CHAPTER 15

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

15.1

INTRODUCTION

Prior to the development of electronic distance measuring equipment and the global positioning system, triangulation was the preferred method for extending horizontal control over long distances. The positions of widely spaced stations were computed from measured angles and a minimal number of measured distances called baselines. This method was used extensively by the National Geodetic Survey in extending much of the national network. Triangulation is still used by many surveyors in establishing horizontal control, although surveys that combine trilateration (distance observations) with triangulation (angle observations) are more common. In this chapter, methods are described for adjusting triangulation networks using least squares. A least squares triangulation adjustment can use condition equations or observation equations written in terms of either azimuths or angles. In this chapter the observation equation method is presented. The procedure involves a parametric adjustment where the parameters are coordinates in a plane rectangular system such as state plane coordinates. In the examples, the specic types of triangulations known as intersections, resections, and quadrilaterals are adjusted.
15.2 AZIMUTH OBSERVATION EQUATION

The azimuth equation in parametric form is azimuth C

Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis, Fourth Edition. C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-69728-2

(15.1)
255

256

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Figure 15.1 Relationship between the azimuth and the computed angle, .

where tan1[(xj xi)/( yj yi)]; xi and yi are the coordinates of the occupied station I; xj and yj are the coordinates of the sighted station J; and C is a constant that depends on the quadrant in which point J lies, as shown in Figure 15.1. From the gure, Table 15.1 can be constructed, which relates the algebraic sign of the computed angle in Equation (15.1) to the value of C and the value of the azimuth.
15.2.1 Linearization of the Azimuth Observation Equation

Referring to Equation (15.1), the complete observation equation for an observed azimuth of line IJ is tan1 xj xi C Azij vAzij yj yi (15.2)

where Azij is the observed azimuth, vAzij the residual in the observed azimuth, xi and yi the most probable values for the coordinates of station I, xj and yj the most probable values for the coordinates of station J, and C a constant with a value based on Table 15.1. Equation (15.2) is a nonlinear function involving variables xi, yi, xj, and yj, that can be rewritten as F(xi,yi, xj,yj) Azij vAzij where (15.3)

TABLE 15.1 Relationship between the Quadrant, C, and the Azimuth of the Line Quadrant I II III IV Sign(xj xi)

Sign( yj yi)

Sign

C 0 180 180 360

Azimuth
180 180 360

15.2

AZIMUTH OBSERVATION EQUATION

257

F(xi,yi, xj,yj) tan1

xj xi C yj yi

As discussed in Section 11.10, nonlinear equations such as (15.3) can be linearized and solved using a rst-order Taylor series approximation. The linearized form of Equation (15.3) is F(xi,yi, xj,yj) F(xi,yi, xj,yj)0

F xi F yj

dxi dyj

F yi

dyi

F xj

dxj (15.4)

where (F / xi)0, (F / yi)0, (F / xj)0, and (F / yj)0 are the partial derivatives of F with respect to xi, yi, xj, and yj that are evaluated at the initial approximations xi0, yi0, xj0, and yj0, and dxi, dyi, dxj, and dyj are the corrections applied to the initial approximations after each iteration such that xi xi0 dxi yi yi0 dyi xj xj0 dxji yj yj0 dyi (15.5)

To determine the partial derivatives of Equation (15.4) requires the prototype equation for the derivative of tan1u with respect to x, which is d 1 du tan1u dx 1 u2 dx (15.6)

Using Equation (15.6), the procedure for determining the F / xi is demonstrated as follows:
F 1 1 xi 1 [(xj xi)/( yj yi)]2 yj yi 1( yj yi) (xj xi)2 ( yj yi)2

(15.7)

yi yj IJ 2

By employing the same procedure, the remaining partial derivatives are xj xi F yi IJ 2 xj yi F xj IJ 2 xi xj F yj IJ 2 (15.8)

where IJ 2 (xj xi)2 ( yj yi)2.

258

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

If Equations (15.7) and (15.8) are substituted into Equation (15.4) and the results then substituted into Equation (15.3), the following prototype azimuth equation is obtained:

yi yj IJ 2 Both

dxi

xj xi IJ 2

dyi

yj yi IJ 2

dxj

xi xj IJ 2

dyj (15.9)

kAzij vAzij

kAzij Azij tan1

xj xi yj yi
C
0

2 and IJ 2 (xj xi)2 0 ( yj yi)0

are evaluated using the approximate coordinate values of the unknown parameters.

