Calculation and construction of the polar ALS

The coefficient of drag

To construct a polar necessary to know the dependence of the coefficients of lift and drag Su aircraft angle of attack . The drag coefficient is the sum of the coefficients of the aircraft profile and induced drag with a coefficient of drag at zero lift; = - coefficient of induced drag, resulting from the creation of lift . The drag coefficient C plane x0 belongs to the wing area S and is given by where C xkr , C xgo , C xvo , C xf , C xmg , C XIII -resistance coefficients in Cy = 0 isolated wing, horizontal and vertical tail, fuselage , engine nacelles and landing gear and the second in-the relative areas of the horizontal and vertical tail surfaces; S m F , S m. M , S m. W -midsection of the fuselage, engine nacelles and landing gear, respectively. The drag coefficient of a wing at C in = 0 is given by where C xr -profile drag coefficient; K AB -interaction coefficient of aerodynamic wings and fuselage; S pF -wing area occupied by the fuselage; - sum of the coefficients to account for the additional resistance of surface cleanliness wing cracks in it and add-ins. profile drag coefficient can be determined by the formula where is the coefficient of friction of a flat plate; - coefficient taking into account the transition from a flat plate to the chosen profile of the wing. The coefficient is shown in the graph (Fig. 2.10, a) as a function of Reynolds number, calculated by the formula where V-speed flight; b sah mean aerodynamic chord of the wing - the kinematic viscosity of air. Its value as a function of altitude is shown in the graph in Fig. 2. 10b.

Figure 2.10 Calculation of aerodynamic drag of the wing

Coefficient depends on the position of the transition point boundary layer to turbulent. Its position, in turn, depends on several factors, most important of which are a form of the profile and the purity of its surface, the uniformity of the basic flow. Even with a sufficiently smooth surface of the wing coordinate of a point does not exceed the percentage of the chord profile, located in front of its maximum relative thickness. For most profiles

(except laminarizirovannye)

<0.15. In the field blowing wing screw

0. For the majority of ALS and wings, blown screws, you can take = 0. coefficient as a function of the mean value of the relative thickness of the wing profile and position of the transition point is shown in the graph in Fig. 2.10 at.aerodynamic coefficient of the interaction (interference) K AB , depending on the scheme adopted by the aircraft fuselage cross-sectional shape is irrelevant:vysokoplana _____________0 95 midwing _____________0, 65 nizkoplan with cross-sectional shape of fuselage: _________________0 round, 25 oval ________________ 0.50 square ___________0, 60 As mentioned earlier, the additional resistance of the wing depends on the roughness of the surface, especially the front. If 20% of the profile, measured from the toe, free of protruding rivet heads, then you can take equal to 0.0013. If all of the wing has a protruding rivets, the value of additional resistance increases by about half as much and is 0.0020. Resistance gaps between the wing and aileron or mechanization can be accounted for by using the following approximate formula where l u is the total length of the gap on the ailerons and mechanization, if there is one. The resistance coefficients of horizontal and vertical tail surfaces are defined similarly to the coefficients of the wing. The difference lies in the fact that the chord horizontal tail is made by the average chord, calculated by means of a chord of vertical tail - rate is assumed to be zero, since the empennage, performed by the normal pattern is always in the backwash of the wing, fuselage and propeller . fuselage drag coefficient can be found on the following formula: where C xr.f - profile drag coefficient of the fuselage, the coefficient of additional resistance that takes into account the shape and roughness of the fuselage; background-drag coefficient of a lantern; S m.fon the area of the midsection lantern; S m p is the area of the midship section of fuselage. Profile drag coefficient of the fuselage without add-ons is given by where is a coefficient that takes into account the lengthening of the fuselage; S th -washed by the flow surface of fuselage. Oddsand removed from the plots in Fig. 2. 11. depending on the Reynolds number and longer fuselage

Figure 2.11 Determination of the drag coefficient of fuselage Washed by the fuselage surface S st is calculated by drawing a general form of ALS.The exact value of the coefficient can be obtained only by purging. When designing an ultralight its approximate value can be taken from Table. 2. 2.

