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=
` ` `
)
) )
4 Applying these boundary conditions, we get
1
1 1 2 1
3 1 1 2 2
2
{d} [P(x)]{a}
{a} [P(x)] {d}
a v ; a
1
a ( 3v 2L 3v L )
L
=
=
= =
= +
4Substituting coefficients a
i
back into the original equation
for v(x) and rearranging terms gives
3 1 1 2 2
2
a ( 3v 2L 3v L )
L
= +
{ }
1
2
2 3
3
4
a
a
v(x) 1 x x x
a
a
=
`
)
4 The interpolation function or shape function is given by
2 3 2 3
1 1
2 3 2
2 3 2 3
2 2
2 3 2
3x 2x 2x x
v(x) (1 )v (x )
L L L L
3x 2x x x
( )v ( )
L L L L
= + + +
+ + +
N
1
=1
dN
1
dx
(x=0) = 0
N
1
(x=L) =1
dN
1
dx
(x=L) = 0
N
2
=1
2 2
2 3 2
( )v ( )
L L L L
+ + +
[ ]
1
1
1 2 3 4
2
2
v
L
v N (x) N (x) N (x) N (x) [N]{d}
v
L
= =
`
)
strain for a beam in bending is defined by the curvature, so
4 Hence
N
A
dv
dx
y
x
dv
dx
u(x) = y
2 2
2 2
du d v d [N]
y {d} y[B]{d}
dx dx dx
= = = =
3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2
12x 6 6x 4 6 12x 6x 2
[B]
L L L L L L L h
(
=
(
{ } { }
{ } [ ]{ }
{ } [ ]{ }
{ } [ ] { }
{ } [ ] [ ][ ]{ }
e
e
e
T
e
v
T
e
v
T T
e 2
v
Internal virtual energy U = dv
substitute E in above eqn.
U = E dv
= y B d
U = d B E B d y dv
=
e e
From virtual work principle U W =
| |
{ } { } { } [ ] { }
{ } { } { } [ ] { }
{ }
{ } { }
e e
T T
T
e
b y
v v
T T
T
e
s y
s s
T
T
e e e
c
External virtual workdue to body force
w = d(x) b dv d N b dv
External virtual work due to surface force
w = d(x) p dv d N p ds
External virtual work due to nodal forces
w d P , P
=
=
=
{ }
yi i yj
= P , M , P ,....
{ } [ ] [ ][ ] { } { } [ ]
{ }
[ ]
{ } { }
{ }
{ }
[ ] [ ][ ]
{ }
[ ]
{ }
[ ]
{ } { }
T T T T T 2 e
d ( B E B y dv d d N b dv N p dv P
y y
e e
s
v v
e
K U F
e e
where
T 2
K B D B y dv Element stiffness matrix
e
e
v
T T e
F N b dv N p ds P Total nodal force vector
e y y
e
s
v
| |
|
= + +
|
\
(
=
(
= =
= + + =
4the stiffness matrix [k] is defined
dA
y
To compute equivalent nodal force vector
( )
L
T 2 T
V
A 0
2 2
3
2 2
[k] [B] E[B]dV dAy E [B] [B]dx
12 6L 12 6L
6L 4L 6L 2L
EI
12 6L 12 6L L
6L 2L 6L 4L
= =
(
(
(
=
(
(
for the loading shown
{ } [ ] { }
[ ]
T
e y
s
y
y
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 2 3 2
F N p ds
From similar triangles
p
w w
; p x; ds = 1 dx
x L L
3x 2x 2x x 3x 2x x x
N (1 ) (x ) ( ) ( )
L L L L L L L L
=
= =
= + + +
`
)
w
x
p
y
L
{ } [ ] { }
{ }
T
e y
s
2 3
2 3
2 2 3
2
e
2 3
L
2 3
F N p ds
3wL 3x 2x
(1 )
20 L L
wL 2x x
(x )
wx
30 L L
F dx
7wL L
3x 2x
( )
20
L L
=
+
+
= =
` ` `
)
+ve directions
v
i
v
j
O
i
O
j
2
2 3
2
L L
wL
x x
( )
20
L L
+
)
)
w
Equivalent nodal force due to
Uniformly distributed load w
v
1
v
2
v
3
1
2
3
v
4
v
3
Member end forces
1
1
2
2
For element 1
V 12 18 -12 18 0 70
M 18 36 -18 18 0 70
1555.6
V -12 -18 12 -18 0 70
18 18 -18 36 0.00249 139.6 M
(
(
(
= =
` ` `
(
(
) ) )
70
70
70
139.6
1
1
2
2
V
M
V
M
=
`
)
12 18 -12 18 0 46.53
18 36 -18 18 0.00249 139.6
1555.6
-12 -18 12 -18 0.01744 46.53
18 18 -18 36 0.007475 0
(
(
(
=
` `
(
(
) )
46.53
46.53
139.6
0
v
1
v
2
v
3
1
2
3
v
1
1
v
2
2
v
2
2
v
3
3
1
1
2 5
2
3
3
V 12 6 -12 6
M 6 4 -6 2
V -12 -6 12+12 -6+6 -12 6
8x10
M 6 2 -6+6 4+4 -6 2
-12 -6 V
M
=
`
)
1
1
2
2
3
3
1 1 2 3
v
v
12 -6 v
6 2 -6 4
Boundary condition
v , , v , v 0
Loading Condition
(
(
(
(
` (
(
(
(
(
)
=
2 3
5
Loading Condition
M 1000; M 1000
8 2
8x10
2
= =
{ } [ ]{ }
2
3
4
2
5
4
3
1000
4 1000.0
4 -2 1000 2.679x10
1
-2 8 1000.0 28*8x10
4.464x10
Final member end forces
f k d {FEMS}
(
=
` `
(
) )
(
= =
` ` `
(
) )
)
= +
1
1 5
2
4
2
For element 1
0 V 0 12 6 -12 6 1285.92
0 M 0 6 4 -6 2 428.64
8X10
0
V 0 -12 -6 12 -6 1285.92
0 6 2 -6 4 857.28 M 2.679x10
(
(
(
= + =
` ` `
(
(
) ) )
`
)
1285.92
428.64
1285.92
857.28
1
4
1 5
2
4
2
0
V 6000 12 6 -12 6 6856.8
M 1000 6 4 -6 2 2.679x10 856.96
8X10
V 6000 -12 -6 12 -6 0 51
1000 6 2 -6 4 M
4.464x10
(
(
(
= + =
` ` `
(
(
) )
)
43.2
0
`
)
428.64
857.28
6856.8
5143.2
856.96 0
Find slope at joint 2 and deflection at
joint 3. Also find member end forces
.
