
. . . (11) . . . (12) . . . (13)
EI
dy = 30 x 2 50 [ x 2]2 160 dx 50 [ x 2]3 160 x 3
EIy = 10 x3
Deflection at C, x = 2 m,
EIyC = 10 23 160 2
55
yC =
240 240 103 103 = = 12 mm EI 20 106
Maximum Deflection
It occurs between C and B.
dy =0 dx
30 x 2 50 [ x 2]2 160 = 0 30 x 2 50 x 2 200 + 200 x 160 = 0
20 x 2 + 200 x 360 = 0
x 2 10 x + 18 = 0
x = 2.35 m x = 2.35 m
Deflection at Mid-span
EIyD = 10 2.53
y D = 12.29 mm
50 [2.5 2]3 160 2.5 3
EIymax = 10 2.353
ymax = 12.35 mm
50 [2.35 2]3 160 2.35 3
(b)
EI = 30 106 N-m 2
A 30 kN-m 6m x B
Figure 9.53
Fy = 0 RA + RB = 0 M about A = 0
RB 6 = 30
. . . (1)
RB = 5 kN ()
. . . (2)
RA = 5 kN ()
M = 5 x + 30 x o
. . . (3) . . . (4) . . . (5)
EI
d2y dx
2
= 5 x + 30 x o
EI
dy 5 x2 = + 30 x + C1 2 dx 5 x3 + 15 x 2 + C1 x + C2 3
. . . (6)
EIy =
. . . (7)
56
The boundary conditions are : At A, At B, x = 0, y=0 . . . (8) . . . (9)
Deflection of Beams
x = 6 m, y = 0

C2 = 0
. . . (10)
From Eqs. (7), (9) and (10)

0= 5 63 + 15 62 + C1 6 6
C1 = 60
. . . (11) . . . (12)
EI
dy 5 x2 = + 30 x 60 dx 2 5 x3 + 15 x 2 60 x 6
EIy =
. . . (13)
For maximum deflection, or
dy = 0, dx
5 2 x + 30 x 60 = 0 2
x 2 12 x + 24 = 0
x = 2.54 m
EIymax =
5 (2.54)3 + 15 (2.54) 2 60 2.54 = 69.28 6
ymax = 2.31 mm
(c)
Fy = 0 or
R A + RB = 48 3 = 144 kN RB 6 = 20 + 48 3 (3 + 1.5)
. . . (1)
RB =
334 kN ( ) 3
x 48 kN /m
. . . (2)
D 1m 2m 20 kN -mm x
B 3m x
Figure 9.54
RA = M =
98 kN ( ) 3 98 48 x + 10 [ x 1]o [ x 3]2 3 2
. . . (3) . . . (4)
57
EI
d2y dx
2
98 48 x + 10 [ x 1]o [ x 3]2 3 2
. . . (5)
EI
dy 98 2 48 [ x 3]3 + C1 = x + 10 [ x 1] dx 3 6
. . . (6) . . . (7)
EIy =
49 3 x + 5 [ x 1]2 2 [ x 3]4 + C1 x + C2 9
y=0
The boundary conditions are : At A, At B, x = 0, . . . (8) . . . (9)
x = 6 m, y = 0

C2 = 0
. . . (10)
From Eqs. (7), (8) and (10),
0=
49 63 + 5 (6 1)2 2 (6 3)4 + C1 6 9 1139 6
C1 =
Deflection at D, x = 1 m,
EIyD = yD =
SAQ 2
EI = 40 106 N-m 2
20 kN A 2m
49 3 1139 1 1 9 6
184.4 EI
24 kN/m B
C x
3m x
Figure 9.55
M = 20 x
d2y dx
2
24 [ x 2]2 2
. . . (1)
EI
20 x 12 [ x 2]2
. . . (2)
EI
dy 10 x 2 4 [ x 2]3 + C1 dx
10 x3 [ x 2]4 + C1 x + C2 3
. . . (3)
EIy =
. . . (4)
Boundary conditions are : 58
At A, At B,
x = 4 m,
x = 4 m,
dy =0 dx
y=0
Deflection of Beams
. . . (5) . . . (6)

