ACCIDENTS AND THEIR TYPES

The accidents are the mishaps leading injury to man, machines or tools and equipment and may cause injury and result either death or temporary disablement or permanent disablement of the industrial employees. The accidents are unwanted events or mishaps that result in some sort of injury to men, material, machines, tools, equipment and semi or finished product hence, a loss to the whole establishment. There are various types of common accidents needing due attention to prevent them which are as follows: 1. Near Accident An accident with no damage or injury is called near accident. 2. Trivial An accident with very less damage is called trivial. 3. Minor Accident It is an accident with damage and injury more than trivial. 4. Serious Accident An accident with heavy damage and lot of injury is called serious accident. 5. Fatal It is an accident with very heavy damage. There may be loss of lives also.

Effect of Accidents
The adverse effects of the accident are given as under (A) Effect on the owner of factory (i) Direct cost of an accident 1. Cost of the compensation paid to the workers. 2. Cost of the money paid for treatment. 3. Cost of the monetary value of damaged tools, equipments and materials. (ii) Indirect cost of an accident 1. Cost of the lost time of injured worker. 2. Cost of the time lost by other employees. 3. Cost of the delays in production. 4. Cost of the time lost by supervisors, safety engineers etc. 5. Cost of the lowered production due to substitute worker. (B) Effect on worker 1. The industrial workers may get temporary or permanent disability. 2. If the industrial worker dies, his family loses the earner and the compensation never equals to his earnings. 3. Accident also affects the morale of the employees working in the manufacturing environment. (C) Effect on society Work connected with injuries put a considerable burden on society also as given as under: 1. Cost of accidents is included in the products, so the society has to pay more prices for the industrial products. 2. If some industrial workers do not come under compensation act, the need for help from society is much greater. 3. Loss of production hours may causes fewer products in market. So more prices if demand is more than production.

CAUSES OF ACCIDEENTS
The accidents may take place due to human causes, environmental causes and mechanical causes. These causes are discussed as under.

Human Causes
1. Accidents may occur while working on unsafe or dangerous equipments or machineries possessing rotating, reciprocating and moving parts.

2. Accidents occur while operating machines without knowledge, without safety precautions, without authority, without safety devices. 3. Accidents generally occur while operating or working at unsafe speed. 4. Accidents may occur while working for long duration of work, shift duty etc. 5. Accidents commonly occur during use of improper tools. 6. Accidents may occur while working with mental worries, ignorance, carelessness, nervousness, dreaming etc. 7. Accidents occur because of not using personal protective devices.

Environmental Causes
1. Accidents may occur during working at improper temperature and humidity causes fatigue to the workers so chances of accidents increases with workers having fatigue. 2. The presence of dust fumes and smoke in the working area may causes accidents. 3. Poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, bad plant layout etc. may cause accidents. 4. Accidents occur due to inadequate illumination. 5. Improper ventilation in the plant may also leads to industrial accidents.

Mechanical Causes
1. Continued use of old, poor maintained or unsafe equipment may result in accidents. 2. Accidents commonly occur due to use of unguarded or improper guarded machines or equipments. 3. Unsafe processes, unsafe design and unsafe construction of building structure may lead to accidents in the plant. 4. Accidents occur due to improper material handling system and improper plant layout. 5. Accidents may occur due to not using of safety devices such as helmets, goggles, gloves, masks etc.

COMMON SOURCES OF ACCIDENTS

Many such major sources are as under. 1. Revolving parts, viz. pulley, flywheels, worms, worm wheel, fan, gears, gear trains, gear wheels etc. 2. Projecting fasteners of revolving parts; like bolts, screws, nuts, key heads, cotters and pins etc. 3. Intermittent feed mechanisms, viz., tool feed of planer; table feed of a shaper, ram feed of power presses and similar other applications. 4. Revolving shafts, spindles, bars, mandrels, chucks, followers and tools like drills, taps, reamers, milling cutters, and boring tool etc. 5. Rotating worms and spirals enclosed in casings, such as in conveyors and revolving cutting tool, like milling cutters, circular saw blade, saw band, circular shears and grinding wheels, etc. 6. Reciprocating tools and dies of power presses, spring hammer, drop hammers, and reciprocating presses, reciprocating knives and saw blade such bow saw, shearing and perforating machines and the cutting and trimming machine and power hacksaws etc. 7. Moving parts of various machines, like those of printing machines, paper-cutters and trimmers, etc. 8. Revolving drums and cylinders without casing, such as concrete and other mixers, tumblers and tumbling barrels, etc. 9. High speed rotating cages such as in hydro-extractors. 10. Revolving weights, such as in hydraulic accumulator or in slotting machines for counterbalance. 11. Nips between meshing racks and pinions of machine parts

12. Nips between reciprocating parts and fixed components, such as between shaper table and the fixture mounted on it or a planer table and table reversing stops, etc. 13. Nips between crank handles for machine controls and fixed parts. 14. Projecting nips between various links and mechanisms, like cranks, connecting rods, piston rods, rotating wheels and discs, etc. 15. Projecting sharp edge or nips of belt and chain drives; via belt, pulleys, chains sprockets and belt fasteners, spiked cylinders etc. 16. Nips between revolving control handles and fixed parts traverse gear handles of lathes, millers, etc. 17. Moving balance weights and dead weight, hydraulic accumulators, counter-balance weight on large slotting machines, etc. 18. Revolving drums and cylinders uncased, tumblers in the foundry, mixers, varnish mixers etc. 19. Nips between fixed and moving parts such as buckets or hoppers of conveyors against tipping bars, stops or parts of the framework. 20. Nips between revolving wheels or cylinders and pans or tables, sand mixers, crushing and incorporating mills, mortar mills, leather carrying machines, etc. 21. Cutting edges of endless band cutting machines, wood working, and log cutting metal find stone-cutting band saws, cloth-cutting band knives, etc. 22. Nips between gears and racks strips, roller drives, presses, planning machine drives, etc.

SOME MEASURING EQUIPMENTS