I.

Advances in Technology:
Nuclear Power/Weapons/Oil: WWII and the Pacific -Pearl Harbor sinking US air base targets Iwo Jima and Okinawa -President Truman convinces army that the atomic bomb is necessary-Fat Man and Little Boy -Hiroshima and Nagaski Cold War -USSR vs. US take any means to shorten war -Creation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April 49: maintaining peace through the treaty's political and military guidelines -Warsaw Pact: Soviet Control is strengthened-experiment with Atomic and Hydrogen bombs -Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles are created -Mutually Assured Destruction: Doctrine of nuclear deterrence- each side has enough nuclear weaponry to destroy the other side, tense but stable global peace Space Race -Russians send Sputnik into space -NASA is created-US begins to invest huge capital amounts into science and research -Soviets reject Open Skies Treaty: UN observation of territory -US reject total disarmament -Impacts: Increasing tensions, brain drain (leads to Berlin Wall) Cuba -Bay of Pigs Invasion: unsuccessful CIA invasion-Castros administration is strengthened -Cuban Missile Crisis: USSR + Cuba vs. US -Khrushchev proposes placing Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter future invasion-offsets USs advantage of having missiles in Turkey -President JFK instills blockade towards Cuba, both sides remove their missiles -Strategic Arms Limitation Talks -Closest US comes to nuclear war Korea -North Korea has the 5th largest army in the world -Kim Il Sung orders mass invasion of S. Korea-explosion of nuclear bomb on South Korean plane -Fear of nuclear threat: Axis of Evil- governments accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction- Iran, Iraq, N. Korea

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Middle East -Czechoslovakia sells Israeli government old Nazi weapons during the Independence War (48) -Israeli army is innovative (drops seltzer bottle caps from fighter planes to mimic bombs-this causes the Egyptian army to retreat in the Six Day War -Terrorist Groups: Palestine Liberation Organization, Hezbollah, HAMAS -Formation of oil cartel :Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesOPEC bans oil to Israeli allies i.e US and Japan (hurts smaller new nations in Africa) -1st Intifada: Palestinian rebellion against Israeli occupation -2nd Intifada: Introduction of suicide bombers -Iran vs. Iraq-oil and resource exploitation, Kuwait is attacked -US puts together a coalition: Desert Shield/Storm -No purpose to war: chemical warfare Southeast Asia -Split causes tension between Pakistan and India: Kashmir (no sustained ceasefire, constant warfare) -Pakistan and India begin testing nukes (concept of MAD rises here again) -Sri Lanka: Tamil Tigers (Hindu Tamils-minority) are the first modern suicide bombers -Vietnam: Guerilla warfare -Tonkin Gulf Resolution: President can do anything necessary to put down Communists -President Nixon bombs the Ho Chi Minh Trail that goes into Laos and Cambodia-ineffective

II. Impact of Religion:

The Holocaust -9 million Jews in Europe in 32, often used as scapegoats -Nuremberg laws-Hitler eventually bans emigration -Final Solution: Jews are put in ghettos, which leads to Concentration camps (slave labor, medical experiments) -Mobile killing units across Europe: i.e Babi Yar (killing ravine in Ukraine) -Wannsee Conference leads to death camps -War Refugee Board: Anti-Semitism by the US government Russia -Armenians vs Azerbaijanis (Christians vs. Muslims) over the land called Nagorno Karabagh -Yugoslavia: Serbian Christians vs. Muslims, Bosnians, Croats -Ethnic cleansing-elimination of an ethnic group from a society through killing/forced migration

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-Serbs raped all the women so they could not get married -UN tries to set safe zone, Blue Helmets are killed and Bosnians are put in concentration camps -NATO Patrol is involved: Dayton Accords are signed in Ohio -Kosovo: Albanian Muslims (Serbs ethnic cleanse again) -Kosovo declares its independence Ireland (Niall <3) -Northern Ireland-Protestant vs. Catholic -Irish Republican Army- Catholic terror group that wanted Northern provinces of Ireland Africa -Nigeria: 3 major religions: Islam, Christianity, Anemist (local) -395 languages, 250 different ethnic groups -Difficult to control, constant fighting going on because of the religious diversity -Igbo-Biafra-3 year war between Nigerian Muslims and locals Middle East -Arab League: unification of the Arab world-11 Arab nations declare war on Israel -Zionism and Jewish homeland in Palestine -Jerusalem conflicts: Border restrictions for religion, denominations in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher -Truman tries to win the Jewish vote, but risks oil trade relations with Arab nations -Haganah, Irgun, Stern Gang: aggressive Jewish armies (blowing up of King David Hotel) -Pan-Arabism: Expansion of ties between Arab States: United Arab Republic -Lebanon: Islam vs. Orthodox Christianity-political agreements fall apart -PLO, HAMAS, Hezbolla: terrorists or freedom fighters? -Wars: Independence War, Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War -Camp David Accords: Egypt will recognize Israel, Israel will return Sinai Peninsula -Intifadas show destabilization between nations -Oslo Accords: Rabin and Arafat -Sadat is assassinated by a Muslim, Rabin is assassinated by a Jew -Iran: becomes more westernized, issues with religious conservatives: SavakMossadeghs secret police to find dissidents of the Shah -Fundamentalism: Ayatollah Khomeini is a Shiite living in exile in Paris who protests against the Shah -Leads the Islamic Republic of Iran -Iran Hostage Crisis: Iranian revolutionaries kidnap 66 hostages from American embassy in Tehran -Iraq vs Iran (Sunni Muslims vs. Shiite Muslims) -Results in 3 divisions: Sunni, Shiites, and Kurds

