Chapter 9 Review: Linear Momentum and Collisions Background and Topics:

This chapter deals with Newtons second law of motion using the concept of momentum, related to the mass and velocity of an object. This will mostly be explored through collisions. Related topics also covered include linear momentum, isolated and non-isolated Systems, collisions in 1D and 2D, center of mass, and systems of many particles. Elastic Collision Before: for a particle: After: Collisions: Inelastic Collision Before: After: Energy Linear Momentum: Definition:

Rachel Hoang

Law of Conservation of Momentum:

Impulse: Change in momentum caused by a force over a certain time interval of a force:

Elastic: Kinetic energy and momentum conserved. Objects collide and spring apart without losing energy
+

1D Elastic Collisions: Inelastic: Momentum is conserved, kinetic energy is not. Objects collide with loss of energy.

Perfectly Inelastic Collision . Before: Perfectly Inelastic: Momentum is conserved, kinetic energy is not. Colliding objects stick together after the collision
Energy

Key Terms:
Linear Momentum product of an objects mass and velocity Law of Conservation of Momentum momentum is always conserved, so the sum of initial momenta equals the sum of final momenta Impulse change in an objects momentum over time due to an external force Elastic collision when two objects collide in which the total kinetic energy and momenta are the same before and after the collision Inelastic Collision when two objects collide in which the momentum, but not the total kinetic energy of the system, is the same before and after the collision Perfectly Inelastic Collision when two objects collide and stick together and momentum, but not kinetic energy, is conserved Center of Mass average position of the systems mass

Center of Mass: System of particles:

3D space:

Continuous masses:

*usually need to know the proportionality constant

Final equation for continuous mass:

Motion of a System of Particles: Velocity of center of mass:

Acceleration of center of mass:

Practice Problems
1. (E) When trying to escape the mental institution she was put in after Mr. Whites class, a 60-kg student steals a 800-kg car only to discover to her horror that Mr. White had installed tire spikes all over the facility. At 250 m/s, shes driving too fast to stop and punctures her tires, causing the car to skid to a stop. What is the impulse of the student-car system? 2. (M) Back at the institution, the student and her classmates plot their next escape plan. Suddenly, a 10,000 kg plane flies over with a velocity of (4.00x108i + 3.50 x108j 2.75 x108k) m/s at the same time a 15,000 kg plane flies over with a velocity of (3.75 x108 i 4.25 x108 j + 6.00 x108 k) m/s. What is a) the velocity of the center of mass and b) the total momentum of the system? 3. (H) To escape, the students build a giant pendulum to project them out of the institution. The length of the arm is 200 m with a 100kg hammer attachment. It is released from an angle of 35. In the plan, the hitter strikes the 300kg car the students are in. a) What is the speed of the hammer just before it hits the car b) What is the speed of the car and hammer after they collide elastically and c) determine the impulse of the car.

Problem 1 Find Impulse Because the student and car remain together the whole time, we can regard it as a single particle. Therefore we can use the equation

mg = 60kg

vi = 250 m/s mc = 800kg

Since

, we can expand the equation to

The mass remains constant, and consists of both the mass of the girl and the car Now, we plug in known values and solve

I=2.15x104 kgm/s

Problem 2 mplane1=10,000 kg mplane2=15,000 kg Vplane1= (4.00x108i + 3.50 x108j 2.75 x108k) m/s Vplane2= (3.75 x108 i - 4.25 x108 j + 6.00 x108 k) m/s a) velocity of the center of mass? There are no external forces acting on the system, so momentum remains constant. Overall momentum is p=mv so Divide by total mass to get equation for vcm and solve

Problem 2 (cont.) b) total momentum of system? Equation for total momentum is Using total mass of the planes and the answer found in part a, plug in and solve Problem 3
200 m 35 mp =100 kg mc = 300 kg m

b) speed of car and hammer after they collide elastically?

Both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved. First, use conservation of momentum

a)

speed of hammer just before it hits car? All the potential energy of the pendulum is coverted to kinetic energy. Use conservation of energy law

We have two variables and need another equation. Since this problem is one-dimensional, we can use

Plug in

into original equation

Plug in value back in to solve for What is h? We need to use the angle !"# and the relationship = !!" 35 = 200 m 200 35 Adj is right side of triangle. We know the length of the dotted black line is 200, so therefore, the total height of the ball at the initial position is 200-200cos35 =36.2 m Plug back into equation

c)Impulse of car? We can find impulse using

cancels out. Solve for I