15.3

ANGLE OBSERVATION EQUATION

Figure 15.2 illustrates the geometry for an angle observation. In the gure, B is the backsight station, F the foresight station, and I the instrument station. As shown in the gure, an angle observation equation can be written as the difference between two azimuth observations, and thus for clockwise angles,
BIF AzIF AzIB tan1

x xi x xi tan1 b D bif vbif y yi yb yi (15.10)

where bif is the observed clockwise angle, vbif the residual in the observed angle, xb and yb the most probable values for the coordinates of the backsighted station B, xi and yi the most probable values for the coordinates of

Figure 15.2 Relationship between an angle and two azimuths.

15.3

ANGLE OBSERVATION EQUATION

259

the instrument station I, x and y the most probable values for the coordinates of the foresighted station F, and D a constant that depends on the quadrants in which the backsight and foresight occur. This term can be computed as the difference between the C terms from Equation (15.1) as applied to the backsight and foresight azimuths; that is, D Cif Cib Equation (15.10) is a nonlinear function of xb, yb, xi, yi, x, and y that can be rewritten as F(xb,yb, xi,yi, x,y) bif vbif where F(xb,yb, xi,yi, x,y) tan1 x xi x xi tan1 b D y yi yb yi (15.11)

Equation (15.11) expressed as a linearized rst-order Taylor series expansion is F(xb,yb, xi,yi, x,y) F(xb,yb, xi,yi, x,y)0

F xi

dxi

F xb

dxb
F x

F yb

dyb

F yi

dyi

dx

F y

dy

(15.12) where F / xb, F / yb, F / xi, F / yi, F / x, and F / y are the partial derivatives of F with respect to xb, yb, xi, yi, x, and y, respectively. Evaluating partial derivatives of the function F and substituting into Equation (15.12), then substituting into Equation (15.11), results in the following equation:

yi yb IB2

dxb

xb xi IB2

xi xb xi x IB2 IF 2

dyb

dyi

yb yi y yi IB2 IF 2

y yi IF 2

dx

dxi

x i x IF 2

dy

(15.13)

kbif vbif

where

260

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

kbif bif bif0

bif0 tan1

x xi y yi

tan1

xb xi yb yi

IB2 (xb xi)2 ( yb yi)2

IF 2 (x xi)2 ( y yi)2

are evaluated at the approximate values for the unknowns. In formulating the angle observation equation, remember that I is always assigned to the instrument station, B to the backsight station, and F to the foresight station. This station designation must be followed strictly in employing prototype equation (15.13), as demonstrated in the numerical examples that follow.
15.4 ADJUSTMENT OF INTERSECTIONS

When an unknown station is visible from two or more existing control stations, the angle intersection method is one of the simplest and sometimes most practical ways for determining the horizontal position of a station. For a unique computation, the method requires observation of at least two horizontal angles from two control points. For example, angles 1, and 2 observed from control stations R and S in Figure 15.3, will enable a unique computation for the position of station U. If additional control is available, computations for the unknown stations position can be strengthened by observing redundant angles such as angles 3 and 4 in Figure 15.3 and applying the method of least squares. In that case, for each of the four independent angles, a linearized observation equation can be written in terms of the two unknown coordinates, xu and yu. Example 15.1 Using the method of least squares, compute the most probable coordinates of station U in Figure 15.3 by the least squares intersection procedure. The following unweighted horizontal angles were observed from control stations R, S, and T:

Figure 15.3 Intersection example.

15.4

ADJUSTMENT OF INTERSECTIONS

261

1 500650

2 1013047

3 984117

4 591701

The coordinates for the control stations R, S, and T are xr 865.40 yr 4527.15 SOLUTION Step 1: Determine initial approximations for the coordinates of station U. (a) Using the coordinates of stations R and S, the distance RS is computed as RS (2432.55 865.40)2 (4527.15 2047.25)2 2933.58 ft (b) From the coordinates of stations R and S, the azimuth of the line between R and S can be determined using Equation (15.2). Then the initial azimuth of line RU can be computed by subtracting 1 from the azimuth of line RS: AzRS tan1 865.40 2432.55 xs xr C tan1 180 ys yr 4527.15 2047.25 xs 2432.55 ys 2047.25 xt 2865.22 yt 27.15

147 4234

AzRU0 1474234 500650 973544 (c) Using the sine law with triangle RUS, an initial length for RU0 can be calculated as RU0 2933.58 sin(1003047) RS sin 2 6049.00 ft sin(180 1 2) sin(282723)