Table 2.2: Values of the coefficients

C x*

Unfortunately, in the Table. 2. 2 does not include the values of the coefficients for frequently used for ALS bluff fuselages. This is because of the large number of possible configurations of the coefficients of resistance vary widely. And even to determine their approximate values are needed purge in wind tunnels. The values of the coefficient of the background can be taken as follows: lantern with a short

gargrotom______________0, 040 Lantern Long gargrotom_______________0, 010Lantern Long fairings, passing in the tail section fyuzelyazha_0, 005 nacelle drag coefficient C x mg is defined similarly to the coefficient of drag of the fuselage.resistance factor chassis can be determined by the formula where C x ca and C x nkcoefficients of resistance of the ground and the front (rear) wheels; C oc x and C x ps - the main drag coefficients (back) landing gear; S m.ok , S m.pk , S m.os and S m.ps square sections midoley main wheels, the front (rear) wheels, and the main front (back) legs. The values of the drag wheel chassis, depending on the shape of their transversal cross-section can be taken as follows: 0.25 ___________________________ rectangular with rounded ugolkami___0, 35 rectangular (such as carting )___________ 0.50 By using the drag wheel fairings can be reduced to 2 ... Factor of 3. The values of the drag struts, springs and other design elements that are in the incoming flow can be determined using the data in Table. 2. 3.

Table 2.3 Coefficients of aerodynamic resistance of structural elements

Induced drag coefficient is given by where is a coefficient that takes into account the lengthening and narrowing of the wing; ef-effective aspect ratio. The coefficient b can be removed from the graph in Fig. 2. 12.

Figure 2.12 Determination of reactance ALS To determine the effective wing aspect ratio of ALS can use the approximate formulawhere -aspect ratio; S zan -wing area occupied by the fuselage and pods (if engines are located on the wing). In the calculations easy to use formula (2. 22), written in the following form: where expression is called the blade polars.

The coefficient of lift aircraft

For the normal scheme of ALS can be assumed that the lifting force is created only by the airplane's wing. If the characteristics of the original wing profile are known, the calculation of the lift coefficient is reduced to the plane plotting . For ALS, having a wing with aspect ratio of more than five, we can assume that the values to angles of attack equal to 14 ... 16 , increase in proportion (Fig. 2. 13) and correspond to the original profile. The maximum lift coefficient is given by where Cumahkr - maximum lift coefficient of the wing profile; - sweep angle profile of the chord.The maximum lift coefficient nestrelovidnogo wing can be taken as 92% of the maximum value of the initial profile. After determining with the minds of its value will be plotted (Fig. 2. 13) in a horizontal line. From the point of intersection of two straight four postponed distance = 1 , and points 2 and 3 are connected lekalnoy curve.

Figure 2.13 Calculation of the coefficient of Lift force of ALS

The construction of the polar plane

The polar plane is a curve describing the dependence of drag coefficient C x of the lift coefficient C y , on the curve plotted as the angle of attack . To construct the polar of the aircraft must have the values of the coefficients C x and C y , depending on the angle of attack . Their calculation is convenient to the table prepared in accordance with the sample table. 2. 4

Table 2.4 Calculation of the aerodynamic coefficients

defining the pre-values of the coefficients C x0 and A. Filling in the table, you can begin drawing the polars of Fig. 2. 14.

Figure 2.14 The polar plane To do this in a coordinate system with y , with x plotted points corresponding to the selected angle of attack , and joined a smooth curve. The polar plane quickly and easily identify several important aerodynamic characteristics used in the calculation of his aircraft performance data. A very important characteristic that evaluates the aerodynamic perfection of the aircraft is its aerodynamic efficiency. Its increase is one of the main tasks of aerodynamic design of aircraft. aerodynamic quality of the aircraft,

at any selected angle of attack can be defined by the formulas: Maximum glide plane is at an angle of attack corresponding to the point of tangency of the straight line passing through the origin drawn tangent to the polar. The angle of attack corresponding to the highest quality aircraft aerodynamics, is most advantageous. The curve changes aerodynamic aircraft constructed in accordance with the polar Fig. 2.14 is shown in Fig. 2.15.

Figure 2.15 Changing the aerodynamic qualities of ALS as a function of wing angle of attack

Materials: PI Chumak, VF Krivokrysenko "Calculation and design of ALS"