.
v
.
O
.
O
EI
EI
20 KN
20kN/m
Guided Support
2m 2m
6m
EI=2 x 10
4
kN-m
2
Global coordinates
20 KN
20kN/m
.g
.g
.g-m
.g-m
:g-m
:g-m
:g
:g
.g-m
.g
lg
g-m
:g-m
:g
Fixed end reactions (FERs)
Action/loads at global
coordinates
1 1
4
1 1
3
2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
For element 1
f v 12 24 -12 24
m 24 64 -24 32
1X10
f -12 -24 12 -24 v 4
24 32 -24 64 m
v v
For el
(
(
(
=
` `
(
(
) )
1 1
4
1 1
3
ement 2
f v 12 36 -12 36
m 36 144 -36 72
1X10
f -12 -36 12 -36 v 6
(
(
(
=
` `
(
3
2 2
2 2
2 2 3 3
f -12 -36 12 -36 v 6
36 72 -36 144 m
v v
=
` `
(
(
) )
1
1
2
2
3
3
F 1875 3750 -1875 3750
M 3750 10000 -3750 5000
F -1875 -3750 1875+555.56 -3750+1666.67 -555.56 1666.67
M
F
M
=
`
)
3750 5000 -3750+1666.67 10000+6666.67 -1666.67 3333.33
-555.56 -1666.67 555.56 -1666.67
1666.67
1
1
2
2
3
3
1 1 2 3
v
v
v
3333.332 -1666.67 6666.67
Boundary condition
v , , v , 0
Loading Condition
(
(
(
(
`
(
(
(
(
(
)
=
6/16/2013 26
2 3
Loading Condition
M 50; F 60
16666.67 -1666.67
-1666.67 555.56
= =
(
(
{ } [ ]{ }
2
3
2
3
50
v 60
555.56 1666.67 50 0.019714
1
v 1666.67 16666.67 60 0.16714 6481481.5
Final member end forces
f k d {FEMS}
=
` `
) )
(
= =
` ` `
(
) ) )
= +
1
4
1
3
2
2
For element 1
f 10 12 24 -12 24 0 63.93
m 10 24 64 -24 32 0 88.57
1X10
f 10 -12 -24 12 -24 0 83.93 4
10 24 32 -24 64 0.019714 207.1 m
(
(
(
= + =
` ` `
(
(
) ) )
1
4
1
4
For element 2
f 60 12 36 -12 36 0
m 60 36 144 -36 72 0.019714
1X10
`
)
(
(
(
= +
120
207.14
=
4
1
3
2
2
m 60 36 144 -36 72 0.019714
1X10
f 60 -12 -36 12 -36 0.16714 6
60 36 72 -36 144 0 m
(
(
= +
` ` `
(
(
) )
207.14
0
152.85
=
`
) )
x
y
q
3
q
2
q
1
q
5
q
6
q
4
displacement in local coordinates
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
AE AE
0 0 0 0
L L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0 0
L L L L
6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
0 0
L L L L
[k]
AE AE
0 0 0 0
L L
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
{ } [ ]{ }
If f ' member end forces in local coordinates then
f' k' q' =
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0 0
L L L L
6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI
0 0
L L L L
(
(
(
(
(
(
'
1 1 2
'
2 1 2
'
At node i
q q cos q sin
q q sin q cos
q q
= +
= +
=
{ }
1 2 3 4 5 6
q {q , q , q , q , q , q }
are forces in global coordinate direction
=
'
3 3
q q
l cos ; m sin
=
= =
{ } { }
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
T
using conditions q' [L]{q}; and f' [L]{f}
Stiffness matrix for an arbitrarily oriented beam element is given by
k L k' L
= =
=
Grid Elements
a
a O
f = GJ/l
q
xi
f
i
q
xj
f
j
xi i
xj j
JG JG
q f
L L
q f
JG JG
L L
(
(
=
(
` `
) ) (
(
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
GJ GJ
0 0 0 0
L L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0 0
L L L L
6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
0 0
L L L L
GJ GJ
0 0 0 0
L L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
0 0
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
{ } [ ]{ }
If f ' member end forces in local coordinates then
f' k' q' =
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
0 0
L L L L
6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI
0 0
L L L L
(
(
(
(
[ ]
C 0 -s 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
-s 0 c 0 0 0
L
0 0 0 c 0 -s
0 0 0 0 1 0
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 --s 0 c
[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
T
k L k' L
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
`
)
=
`
)