(d) Using the azimuth and distance for RU0 computed in steps 1(b) and 1(c), initial coordinates for station U are computed as xu0 xr RU0 sin AzRU0 865.40 6049.00 sin(973544)
6861.35

yu0 yr RU0 cos AzRU0 865.40 6049.00 cos(973544)

3727.59

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

(e) Using the appropriate coordinates, the initial distances for SU and TU are calculated as SU0 (6861.35 2432.55)2 (3727.59 2047.25)2
4736.83 ft

TU0 (6861.35 2865.22)2 (3727.59 27.15)2

5446.29 ft

Step 2: Formulate the linearized equations. As in the trilateration adjustment, control station coordinates are held xed during the adjustment by assigning zeros to their dx and dy values. Thus, these terms drop out of prototype equation (15.13). In forming the observation equations, b, i, and are assigned to the backsight, instrument, and foresight stations, respectively, for each angle. For example, with angle 1, B, I, and F are replaced by U, R, and S, respectively. By combining the station substitutions shown in Table 15.2 with prototype equation (15.13), the following observation equations are written for the four observed angles.

yr yu RU 2

dxu

yu ys SU 2

ys yu SU 2

yu yt TU 2

dxu tan1
0

xu xr RU 2

dyu

tan1

xs xr x xr tan1 u ys yr yu yr xs xu SU 2 dyu

0
0

v1

xu xs yu ys

tan1

xr xs 0 v2 yr ys

(15.14)

dxu tan1

xu xs SU 2

dyu

xt xs x xs tan1 u yt ys yu ys xt xu TU 2 dyu

180

v3

dxu tan1

xu xt yu yt

tan1

xs xt 0 v4 ys yt

15.4

ADJUSTMENT OF INTERSECTIONS

263

TABLE 15.2 Substitutions Angle

1 2 3 4

B U R U S

I R S S T

F S U T U

Substituting the appropriate values into Equations (15.14) and multiplying the left side of the equations by to achieve unit consistency,1 the following J and K matrices are formed: 4527.15 3727.59 6049.002 3727.59 2047.25 4736.832 J 2047.25 3727.59 4736.832 3727.59 27.15 5446.292 6861.35 865.40 6049.002 2432.55 6861.35 4.507 33.800 4736.832 15.447 40.713 15.447 40.713 6861.35 2432.55 25.732 27.788 4736.832 2865.22 6861.35 5446.292

500650 tan1 1013047 tan1 K 984117 tan1

2432.55 865.40 6861.35 865.40 tan1 0 2047.25 4527.15 3727.59 4527.15 865.40 2432.55 6861.35 2432.55 tan1 0 3727.59 2047.25 4527.15 2047.25

2865.22 2432.55 6861.35 2432.55 tan1 180 27.15 2047.25 3727.59 2047.25 2432.55 2865.22 6861.35 2865.22 tan1 0 3727.59 27.15 2047.25 27.15

591701 tan1 0.00 0.00 0.69 20.23

For these observations to be dimensionally consistent, the elements of the K and V matrices must be in radian measure, or in other words, the coefcients of the K and J elements must be in the same units. Since it is most common to work in the sexagesimal system, and since the magnitudes of the angle residuals are generally in the range of seconds, the units of the equations are converted to seconds by (1) multiplying the coefcients in the equation by , which is the number of seconds per radian, or 206,264.8 / rad, and (2) computing the K elements in units of seconds.

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Notice that the initial coordinates for xu0 and yu0 were calculated using 1 and 2, and thus their K-matrix values are zero for the rst iteration. These values will change in subsequent iterations. Step 3: Matrix solution. The least squares solution is found by applying Equation (11.37). J TJ

1820.5

1159.7 1820.5 5229.7

Qxx (J TJ)1 J TK
509.9

534.1

0.001901 0.000662 0.000662 0.000422

509.9

X (J TJ)1(J TK) dxu 0.62 ft

0.001901 0.000662 0.000662 0.000422

534.1

dxu dyu

and dyu 0.11 ft

Step 4: Add the corrections to the initial coordinates for station U: xu xu0 dxu 6861.35 0.62 6860.73 yu yu0 dyu 3727.59 0.11 3727.48 Step 5: Repeat steps 2 through 4 until negligible corrections occur. The next iteration produced negligible corrections, and thus Equations (15.15) produced the nal adjusted coordinates for station U. Step 6: Compute post-adjustment statistics. The residuals for the angles are 4.507 33.80 15.447 40.713 V JX K 15.447 40.713 25.732 27.788

(15.15)

