Name: Alvin D. Cabalquinto Experiment No.

: 9 Heat Formation of Solid NaCl Abstract

Locker No. 6c Date Submitted: September 13, 2010

In the chemistry, changes in matter, both physical changes and chemical reactions, happens also with the help of energy. In prior experiments, such as Chemistry of Copper, the different chemical changes, such as change in temperature, are observed, but in this experiment, the goal is to observe the change of temperature of a substance, and this will be observed using a coffee-cup calorimeter so that change of heat or thermal energy flow. The observations obtained from the reactions suggest that heat is involved in the different changes in matter. The reactions shown in this experiment shows both physical changes and chemical changes in matter and the different enthalpy steps that will help one get the heat of formation of a compound and through these reactions, the heat of formation of solid sodium chloride will be obtained. After the experiment is done, the value of the heat of formation of the solid sodium chloride from the data will be compared to the theoretical value of the heat of formation of the solid sodium chloride. Introduction In this study, the goal is to get determine the heat of formation of solid sodium chloride, NaCl (s) through the sum of the different enthalpy steps. Every time matter changes, the energy content, such as heat, in the matter also changes and the branch of science dealing with heat involved in chemical and physical changes is known as thermochemistry. Knowing the heat of a reaction is essential for reactions to occur because some reactions cannot produce products unless energy (heat for this discussion) serves as catalyst or the agent necessary for the reaction to occur. In a formation equation, an equation in which one mole of a compound forms from its element, the standard heat of formation indicates the enthalpy change, the change in internal energy, plus the product of constant pressure and change in volume, which is denoted by this equation: qp = E + PV. In this equation, the formation equation is given but the heat of formation is unknown, but, given a set of equations of different reactions with the components of a compound, Hesss Law of Heat Summation, stating that the energy of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy change of its individual steps, will be applied to determine the heat of formation by adding all the heat of reactions which is denoted by this equation: where Hf is the heat of formation of a substance while m and n are moles of the product and reactants based on their coefficients in the reaction. For this experiment, the enthalpy steps are used because the reaction of sodium and chlorine, based on the formation equation, cannot be done due to the hazards by combining reactive substances, such as sodium. By using a coffee-cup calorimeter, an apparatus measuring the heat released or absorbed by a system, one can get the change in temperature, which is necessary to get the heat in a reaction, denoted by this equation: q = c x mass x T where q is the heat, c is the heat capacity and T is the change in temperature. page 1 of 5

Methods The experiment consist of two chemical reactions: (1) the neutralization of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid and (2) dissolution of the sodium chloride. In the first chemical reaction, 75 mL of 1M hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), was poured into a weighed Styrofoam coffee-cup calorimeter, stirred and its temperature was measured, and afterwards, 75 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), was poured into another weighed Styrofoam coffee-cup calorimeter, stirred and its temperature was also measured. The sodium hydroxide was, then, poured into the Styrofoam cup filled with hydrochloric acid, stirred and the final temperature, which is the maximum temperature, and the mass were obtained. For the second chemical reaction, 150 mL of water was poured in a weighed coffee-cup calorimeter, stirred and its initial temperature was obtained. 4.38 g of sodium chloride, NaCl (s), was added into the coffee cup and its final temperature was obtained. Results, Sample Calculations, Discussion, and Answers to Questions In the first data table, Data Table 1 shows the observation before the neutralization of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid and the dissolution of solid sodium chloride. The following data shows the physical properties of each reactant such as the color and the phases of the reactants. This data is differentiate the appearance of the substances as these are used to mix up to form different substances. Data Table 1: Physical Properties of Materials before mixing Substance/ Mixture Observations NaOH (aq) The sample obtained is clear and transparent in color. HCl (aq) The sample obtained is clear and transparent in color. H2O (1) The sample obtained is clear and transparent in color and distilled. NaCl (s) The sample used is white in color, crystallized in form and appears as small cubes. Some contain unknown black granules. In the first chemical reaction, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution is used to obtain water in liquid state and sodium chloride in aqueous solution. This reaction is an acid-base reaction because the reaction produced water and salt. Data Table 2 shows the mass of reaction while Data Table 3 shows the change in temperature necessary to obtain the heat of the solution. Data Table 2: Mass of solution Setup Coffee cup calorimeter for NaOH (aq) Coffee cup calorimeter for HCl (aq) Solution with the two coffee cups Solution only Mass (g) 2.50 2.59 156.06 150.97

