Problem Statement: The fact that smoking is injurious to health is knows to both children and adults and the

fact that smoking can cause lung cancer is also known to all. However, the general population do not realize that besides lung diseases, smoking is a risk factors for numerous illnesses. Center for Disease Control and prevention states that besides lung cancer, smoking causes illnesses such as stroke, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, and stomach cancer ("Smoking & tobacco use," ). Research Question: Besides, Lung cancer, can smoking be a contributing factor for other cancers? Hypothesis: Smoking is a risk factor for other cancers such as bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, and stomach cancer. Representative tool or Method: In order to find association between smoking and different cancers, researchers have mainly relied on population studies. For example, one study which examined the association between smoking and pancreatic cancer used a cohort consortium study. The researchers chose individuals who were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinomas and then collected data on cigarette smoking history by means of questionnaires and inperson interviews. Furthermore, in order to analyze the data numerically, odds ratio and relative risk was calculated using formulas (Lynch, 2009). Another study that was conducted to find how many hospital diagnoses were caused by smoking used the formula for smoking-attributable fractions. Smoking attributable fraction is defined as the fraction of the disease in the population that would not have the disease if smoking was not present (Baliunas, 2007). My Research Method: In order to find the result of my research question, I would use methods similar to those found in the various studies done in the past. I would first choose a population who have been diagnosed with different cancers and those who do not have any history of cancer. Next, I would use a questionnaire to obtain information demographic and smoking history. Then I would calculate the relative risk amongst both population to determine whether smoking is a risk factor for other cancers. Reference: Baliunas, D. (2007). Smoking-attributable morbidity: acute care hospital diagnoses and days of treatment in canada, 2002. BMC public Health, 7(247), Retrieved from http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2048952/?tool=pmcentrez Lynch, S. (2009). Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170(4), 403-413. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733861/? tool=pmcentrez Smoking & tobacco use. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/ fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/