Arsitektur Atap

Respon Terhadap
Iklim Tropis

Dr. Henry Feriadi

Department of Architecture
Duta Wacana Christian University
Harmony with Nature and Culture
Posisi matahari
terhadap bumi
menentukan iklim
 Konteks Tropis:
Lebih dari 70 negara
Multi etnik, budaya, agama
Sinar matahari berlimpah, langit berawan
curah hujan, kelembaban udara tinggi
angin kencang
 36
Monthly 
34 Temperature
32
Jogjakarta
Temperature (C)

30 Indonesia
28
1988 ­ 1998

26 Minimum
24
Maximum
22

20 Average

18
April

June

August
March

November

December
September

October
February
January

May

July
Months 
of the year

Rata-rata Suhu Udara Bulanan

 City Population
(millions)
Fenomena
1 Tokyo 27.2 Megacities dan Metacities
2 Dhaka 22.8
3 Mumbai 22.6
4 Sao Paulo 21.2 Perkiraan di tahun 2015
5 Delhi 20.9
6 Mexico City 20.4
7 New York 17.9
8 Jakarta 17.3
9 Calcutta 16.7
10 Karachi 16.2
11 Lagos 16.0
12 Los Angeles 14.5
13 Shanghai 13.6
14 Buenos Aires 13.2
15 Metro Manila 12.6 “Megacities” is a term the United Nations
16 Beijing 11.7 uses to designate an urban agglomeration
17 Rio de Janeiro 11.5 with a population of 10 million or more;
18 Cairo 11.5 “metacities” have populations of 20
19 Istanbul 11.4 million or more (UN-Habitat 2006: 6-7).
20 Osaka 11.0 Asia is predicted to host 12 megacities
21 Tianjin 10.3 and at least four metacities by 2015.
Kowloon - Hongkong
Chinatown - Singapore
Respon desain pada iklim tropis
Design Design with climate
considerations Insensitive Tropical responsive
Built form Others influences Hot-humid Climate
configuration influenced
Building Relatively unimportant Crucial
orientation
Façade and Others influences Climate responsive
windows
Energy Source Dependent Less dependent / natural
Energy Loss Relatively unimportant Crucial
Environmental Electro-mechanical Electro-mech / manual
control Artificial Artificial / natural
Comfort level Strict control Variable / consistent
Low-energy Electro-mechanical Passive / electro-mech
response
Energy Generally high energy Low energy
Consumption
Traditional Architecture
(local wisdom)
Local wisdom :
Traditional Lio Flores
Architecture

wooden structure
 Local wisdom :
Istana Pagaruyung Padang
Local wisdom :
Batak Toba
Lesson from Aceh Architecture
Colonial Architecture
(Western Encounter)
Western encounter

Colonial style
Indische style

-Elaborated Roof
-High ceiling
-Corridor / Verandah
Western encounter

Bungalow (Singapore)

Hotel Du Pavillion
(Semarang)

 Terrace space for

semi outdoor activities.
Chinatown (shophouses) + western thinking
Contemporary Architecture
(Re-interpretation)
Tay Kheng Soon
Vihara at Choa Chu Kang
 Tay Kheng Soon
Bishan Institute of Technical
Education - Singapore

Principle Based
Line, edge, and shade
Kenneth Yeang (malaysia)

Roof-roof House:
- Building orientation
- Shading devices
- Double roof
Kenneth Yeang (malaysia)
Interpretation :
Local Material
Bamboo
Architecture
Community Centre di
Botokenceng,Bantul
Transfer of “values” to our future architects and engineers ….
 Built Environment impacts on its
environment (Yeang 1995)
Exhaust Climatic changes
heat Smoke, dust.
Noise, smell

Energy Interference with

fuel Solid Vegetation and
waste Wildlife habitats
Material
waste Paving
Erosion

Stored Sewerage
Ground water
waste Earthworks
contamination
Idea Design  Build 
Operate Building Life
Cycle

Demolish  Refurbish 
Maintain
 Building System:
Roofing System
and materials

Building Utility
Systems:
-Water supply
- Power Wall System
Generation and materials
- Waste treatment
- etc

Foundation System
and materials
Perhatikan karakteristik Material Konduktifitas panas(k)
bahan dalam W/m 0K

menghantarkan panas Aluminium 236

b k Tembaga (copper) 384

R= U=
k b Seng (zinc) 112
1 Besi baja 47
U=
R Stainless steel 24
R = Hambatan panas (Thermal Resistance) Gypsum 0.170
 unit: m2 K/Watt
U = Hantaran panas (Thermal Conductance) Kayu 0.159
 unit: Watt / m2 K
Kaca 1.053
k = Nilai konduktifitas panas (Thermal
Conductivity)  unit: W/m 0K Keramik (genting) 1.298
b = Ketebalan material (Thickness)
 unit: m Beton 1.442
Bitumen (Onduline) 0,099
R = ΣR Fiberglass 0.040
T i
R =R + R + R + ..... + R + R EPS (polystyrene) 0,035
T out 1 2 n in
 Overall Thermal
Transfer Value (OTTV)

where Aw, Af = wall and window area (m2); Ai = Aw + Af

Uw, Uf = U-values of wall and window (W/m2.K)
TDeq = equivalent temperature difference (oC)
DT = delta temperature (oC)
SC = shading coefficienct of window glass
SF = solar factor (W/m2)
Test
U.S. Building
Impacts:

12% 30% 65% 70%

Water Use Greenhouse Waste Electricity
Gas Emissions Output Consumption

Test
Average
Savings
of Green WASTE
Buildings COST
WATER SAVINGS
USE 50-90%
CARBON SAVINGS
SAVINGS 30-50%
35%
ENERGY
SAVINGS
30%

Source: Test
Capital E
Occupants and
tenants
perceive value REDUCED
of working in a ENERGY
green building CONSUMPTION INCREASED
to be: PRODUCTIVITY

HEALTH
LOWER
OPERATING BENEFIT
COSTS
POSITIVE
MARKETING
AND
PROMOTION
OVERALL
ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFIT

Test
What is the
LEED System? Scores are tallied for
different aspects of
efficiency and design
in appropriate
categories.
LEADERSHIP in
ENERGY and
ENVIRONMENTAL For instance, LEED
DESIGN assesses in detail:

1. Site Planning
A leading-edge 2. Water Management
system for 3. Energy Management
certifying 4. Material Use
DESIGN, 5. Indoor
CONSTRUCTION, Environmental
& OPERATIONS Air Quality
of the greenest 6. Innovation &
buildings in the Design Process
world Test
Levels of
LEED Ratings

Green Buildings
worldwide are certified
with a voluntary,
consensus-based
rating system.
USGBC has four
levels of LEED.
Test
Australia
 Singapore
The BCA Green Mark was launched
in January 2005 to promote
environmental awareness in the
construction and real estate sectors.
It is used to rate the environmental
friendliness of a building ('green
building'). It encourages the adoption
of various Green Building
Technologies (GBTs) to achieve a
sustainable built environment by
improving :
• Energy efficiency
• Water efficiency
• Indoor environment quality
and environmental
management
UIA Charter for Architectural Education (UIA 2005):

a decent quality of life for all the inhabitants of human

settlements.

a technological application which respects the social,

cultural and aesthetic needs of people and is aware of
the appropriate use of materials in architecture and
their initial and future maintenance costs.

an ecologically balanced and sustainable development

of the built and natural environment including the
rational utilisation of available resources.

an architecture which is valued as the property and

responsibility of everyone.
 thank you

good design = future investment