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Ying Tian
OUTLINE
Historical events of progressive collapse Design standards and available approaches Gaps in existing knowledge and research needs Experimental study of progressive collapse resistance of RC beams Numerical simulation of axially restrained RC frame beams Numerical simulation of RC flat-plate buildings at the risk of progressive collapse
Progressive collapse iseventually, defined as the initial local failure from element to element resulting, in the collapse of an spread entire structureof or a an disproportionately
large part of it.
Precast concrete wall and floor system. Explosion caused by a gas leak blew out one of the precast wall panels on the 18th floor, triggering the partial collapse of the building. Attention to progressive collapse was initiated.
(Nair, 2004)
RC flat-plate structure Likely construction over-load, poor material properties in cold weather, and inadequate positioning slab top bars caused punching shear failure at roof level. Punching shear failure propagated to the ground level.
RC frame structure with transfer girders designed in accordance with ACI 318-71.
The blast from the bomb destroyed column G20 below the transfer girder and may have destroyed or severely damaged columns G24.
Sampoong Department Store, Seoul, South Korea RC flat-plate structure Punching shear failure initiated from an interior slab-column connection at the top story.
Contributing factors the included reduced slabeteffective 35% increase in dead loads for due to thefailure change of use at the 5th floor (Gardner al. 2002). depth and a
Killed 501 people.
DESIGN STANDARDS
ASCE/SEI Committee, Disproportionate Collapse Standards and Guidance, is currently develop new standard modified from DOD 2009.
Design Approaches
Indirect Design - emphasizes providing minimum levels of strength, continuity, and ductility to ensure structural integrity.
Direct Design - includes the Specific Load Resistance and the Alternate Path approaches.
Relies on an integrated
system of tie forces for developing tensile membrane or catenary action. Horizontal ties and vertical ties.
Indirect Design emphasizes providing minimum levels of strength, continuity, and ductility to ensure structural integrity.
Building must bridge across a removed element.
Supporting Column
m g
P 3.5
P u
2.5
P = 0.9Pu
P = 0.7P
u
P = mg
5% damping ratio
0.5 0
t
2.5
0.5
1.5
Time (s)
Three analysis procedures permitted: Linear Static (consider M-factor) Nonlinear Static (consider Nonlinear Dynamic Increase factor)
Nonlinear Dynamic
Forcedriven nonlinear static analysis Load applied considers DIF for tributary area surrounding the lost element
Actual strength of critical element such as beams and beam-column joints Actual deformation capacity of critical element such as beams under large deformation Participation of slabs in resisting progressive collapse Appropriate retrofit techniques for progressive collapse prevention
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
In collaboration with Dr. Youpo Su at Hebei Polytechnic University (China) Investigated flexural capacity of RC frame beams where axial restrains exist Both static and dynamic loading tests were conducted.
Vertical Load
Pcu
P
yu
cu
Deflection
t u
(Bao, 2008)
12 specimens were tested: 9 under static loading (1/2scale), 3 under different loading speed (1/3scale) Test variables: (1) reinforcement ratio, (2) spantodepth ratio, and
0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 249 kN, PACI = 147 kN 0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 125 kN, PACI = 77 kN 0.3 m x 0.15 m, Pcu = 83 kN, PACI = 55 kN top and bottom, = 1.13%
(a)
A 4 A1 A 5
A2 A6 A3
2 . 5
2.5
1 . 5
1.5
B1
(b )
A6
A3
B 3 B 2
Span / Depth (l / h )
n
10
Effect of
200 150
45
30 100 15 50 0 0 -50 -15 -100 -150 -200 Specimen C1 Specimen C2 Specimen C3 Peak Load Pcu -30 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0
-45
0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 0.2 mm/s, Pcu = 0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 2 mm/s, Pcu = 96.4 0.2 m x 0.1 m, loading rate 20 mm/s, Pcu = top and bottom, = 1.3%
Compressive arch action resulting from axial restraint contributed at least 50% extra loading capacity beyond the capacity estimated without considering axial restraining forces and strain harderning. Load resistance under catenary action may not provide higher capacity than under compressive arch action. High loading speed slightly increases beam flexural stiffness and load resistance.