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Data Table 3: Temperature Reading of Neutralization of NaOH (aq) and HCl (aq) Temperature (C) Initial Temperature of NaOH (aq) 30.0 Initial Temperature of HCl (aq) 30.0 Initial Temperature of reaction 30.0 Final Temperature of the solution 36.0 Change in Temperature 6.0 Based on the data, the process of neutralization of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is endothermic. The positive value of the change in temperature shows that heat is added into the setup. This shows that thermal energy is absorbed into the solution. It is also noted that the change in temperature in C is equal to change in temperature in K because the conversion factor in converting the value of C into the value K will cancel out leaving the values to be the same. The reaction produced a new substance, water in its liquid state, and this will be used to obtain the heat of the reaction. Using the heat capacity (c) of liquid water, H 2O (1), where c is 4.184 J/g*K, the equation, q = c x mass x T will be used. Calculating the heat of solution: q = c x mass x T q = (4.184 J/g*K) x (150.97 g) x (6.0 K) q = 3789.9 J The value obtained will be converted into K/mol used to obtain the heat of the reaction. Knowing that the reactants have 1 M, one can get the number of moles of the ions in the reaction by dividing molarity by the number of liters. Since the number of moles of H + ions is equal to the moles of OH- ions based on the molar ratio of the net ionic equation, H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l), one can get the number of moles of H2O (1) using stoichiometry. Calculating the moles of H2O (1): moles of H2O = 1M NaOH X (0.075 L) X (1 mol OH-/ 1 mol NaOH) x (1 mol H20/ 1mol OH-) moles of H2O = 0.075 mol H2O Since the heat of reaction is needed, the heat gained by the solution is equal to the heat lost by the reaction. Thus, the value of heat of solution must be multiplied by -1.The value obtained will be used to obtain the heat of the reaction by dividing the heat of solution by the moles of water and converting it into kJ/mol. Calculating the moles of H2O (1): Hf = (-qrxn/molwater(1)) X (1 kJ/ 1000J) Hf = (-3789.9 J / 0.075 mol) X (1 kJ/1000J) Hf = -51 kJ/mol In further analysis of this reaction, suppose more concentrated solutions of NaOH and HCl were used. The results of this change will be the increase in number of moles of H 2O page 3 of 5

produced, assuming that the volume is constant. In terms of thermal energy, the heat of reaction would not change. The reason is that as the concentrations of the solutions in mol/L increase, the heat lost would also increase along with the number of moles. In another scenario, suppose that solid NaOH, NaOH (s), will be used. In order to proceed with the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, the solid NaOH must first dissolve in the HCl solution before it neutralizes the acid. Based on the given data, dissolution of the sodium hydroxide will have a chemical equation, NaOH (s) NaOH(aq), and its Hrxn is equal to - 44.505 kJ/mol. In order to dissolve the NaOH from its solid form to its ionized form, heat will be released by the reaction. The change in temperature will increase due to the additional heat energy, and the heat of reaction will also increase. For the second chemical reaction, solid sodium chloride is dissolved into water in liquid state and sodium chloride in aqueous solution. This reaction is an acid-base reaction because the reaction produced water and salt. Data Table 4 shows the temperature readings for the two trials as well as the change in temperature necessary to obtain the heat of the solution for each trial. Data Table 3: Temperature Reading of Dissolution of NaCl (s) into NaCl (aq) Trial Initial Temperature (C) Final Temperature (C) Change in Temperature (C) Trial I 30.0 29.0 -1.0 Trial II 30.0 29.0 -1.0 Based on the given data, the process of dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide into sodium chloride in an aqueous solution is exothermic. The negative value of the change in temperature shows that heat escapes from the setup and moves into the surroundings. This shows that thermal energy is released into the solution. Since the heat gained by the reaction is equal to the negative of the heat lost by the solution, in order to obtain the heat of gained by the reaction, the heat calculated based on the equation, q = m x c x T, must be multiplied by negative one (-1), where m is equal to 4.38 g. Calculating heat of reaction for trial 1: qrxn = - qsoln qrxn = - (m x c x T) qrxn = - [(4.38 g) x (4.148 J/g K) x (-1.0 K)] qrxn = 18.168 J Calculating heat reaction for trial 2: qrxn = - qsoln qrxn = - (m x c x T) qrxn = - [(4.38 g) x (4.148 J/g K) x (-1.0 K)] qrxn = 18.168 J To obtain the heat of the reaction, one must also obtain the moles of sodium chloride. The heat of reaction is then converted into kJ/mol by dividing the heat of reaction by the number of moles of NaCl used. page 4 of 5