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Southeast Asia -India vs. Pakistan (Majority Hindus vs. Minority Muslims) -Jinnah and the Muslim League -Split into East Pakistan (Bangladesh) and West Pakistan -Sikh conflict: Golden Temple incident -Gandhi is shot and killed because people believed he supported partition -Kashmir territory: Hindu Prince wanted it to be an Indian territory, majority is Muslim -1971 Civil War: Bangladesh is formed-poor, famine-led by Zillur Rahman -Sri Lanka: Buddhist Sinalese vs. Hindu Tamils -Indonesia: Largest Muslim population -Military coup, lead by Suharto- authoritarian -Bambang Yuhoyono-Will Indonesia take a Radical Islam policy? *Review the basic concepts of each religion: Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Judaism*

III. Impact of Cold War on US/Soviet Relations

Potsdam Conference: Allies divide Germany into 4 zones of occupation-USSR, US, France, and Great Britain. Also dvide Berlin, and work to eliminate the Nazi Party from Germany -Nuremberg trials: Allied military courts tried more than 200 Nazi and military officials-few were sentenced to death for their roles in the Holocaust and war crimes -Soviet leaders want a buffer zone of friendly governments in Eastern Eruope: Stalin promises to respect rights of people in E. Europe to choose their own governments: Americans and British leaders believed Stalin wanted to establish pro-Soviet Communist governments -Tension and hostility: Cold War-propaganda, military, and economic aid issues Cold War begins -Struggle for power and control between capitalist democracy and Communism -Soviet troops help establish pro-Soviet Communist governments: Satellites, except for Yugoslavia, which was also led by Communist dictator Tito -Tension between Soviet Union and western democracies continue to grow: worsened by Soviet failure to remove troops from northern Iran -President Truman: Another war is in the making. -British PM Churchill gives iron curtain speech to show sharp division of Europe as a result of Soviet actions West Resistance -47: Soviet-backed Communists threaten Greece and Turkey (US government has missiles here)

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-Truman Doctrine: pledge to provide economic and military aid to oppose the spread of communism-sent hundreds of millions of dollars in aid to Greece and Turkey -Marshall Plan: Provided $13 billion for rebuilding Europe-helped preserve political stability -Both the Doctrine and the Plan show Wests policy of containment-resisting Soviet aggression in order to contain spread of communism -Confrontations and tensions begin to increase Berlin Crisis -47: West wants to make an independent democratic German nation from the 3 zones of occupation-Soviets oppose their plan -Soviets block all land, rail, and water routes into West Berlin-Berlin Airlift: West effort to supply West Berlin by air -Western zones form Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) -East zone (Soviet) forms German Democratic Republic (East Germany) -NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is created to counter Soviet power in Europe -Warsaw Pact: Communist governments of Eastern Europe form their own alliance Korea War -Allies have control of Korean Peninsula after Japans surrender -USSR and US had temporarily divided it in half at the 38th parallel-Soviets establish Communist government in northern half of Korea led by Kim Il Sung -US establishes non-Communist regime in southern half led by Rhee -UN forms military force with troops from 17 nations (Creation of the UN Army) when North Korea attacks Southern to try and unite under Communist government -Significance: Shows that Cold War Rivalry could lead to conflict far from US/Soviet Union-led to struggles for influence in countries around the world (Also the Communist scare in Vietnam which leads to the Vietnam War) Arms Race (For details and weapons go to section I) -Threats of Nuclear war draws closer-US and USSR start developing powerful new weapons-rivalry between the worlds 2 superpowers -Both sides had to change their military tactics-instead of relying on conventional forces like troops and tanks, they increased stockpiles of nukes-Deterrence strategy -Impact on the public: Many people built bomb shelters, American schools hold air-raid drills to prepare students for possible Soviet attack -Movies, books, comic books center around dangers of radiation and nuclear war (1984 by George Orwell-incredible book so you should read it k.) -Red Scare: Americans feared possible Communist influence in the 40s and 50s -Berlin Wall: Slowed flight of East Germans to West Germany (to escape