6.5 5.1 5.8 7.3

0.62 0.11

0.00 0.00 0.69 20.23

The reference variance (standard deviation of unit weight) for the adjustment is computed using Equation (12.14) as

15.5

ADJUSTMENT OF RESECTIONS

265

V V [6.5 5.1
T

5.8

7.3]

6.5 5.1

5.8 7.3

[155.2]

S0

V TV mn

8.8 4155.2 2

The estimated errors for the adjusted coordinates of station U, given by Equation (13.24), are Sxu S0Qxuxu 8.80.001901 0.38 ft Syu S0Qyuyu 8.80.000422 0.18 ft The estimated error in the position of station U is given by
2 2 2 Su S 2 x S y 0.38 0.18 0.42 ft

15.5

ADJUSTMENT OF RESECTIONS

Resection is a method used for determining the unknown horizontal position of an occupied station by observing a minimum of two horizontal angles to a minimum of three stations whose horizontal coordinates are known. If more than three stations are available, redundant observations are obtained and the position of the unknown occupied station can be computed using the least squares method. Like intersection, resection is suitable for locating an occasional station and is especially well adapted over inaccessible terrain. This method is commonly used for orienting total station instruments in locations favorable for staking projects by radiation using coordinates. Consider the resection position computation for the occupied station U of Figure 15.4 having observed the three horizontal angles shown between stations P, Q, R, and S whose positions are known. To determine the position of station U, two angles could be observed. The third angle provides a check and allows a least squares solution for computing the coordinates of station U. Using prototype equation (15.13), a linearized observation equation can be written for each angle. In this problem, the vertex station is occupied and is the only unknown station. Thus, all coefcients in the Jacobian matrix follow the form used for the coefcients of dxi and dyi in prototype equation (15.13).

266

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Figure 15.4 Resection example.

The method of least squares yields corrections, dxu and dyu, which gives the most probable coordinate values for station U.
15.5.1 Computing Initial Approximations in the Resection Problem

In Figure 15.4 only two angles are necessary to determine the coordinates of station U. Using stations P, Q, R, and U, a procedure to nd the station Us approximate coordinate values is Step 1: Let
QPU URQ G 360 (1 2 RQP)

(15.16)

Step 2: Using the sine law with triangle PQU yields QU PQ sin QPU sin 1 and with triangle URQ, QU QR sin URQ sin 2 (b) (a)

Step 3: Solving Equations (a) and (b) for QU and setting the resulting equations equal to each other gives PQ sin PQU QR sin URQ sin 1 sin 2 Step 4: From Equation (c), let H be dened as H sin QPU QR sin 1 sin URQ PQ sin 2 (15.17) (c)

15.5

ADJUSTMENT OF RESECTIONS

267

Step 5: From Equation (15.16),

QPU G URQ

(d )

Step 6: Solving Equation (15.17) for the sinQPU, and substituting Equation (d ) into the result gives sin(G URQ) H sinURQ Step 7: From trigonometry sin( ) sin cos cos sin Applying this relationship to Equation (e) yields sin G URQ sin G cosURQ cos G sinURQ sin G URQ H sin URQ Step 8: Dividing Equation (g) by cos URQ and rearranging yields sin G tanURQ[H cos(G)] Step 9: Solving Equation (h) for URQ gives
URQ tan1

(e)

() (g)

(h)

sin G H cos G

(15.18)

Step 10: From Figure 15.4,

RQU 180 (2 URQ)

(15.19)

Step 11: Again applying the sine law yields RU QR sin RQU sin 2 (15.20)

Step 12: Finally, the initial coordinates for station U are xu xr RU sin(AzRQ URQ) yu yr RU cos(AzRQ URQ) (15.21)

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Example 15.2 The following data are obtained for Figure 15.4. Control stations P, Q, R, and S have the following (x,y) coordinates: P (1303.599, 1458.615), Q (1636.436, 1310.468), R (1503.395, 888.362), and S (1506.262, 785.061). The observed values for angles 1, 2, and 3 with standard deviations are as follows:
Backsight P Q R Occupied U U U Foresight Q R S Angle 302933 383031 102957 S () 5 6 6

What are the most probable coordinates of station U? SOLUTION Using the procedures described in Section 15.5.1, the initial approximations for the coordinates of station U are: (a) From Equation (15.10),
RQP AzPQ AzQR 2935938.4 1972938.4 963000.0

(b) Substituting the appropriate angular values into Equation (15.16) gives G 360 (302933 383031 963000.0) 1942956 (c) Substituting the appropriate station coordinates into Equation (14.1) yields PQ 364.318 and QR 442.576