Test variables: Load level, reinforcement ratio Four specimens were tested: D1 to D4, 5700 mm x 300 mm x 150 mm (1/2scale) D1: no axial restraint was applied D1 and D2: = 1.2 %, D3: 1.8 %, D4: 2.4% Each specimen was tested multiple times with different weight of mass blocks
Lower weight of mass blocks: study the dynamic response of a specimen within its elastic range
Higher weight of mass blocks: detect the dynamic load carrying capacity
flectio n
15
Deflection (mm)
10
0 (b)
45
30
15
45
30
15
0 (c)
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
P= 53.5
kN
D4
P = 4.0 kN 4
P = 28.9 kN
P = 23.9 kN P = 18.8 kN
D2
P = 44.0 k N
= 38.9 kN
90
30
0
90
30
D3
P = 54.6 kN
0
1.5
1.5
0.5
Time (s)
15 0 10 0 50
15 0 10 0 50
150
100 50
(b )
50 10 0
50
-50
-100
-100
(a )
At peak deflection peak deflection 15 0 0 0.05 20 0.25 0.3 0 15 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.05 20 0.25 0.3 0 0.1 0.15
At -150
0.2
20 0
At
shin g
0.1
0.15
0.2
Time (s)
Specimen D2 Specimen D4
Specimen D3
Concrete Spalling
Diagonal Crack
Center Column
Damage Pattern
Typically assumed 5% damping ratio for cracked concrete structures was verified. Compressive arch action still exists under dynamic loading scenario considered by DOD and can significantly increase the dynamic loading capacity.
Dynamic increase factor of 2 could be too conservative for force controlled actions. Another series of tests is being conducted to further identify dynamic loading effects (mainly evaluate DIF proposed by DOD and dynamic deformation capacity).
Current DOD progressive collapse design guideline considers dynamic loading condition. The response of structure from an analysis (deformation and force demand) can be highly sensitive to the definition of beam flexural capacity. To reduce uncertainty in an analysis, appropriate nonlinear model is need for frame beams surrounding the lost column. Using traditional ACI code approach to define M- (or M-p) in a nonlinear analysis cannot effectively capture the dynamic response under both compressive arch action and catenary action. Numerical analysis needs to consider the geometry nonlinearity when solving system equations.
Cross section is divided into several layers (regions) to have fibers along the beam or column. Material property is defined at stress- strain level. Confinement effects due to transverse reinforcement can be explicitly considered. Can be used for irregular cross sections. Current fiber section can only define flexural and axial
loading behavior. Involves higher computational cost. Available in SAP newer editions.
Concrete property
(Concrete 1 model)
Simulation results
200
150
100 50
Pu (ACI)
0
0 -50 50 100 150 200 250 300
-150
-200
Flat-plate buildings, especially those designed prior to 1980s, could be vulnerable to a progressive collapse. ABAQUS using shell elements is used to conduct nonlinear analysis. Concrete damaged plasticity model was used to simulate the property of concrete under tri-axial state of stress. Rebar layer was used to simulate tension and compression mats of slab flexural reinforcement.
1808)
Fir st Yielding
e 4
4 Inclined Crack
1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5
(=0.99%)
(=0.50%)
(=0.50%)
0.8 P2>P1 0. 6 0. 4 T o r q u e (t o n fm ) 0. 2
Specimen T-2
40 30 30 20
10
P 1
Applied Load
20
10
0.006
Test Result
FE Simulation Result
Strong floor
Strong floor: 32 ft long, 28 ft wide, and 4 ft thick reinforced concrete slab with a matrix of embedded anchors
Anchor unit
CONCLUSIONS
Lateral restraining effect existing in an actual moment frame may significantly increase beam flexural capacity. Even though such effect is generally neglected in a normal design, it can be considered for progressive collapse resistance under extreme loading conditions. Fiber section can best describe the strength and stiffness properties of RC frame beams. Flat-plate buildings, especially older flat-plates, could be at high risk of progressive collapse. Input for industry is needed to better improve current design practice for progressive collapse.
Thank You
QUESTIONS?