0 = 10 42 4 (4 2)3 + C1
C1 = + 192
. . . (7)
From Eqs, (4), (6) and (7),

0= 10 43 [4 2]2 + 192 4 + C2 3
C2 =
1616 3
10 x 3 1616 [ x 2]4 + 192 x 3 3
EIy =
. . . (8)
Deflection at free end, x = 0
yA =
SAQ 3
1616 3 EI
Fy = 0
MA = 0
R A + RB = 12 6 + 2 + 40 = 152 kN
. . . (1)
RB 4 = 12 6 3 + 40 2 + 40 6
RB = 134 kN ()
12 kN/m A 2m C x 2m B 2m X 40 kN X D 40 kN
. . . (2)
Figure 9.56
RA = 18 kN ()
M = 18 x 12 x 2 40 [ x 2] + 134 [ x 4] 2
. . . (3) . . . (4) . . . (5) . . . (6) . . . (7)
EI EI
d2y dx
2
= 18 x 6 x 2 40 [ x 2] + 134 [ x 4]
dy = 9 x 2 2 x3 20 [ x 2]2 + 67 [ x 4]2 + C1 dx
x 4 20 67 [ x 2]3 + [ x 4]3 + C1 x + C2 3 3 3 The boundary conditions are : At A, x = 0, y = 0 EIy = 3 x 3
. . . (8) . . . (9) 59
At B,
x = 4 m, y = 0

C2 = 0
. . . (10)
44 20 [4 2]3 + C1 4 2 3
From Eqs, (7), (9) and (10),

0 = 3 43
C1 =
8 3
x 4 20 67 8 [ x 2]3 + [ x 4]3 x 2 3 2 3
. . . (11) . . . (12)
EIy = 3 x3
At x = 2 m,
EIyC = 3 23 yC = +
At x = 6 m,
24 8 2 2 3
32 3 EI 64 20 67 8 [6 2]3 + [6 4]3 6 2 3 3 3
EIyD = 3 63 yD = 792 3 EI
60

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UNIT 9

Deflections of Simply Supported Beams (SS Beams)

Deflection of Cantilever Beams

9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

Deflection of Overhang Beams Application of Deflections of Beams Summary Answers to SAQs

ACB = Original beam, and ACB = Deflected beam. 5

Stresses in Shafts and Shells

9.2 DIFFERENT METHODS

9.2.1 Governing Equation for Deflections

Stresses in Shafts and Shells

9.2.2 Sign Conventions

9.2.3 The Boundary Conditions

9.3 DEFLECTIONS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS (SS BEAMS)

9.3.1 SS Beams with Central Point Load

Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A,

The governing equation for deflection is :

Integrating the above equation, we can get

C1 is constant for integration. Apply B.C 3, i.e. at x =

Integrating the above equation, we can get

Stresses in Shafts and Shells

The slope and deflection will be :

Slope at B, x = l, from Eq. (9.11),

l , from Eq. (9.12), 2

The slope and deflection diagrams are shown in Figure 9.5.

(b) Slope Diagram

9.3.2 SS Beams with a Point Load Anywhere on Span

Taking moments about A,

From Eqs. (9.13) and (9.14)

Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A,

Note that if x < a, M = RA x, i.e. second term is not applicable. or,

The governing equation for deflection is :

Integrating the Eq. (9.17), we can get

Applying BC (2) into the Eq. (9.19), C2 = 0.

The slope and deflection will be given by

Stresses in Shafts and Shells

Slope at A, (at x = 0), and noting that

Wb W ab [(a + b)2 a 2 ] = (a + 2b) 6 EI l 6 EI l

Wb [3l 2 3bl + b 2 l 2 ] 6 EI l Wb [2 (a + b) 2 3 b (a + b) + b 2 ] 6 EI l Wb Wa b (2 a 2 + ab) = (2a + b) 6 EI l 6 EI l W ab (2a + b) 6 EI l

For deflection under the load yw again

W [ x a]3 vanishes. Hence, by putting x = a 6

For maximum deflection, From Eq. (9.20),

Substituting the value of x into the Eq. (9.21), we can get

The slope and deflection diagram are shown in Figure 9.7.

(b) Slope Diagram

(c) Deflection Diagram Figure 9.7

9.3.3 SS Beams with UDL

Consider a section X-X at a distance x from A,

Stresses in Shafts and Shells

The governing equation for deflection is :

Integrating the Eq. (9.28), we can get

The slope and deflection equations will be,

l Because of symmetry, the maximum deflection occurs at mid-span, i.e. at C, x = . 2

(b) Slope Diagram

(c) Deflection Diagram Figure 9.9

9.3.4 SS Beams with Triangular Load

Taking moments about A,

From Eqs. (9.37) and (9.38),

Consider a section X-X at distance x from A,

The governing equation for deflection is

Integrating the Eq. (9.41), we can get

7 wl 3 wl 4 [3 10] = 360 l 360

The slope and deflection equation will be :

For maximum deflection,

From Eq. (9.43),