(d) Substituting the appropriate values into Equation (15.17) yields H as H 442.576 sin(302933) 0.990027302 364.318 sin(383031)

(e) Substituting previously determined G and H into Equation (15.18), URQ is computed as
URQ tan1

sin(1942956) 180 0.990027302 cos(1942956)

850022 180 945936.3

15.5

ADJUSTMENT OF RESECTIONS

269

(f) Substituting the value of URQ into Equation (15.19), RQU is determined to be
RQU 180 (383031 945936.3) 462952.7

(g) From Equation (15.20), RU is RU 442.576 sin(462952.7) 515.589 sin(383031)

(h) Using Equation (15.1), the azimuth of RQ is AzRQ tan1 1636.436 1503.395 0 172938.4 1310.468 888.362

(i) From Figure 15.4, AzRU is computed as AzRQ 1972938.4 180 172938.4 AzRU AzRQ URQ 360 172938.4 945936.3
2823002.2

(j) Using Equation (15.21), the coordinates for station U are xu 1503.395 515.589 sin AzRU 1000.03 yu 888.362 515.589 cos AzRU 999.96 For this problem, using prototype equation (15.13), the J and K matrices are

yp yu yq yu UP2 UQ2 yq yu yr yu UQ UR2 yr yu ys yu UR2 US 2

0 0 0

xu xp xu xq UP2 UQ2 xu xq xu xr UQ2 UR2 xu xr xu xs UR2 US 2

(1 10) K (2 20) (3 30)

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Also, the weight matrix W is a diagonal matrix composed of the inverses of the variances of the angles observed, or 1 52 W 0 0

0 1 62 0 0 0 1 62
X MATRIX ======== 0.031107 0.065296

Using the data given for the problem together with the initial approximations computed, numerical values for the matrices were calculated and the adjustment performed using the program ADJUST. The following results were obtained after two iterations. The reader is encouraged to adjust these example problems using both the MATRIX and ADJUST programs supplied.
ITERATION 1 J MATRIX ====================== 184.993596 54.807717 214.320813 128.785353 59.963802 45.336838 ITERATION 2 J MATRIX ====================== 185.018081 54.771738 214.329904 128.728773 59.943758 45.340316 INVERSE MATRIX ======================= 0.00116318 0.00200050 0.00200050 0.00500943 Adjusted stations Station X Y Sx Sy =========================================== U 999.999 1,000.025 0.0206 0.0427 K MATRIX ======== 1.974063 1.899346 1.967421 X MATRIX ======== 0.000008 0.000004 K MATRIX ======== 0.203359 0.159052 6.792817

15.6

ADJUSTMENT OF TRIANGULATED QUADRILATERALS

271

Adjusted Angle Observations Station Station Station Backsighted Occupied Foresighted Angle V S () ======================================================== P U Q 30 29 31 2.0 2.3 Q U R 38 30 33 1.9 3.1 R U S 10 29 59 2.0 3.0 Redundancies

Reference Variance Reference So

0.3636

0.60

15.6

ADJUSTMENT OF TRIANGULATED QUADRILATERALS

The quadrilateral is the basic gure for triangulation. Procedures like those used for adjusting intersections and resections are also used to adjust this gure. In fact, the parametric adjustment using the observation equation method can be applied to any triangulated geometric gure, regardless of its shape. The procedure for adjusting a quadrilateral consists of rst using a minimum number of the observed angles to solve the triangles, and computing initial values for the unknown coordinates. Corrections to these initial coordinates are then calculated by applying the method of least squares. The procedure is iterated until the solution converges. This yields the most probable coordinate values. A statistical analysis of the results is then made. The following example illustrates the procedure. Example 15.3 The following observations are supplied for Figure 15.5. Adjust this gure by the method of unweighted least squares. The observed angles are as follows: 1 423529.0 3 795442.1 5 212923.9 7 312045.8 2 873510.6 4 182822.4 6 390135.4 8 393427.9 The xed coordinates are xA 9270.33 yA 8448.90 xD 15,610.58 yD 8568.75

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Figure 15.5 Quadrilateral.