Calculating the moles of NaCl: mol NaCl = 4.38 g x (1 mol NaCl/58.45g) mol NaCl = 0.074871 mol NaCl Calculating the heat of reaction for trial 1: Hrxn = (qrxn/molNaCl) x (1 kJ/1000 J) Hrxn = (18.168 J/ 0.074871mol) x (1 kJ/1000 J) Hrxn = 0.243 kJ/mol Calculating the heat of reaction for trial 2: Hrxn = (qrxn/molNaCl) x (1 kJ/1000 J) Hrxn = (18.168 J/ 0.074871mol) x (1 kJ/1000 J) Hrxn = 0.243 kJ/mol Based on the given series of equation, the reaction is reverse reaction, which indicates that the heat in the dissolution has the same magnitude but different signs according to the rules of enthalpy changes in stoichiometry of thermochemical equations, Thus, the heat of reaction of the physical change of sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution into sodium chloride, NaCl (aq) NaCl (s) is the average of the two trials multiplied to -1, resulting into -0.243 kJ/mol. Obtaining the two missing values of the two enthalpy steps can help determine the heat of formation of solid sodium chloride based on the given series of equation and data obtained by applying the Hesss Law of Summation. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Na(s) + O2 (g) + H2 (g) NaOH (s) NaOH (s) NaOH(aq) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) HCl (g) HCl (g) HCl (aq) NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) NaCl (aq) NaCl (s) H2O (l) H2O (g) H2O (g) H2 (g) + O2 (g) Na (s) + Cl2 (g) NaCl (s) Hrxn = - 426.73 kJ/mol Hrxn = - 44.505 kJ/mol Hrxn = - 92.30 kJ/mol Hrxn = -74.843 kJ/mol Hrxn = - 51 kJ/mol Hrxn = - 0.243 kJ/mol Hrxn = + 40.668 kJ/mol Hrxn = + 241.84 kJ/mol H = - 407 kJ/mol

To check for the accuracy of the heat of formation of solid NaCl, one must obtain the value of the heat of formation based on the equation:

Calculating for the theoretical value of Hrxn of NaCl (s): Hrxn = [ (1 mol)(-411.1 kJ/mol)] [(1mol)( 0 kJ/mol) + (1/2 mol) (0 kJ/mol)] / (1 mol) Hrxn = - 411.1 kJ/mol After getting the theoretical value which is equal to -411.1 kJ/mol, the percent error is obtained which is equivalent 0.997 %. page 5 of 5

Calculating for % error: % error = (|actual value - theoretical value| / theoretical value) x 100 % % error = (|-407 (-411.1)| / 411.1) x 100 % % error = 0.997 % The percent error indicates a relatively high accuracy of the value obtained, but the experiment still has errors. In this experiment, many sources of error are found. A source of error maybe the presence of contaminations inside the calorimeters or glassware used, which may contain substances that might react with the chemicals used and thus, also heat might be added or decreased into the solutions. Another source of error is the imperfect insulators, the Styrofoam cups and thus some heat may have escaped. Another source of error can be parallax or error in readings due to vision. This source of error may cause the significant changes in the setup such as the error in measuring the amount of reactants used which might lead to change in products formed in the case of measuring volume and the error in measuring the temperature. Another significant source of error is the impurity of the sodium chloride used. The sample used in rock salt which included unknown black granules that might have some substances reacting to the other reactants. Conclusions Based on the observation and results of the experiment and the analysis of the data, the conclusion that arise in this experiment is that the calculated heat of formation of solid sodium chloride, NaCl (s), is -407 kJ/mol. The value obtained from the experiments deviates from the theoretical value which is -411.1 kJ/mol, and this deviation may be caused by the errors of this experiment. The Hesss Law of Summation, stating that the that the energy of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy change of its individual steps, is proven to be helpful in getting the heat of formation of solid sodium chloride because of the dangerous hazards of the reaction of the formation process of sodium and chlorine. Moreover, this experiment shows that heat is used in different changes in matter, in both physical and chemical changes. This experiment also shows the different classification of processes by the energy flow, such as exothermic process and endothermic process. References (1) Silberberg, Martin. Principles of Modern Chemistry. New York: McGrawHill, 2010. Science Lab. "msds.ph." Science Lab. 1 September 2010 <https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsld=9924285>. Science Lab. "msds.ph." Science Lab. 1 September 2010 <https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsld=9924999>. Science Lab. "msds.ph." Science Lab. 1 September 2010 <https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsld=99275937>. Science Lab. "msds.ph." Science Lab. 1 September 2010 <https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsld=9927321>.

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Science Lab. "msds.ph." Science Lab. <https://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsld=9926835>.

September

2010

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