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Communism) symbolized brutality of the Communist system Cuba -Rebels under leadership of Castro overthrow the dictator, Castro establishes a centrally planned economy and Communist dictatorship-close ties with the Soviets -Bay of Pigs Invasion: US government trains invasion of Cubans who had fled Castros regime-fails -Cuban Missile Crisis: Installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba? 2 week standoff, Soviets remove missiles after US removes missiles from Turkey Other conflicts caused by the Cold War -Egypt angered the West by controlling Suez Canal-after Britain, France, and Israel attack, USSR threatens to fight on Egypts side-US is afraid of war and demands West to halt attack -Africa-final years of European colonial rule creates power struggles-Belgium Congo becomes DRC, US and West support dictatorship because they believe he would be a good ally against Soviet Union -Angola Civil War- both sides support the conflict -Central and South America-US supported efforts to overthrow Communist regimes-support opposition to Chilean leader Allende (Socialist) -Nonaligned nations: Neutral nations who refuse to support either side Efforts to repair the damage -President Nixon seeks a dtente: reduced tension between superpowers -SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks)-limit number of nuclear weapons held by each side -President Reagan and Gorbachev begin arms reduction talks-Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces- can the relationship be repaired? Soviet Union is led by Khruschev, de-Stalinization -Revolts in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia -Eventually falls: led by Yeltsin who begins to alter the economy and basic structure: starts shifting towards a capitalist economy -Ethnic unrest and new governments

IV. Ethnic/Tribal/Nationalist Movements

Post Cold War -Poland: The Poles want political reform-Free Market Economy -Lech Walesa leads thousands of workers in a protest movement-Solidarity -Hungary: Protests cause it to be the first nation to submit to peoples choices in free elections -Siberia: Coal miners strike against Moscows centralized control -Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution-peaceful revolution that pushes the

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Communists out of power -Romania: Military forces remain loyal to Communist regime-violent revolutions -Chechnya: Chechens wanted to gain freedom from Russia-bloody fighting and insurgency that still affects Russia today -Armenia vs. Azerbaijan -Yugoslavia: As Communism falls apart, nationalism grew in its republics-began to declare independence while Serbia tried to keep it together-violent fighting, ethnic cleansing Southeast Asia -India: Movement of independence in India-Indian National Congress and Mohandas Gandhi win self-rule for the Indians -Jinnah leads the Muslim League and calls for a partition for the creation of separate countries- creation of Pakistan-division of 2 nations caused an issue for Muslims still in India and Hindus still in Pakistan, over a million died -Kashmir: Both sides fight over control, frequent conflicts -Civil War in Pakistan: India sends troops to support East Pakistan, formation of Bangladesh -Vietminh fight French troops to win Vietnamese independence-Vietcong vs NVRA -Indonesia: Sukarno leads independence movement against the Dutch -Coup detat by Communists, Suharto gains control-protests and riots -Cambodia: Endured years of struggle by a Communist group called Khumer Rouge-led by Pol Pot -All influences of urban life and modern civilization must be destroyed- killing fields Central Asia -Civil War between Communists and Guomindang starts up after Japans defeat -49-Communists drive Guomindang out of China-little control on mainland and several islands including Taiwan -Peoples Republic of China vs. Republic of China (Taiwan) -Great Leap Forward fails-criticism of Mao -Cultural Revolution: social change and eliminating intellectuals-Red Guardshigh school and college students to carry out Maos values -Tiananmen Square: Chinese demand more political freedom-democratic reforms across Europe influence pro-democracy protestors in Beijing -Mongolian tanks and troops sent in-massacre Africa -Ghana: First British colony to achieve independence-convention for greater participation in government -National movement led by Nkrumah- Gold Coast Nationalist movement establishes the Convention Peoples Party-strikes and demonstrations

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-Kenya: ownership of land and independence led to conflict between Kenyan farmers and native Kikuyus -Kenyatta leads nationalist movement-argues for Kikuyus right to land -Formation of Mau Mau-terror group who murdered anyone who opposed them, including Africans who cooperated with whites -Kenyan African Union-Nationalist movement -Belgian Congo-Nationalists demand self government-violence toward Belgian settlers and civil war erupt -Mobutu is the dictator of Congo-ousted by Kabila -Rhodesia: Apartheid- Rhodesian Front is created, led by Ian smith, kicks British out of Rhodesia -Black majority government becomes Zimbabwe -White Flight -South Africa: White supremacist National Party caused from the apartheid -Creation of 4 racial groups, blacks are treated as 3rd class, had to carry passbooks, interracial marriage banned, no education rights-had to live in homelands -African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela -Sharpville Massacre- ANC violence results in creation of Umkhonto We Sizwe (Sphere of the Nation) terrorist group -Mandela is put in prison, symbol of Apartheid movement -Soweto Riots: Schools mandated to teach in Afrikaans-ANC sanctions are effective -Rwanda ()- Hutu vs. Tutsi -Tutsis are minority; Belgians raise them to more political power -Hutus take over after Rwanda gains its independence -Un Peacekeepers pull out-Rwanda Genocide Middle East -Africa: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria -National Liberation Front-Algerian Nationalist Group that attacks French settlers/civilians -Create concentration camps-FLN bombs, but is defeted -Offered self-government -Arab League-Arab nations unite to attack Israel: United Arab Republic -Nationalism leads to the assassinations of Rabin and Sadat -Iranian Nationalism (fundamentalism) as Shah allows for land reforms, literacy, healthcare, and womens rights -Khomeini protests against Shah You could probably tie in the details from the Religion section

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