SOLUTION The coordinates of stations B and C are to be computed in this adjustment. The Jacobian matrix has the form shown in Table 15.3. The subscripts b, i, and of the dxs and dys in the table indicate whether stations B and C are the backsight, instrument, or foresight station in Equation (15.13), respectively. In developing the coefcient matrix, of course, the appropriate station coordinate substitutions must be made to obtain each coefcient. A computer program has been used to form the matrices and solve the problem. In the program, the angles were entered in the order of 1 through 8. The X matrix has the form dxb dyb X dxc dyc

Unknowns dxc dx() dx(b) dx(b) 0 dx(i) dx(i) 0 dx() dyc dy() dy(b) dy(b) 0 dy(i) dy(i) 0 dy()

The following self-explanatory computer listing gives the solution for this example. As shown, one iteration was satisfactory to achieve convergence, since the second iteration produced negligible corrections. Residuals, adjusted
TABLE 15.3 Structure of the Coefcient or J Matrix in Example 15.3

Angle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

dxb dx(b) 0 dx(i) dx(i) 0 dx() dx() dy(b)

dyb dy(b) 0 dy(i) dy(i) 0 dy() dy() dy(b)

15.6

ADJUSTMENT OF TRIANGULATED QUADRILATERALS

273

coordinates, their estimated errors, and adjusted angles are tabulated at the end of the listing.
******************************************* Initial approximations for unknown stations ******************************************* Station X Y ============================== B 2,403.600 16,275.400 C 9,649.800 24,803.500 Control Stations Station X Y ============================== A 9,270.330 8,448.900 D 15,610.580 8,568.750 ****************** Angle Observations ****************** Station Station Station Backsighted Occupied Foresighted Angle =============================================== B A C 42 35 29.0 C A D 87 35 10.6 C B D 79 54 42.1 D B A 18 28 22.4 D C A 21 29 23.9 A C B 39 01 35.4 A D B 31 20 45.8 B D C 39 34 27.9
Iteration 1 J Matrix ---------------------------------------------14.891521 13.065362 12.605250 0.292475 0.000000 0.000000 12.605250 0.292475 20.844399 0.283839 14.045867 11.934565 8.092990 1.414636 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.409396 4.403165 14.045867 11.934565 1.440617 11.642090 6.798531 11.650726 0.000000 0.000000 6.798531 11.650726 11.195854 4.110690 K MATRIX --------1.811949 5.801621 3.508571 1.396963 1.833544 5.806415 5.983393 1.818557 X MATRIX ----------1 0.011149 2 0.049461 3 0.061882 4 0.036935

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

Iteration 2 J Matrix ---------------------------------------------14.891488 13.065272 12.605219 0.292521 0.000000 0.000000 12.605219 0.292521 20.844296 0.283922 14.045752 11.934605 8.092944 1.414588 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.409357 4.403162 14.045752 11.934605 1.440533 11.642083 6.798544 11.650683 0.000000 0.000000 6.798544 11.650683 11.195862 4.110641 K MATRIX --------2.100998 5.032381 4.183396 1.417225 1.758129 5.400377 6.483846 1.474357 X MATRIX ----------1 0.000000 2 0.000000 3 0.000000 4 0.000001

INVERSE MATRIX ------------------------------0.00700

0.00497 0.00497

0.00160 0.01082

0.00762 0.00148 0.01138

0.00160 0.00148 0.00378 0.00073

0.01082

0.01138 0.00073 0.02365

***************** Adjusted stations ***************** Station X Y Sx Sy ================================================ B 2,403.589 16,275.449 0.4690 0.4895 C 9,649.862 24,803.537 0.3447 0.8622 *************************** Adjusted Angle Observations *************************** Station Station Station Backsighted Occupied Foresighted Angle V S =============================================================== B A C 42 35 31.1 2.10 3.65 C A D 87 35 15.6 5.03 4.33 C B D 79 54 37.9 4.18 4.29 D B A 18 28 21.0 1.42 3.36 D C A 21 29 25.7 1.76 3.79 A C B 39 01 30.0 5.40 4.37 A D B 31 20 52.3 6.48 4.24 B D C 39 34 26.4 1.47 3.54 ********************************* Adjustment Statistics ********************************

PROBLEMS

275

Iterations 2 Redundancies 4 Reference Variance 31.42936404 Reference So 5.6062 Convergence!

PROBLEMS

15.1

Given the following observations and control station coordinates to accompany Figure P15.1, what are the most probable coordinates for station E using an unweighted least squares adjustment?

Figure P15.1 Control stations Station A B C D Angle observations Backsight, b E A E B E C Occupied, i A B B C C D Foresight, B E C E D E Angle 905957 402602 880855 524502 510955 931314 S () 5.3 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.0 X (ft) 10,000.00 11,498.58 12,432.17 11,490.57 Y (ft) 10,000.00 10,065.32 11,346.19 12,468.51

15.2

Repeat Problem 15.1 using a weighted least squares adjustment with weights of 1/ S2 for each angle. What are:

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(a) (b) (c) (d) 15.3

the most probable coordinates for station E? the reference standard deviation of unit weight? the standard deviations in the adjusted coordinates for station E? the adjusted angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations?

Given the following observed angles and control coordinates for the resection problem of Figure 15.4: 1 494703 2 332155 3 475853

Assuming equally weighted angles, what are the most probable coordinates for station U?
Control stations Station P Q R S X (m) 2423.077 3627.660 3941.898 3099.018 Y (m) 3890.344 3602.291 2728.314 1858.429

15.4

If the estimated standard deviations for the angles in Problem 15.3 are S1 3.1, S2 3.0, and S3 3.1, what are: (a) the most probable coordinates for station U? (b) the reference standard deviation of unit weight? (c) the standard deviations in the adjusted coordinates of station U? (d) the adjusted angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations? Given the following control coordinates and observed angles for an intersection problem:
Control stations Station A B C D Angle observations Backsight D A B C Occupied A B C D Foresight E E E E Angle 3193950 3052117 3225035 3131022 S () 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 X (m) 100,643.154 101,093.916 137,515.536 139,408.739 Y (m) 38,213.066 67,422.484 67,061.874 37,491.846

15.5

PROBLEMS

277

What are: (a) the most probable coordinates for station E? (b) the reference standard deviation of unit weight? (c) the standard deviations in the adjusted coordinates of station E? (d) the adjusted angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations? 15.6 The following control station coordinates, observed angles, and standard deviations apply to the quadrilateral in Figure 15.5.
Control stations Station A D X (ft) 2546.64 4707.04 Y (ft) 1940.26 1952.54 Initial approximations Station B C X (ft) 2243.86 4351.06 Y (ft) 3969.72 4010.64

Angle observations Backsight B C C D D A A B Occupied A A B B C C D D Foresight C D D A A B B C Angle 493330 483554 402544 421156 505307 474847 393834 405220 S () 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

Do a weighted adjustment using the standard deviations to calculate weights. What are: (a) the most probable coordinates for stations B and C? (b) the reference standard deviation of unit weight? (c) the standard deviations in the adjusted coordinates for stations B and C? (d) the adjusted angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations?

Figure P15.7

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

15.7

For Figure P15.7 and the following observations, perform a weighted least squares adjustment. (a) Station coordinate values and standard deviations. (b) Angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations.
Control stations Station A B X (m) 114,241.071 116,607.143 Y (m) 91,294.643 108,392.857 Initial approximations Station C D X (m) 135,982.143 131,567.500 Y (m) 107,857.143 90,669.643

Angle observations Backsight B C C D D A A B Occupied A A B B C C D D Foresight C D D A A B B C Angle 444915.4 392158.0 481448.9 480249.6 381738.0 385303.9 474556.8 543426.1 S () 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

15.8

Do Problem 15.7 using an unweighted least squares adjustment. Compare and discuss any differences or similarities between these results and those obtained in Problem 15.7. The following observations were obtained for the triangulation chain shown in Figure P15.9.
Control stations Station A B G H X (m) 103,482.143 118,303.571 104,196.429 118,080.357 Y (m) 86,919.643 86,919.643 112,589.286 112,767.857 Initial approximations Station C D E F X (m) 103,616.071 117,991.071 104,375.000 118,169.643 Y (m) 96,116.071 95,580.357 104,196.429 104,598.214

15.9

Angle observations B C A D B E I A B C D C F D C B A F Angle 581952 320311 295501 611402 542400 S () 3 3 3 3 3 B D C B A F I A B C D C F B D A C D Angle 304956 555251 584653 325806 322205 S () 3 3 3 3 3

PROBLEMS

279

C D D H E H F

D E F E F G H

E C C F G F E

301127 630221 583750 302108 312555 303001 583708

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

E F C G G F E

D E F E F G H

F D E H H E G

584832 335936 283400 591148 593631 590104 311711

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Figure P15.9

Use ADJUST to perform a weighted least squares adjustment. Tabulate the nal adjusted: (a) station coordinates and their standard deviations. (b) angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations. 15.10 Repeat Problem 15.9 using an unweighted least squares adjustment. Compare and discuss any differences or similarities between these results and those obtained in Problem 15.9. Use the program ADJUST in computing the adjustment. 15.11 Using the control coordinates from Problem 14.3 and the following angle observations, compute the least squares solution and tabulate the nal adjusted: (a) station coordinates and their standard deviations.

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

(b) angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations.

Angle observations Backsight B C C D D A A B Occupied A A B B C C D D Foresight C D D A A B B C Angle 2804106 392153 513616 2555003 1012717 3115238 3240704 750350 S () 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.2

15.12 The following observations were obtained for a triangulation chain.

Control stations Station A D X (ft) 92,890.04 93,971.87 Y (ft) 28,566.74 80,314.29 E F G H I J K Angle observations B B F F D D J C C J E B I E E I G I A B C C G G G F F F E E H I J J F E E B G K F D G I B F H I F F K Angle 602728 583714 651051 625242 1374657 661115 505911 635829 484805 624129 584113 490427 613524 515806 712112 633857 S () 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.2 B E C G G K F B G I A F H H F F J I B B C D G G F F F E E E I I J K F A F F C J C C J E B I A E J G G Angle 640706 583409 522914 660808 413018 633213 561456 684805 592849 552519 683306 1281552 692010 595035 450039 745046 S () 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.3 Initial approximations Station B C X (ft) 93,611.26 93,881.71 111,191.00 110,109.17 110,019.02 131,475.32 130,213.18 129,311.66 128,590.44 Y (ft) 47,408.62 64,955.36 38,032.76 57,145.10 73,102.09 28,837.20 46,777.56 64,717.91 79,142.31

PROBLEMS

281

Use ADJUST to perform a weighted least squares adjustment. Tabulate the nal adjusted: (a) station coordinates and their standard deviations. (b) angles, their residuals, and the standard deviations. 15.13 Do Problem 15.12 using an unweighted least squares adjustment. Compare and discuss any differences or similarities between these results and those obtained in Problem 15.12. Use the program ADJUST in computing the adjustment. Use the ADJUST software to do the following problems. 15.14 Problem 15.2 15.15 Problem 15.4 15.16 Problem 15.5 15.17 Problem 15.6 15.18 Problem 15.9
Programming Problems

15.19 Write a computational program that computes the coefcients for prototype equations (15.9) and (15.13) and their k values given the coordinates of the appropriate stations. Use this program to determine the matrix values necessary to do Problem 15.6. 15.20 Prepare a computational program that reads a le of station coordinates, observed angles, and their standard deviations and then: (a) writes the data to a le in a formatted fashion. (b) computes the J, K, and W matrices. (c) writes the matrices to a le that is compatible with the MATRIX program. (d) test this program with Problem 15.6. 15.21 Write a computational program that reads a le containing the J, K, and W matrices and then: (a) writes these matrices in a formatted fashion. (b) performs one iteration of either a weighted or unweighted least squares adjustment of Problem 15.6. (c) writes the matrices used to compute the solution and the corrections to the station coordinates in a formatted fashion. 15.22 Write a computational program that reads a le of station coordinates, observed angles, and their standard deviations and then:

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ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRIANGULATION

(a) writes the data to a le in a formatted fashion. (b) computes the J, K, and W matrices. (c) performs either a relative or equal weight least squares adjustment of Problem 15.6. (d) writes the matrices used to compute the solution and tabulates the nal adjusted station coordinates and their estimated errors and the adjusted angles, together with their residuals and their estimated errors. 15.23 Prepare a computational program that solves the resection problem. Use this program to compute the initial approximations for Problem 15.3.

CHAPTER 16

ADJUSTMENT OF HORIZONTAL SURVEYS: TRAVERSES AND NETWORKS

16.1

INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENTS

Of the many methods that exist for traverse adjustment, the characteristic that distinguishes the method of least squares from other methods is that distance, angle, and direction observations are adjusted simultaneously. Furthermore, the adjusted observations not only satisfy all geometrical conditions for the traverse but provide the most probable values for the given data set. Additionally, the observations can be rigorously weighted based on their estimated errors and adjusted accordingly. Given these facts, together with the computational power now provided by computers, it is hard to justify not using least squares for all traverse adjustment work. In this chapter we describe methods for making traverse adjustments by least squares. As was the case in triangulation adjustments, traverses can be adjusted by least squares using either observation equations or conditional equations. Again, because of the relative ease with which the equations can be written and solved, the parametric observation equation approach is discussed.

16.2

OBSERVATION EQUATIONS

When adjusting a traverse using parametric equations, an observation equation is written for each distance, direction, or angle. The necessary linearized observation equations developed previously are recalled in the following equations.
Adjustment Computations: Spatial Data Analysis, Fourth Edition. C. D. Ghilani and P. R. Wolf 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-69728-2

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