You are on page 1of 47

8.

BASIC CONCEPTS IN CONVECTION Introduction Characteristic of convection: Fluid motion Focal point: Determination of heat transfer coefficient
- souinitel pestupu tepla

Determination of :
Temperature distribution in the fluid

General Observations The Role of Fluid Motion


For the electric bulb:
TT ws

q & q w s

q & w = surface flux Tw = surface temperature T = free stream temperature u = free stream velocity

u V T

Fig. 6.1

For a fixed input power how to lower surface temperature?

Raise or lower u ? Change the cooling fluid?


2

Increasing u or changing the fluid from air to water lowers surface temperature
Conclusion:

Fluid motion and fluid nature play important roles in convection


Newtons law:

q & w = (Tw T )
Solve for Tw

[W/m2] fixed

(8.1)

q &w Tw = T +

Surface temperature depends on

In general, is not uniform over a surface

Local heat transfer coefficient, = f(S), f(x) q & w = (Tw T ) [W/m2]


q &w

y x

Average heat transfer coefficient,


For =f(S) For =f(x)

1 = dS SS

& = S T T Q
w

(w

[W]

(8.2) (8.3)
4

1 L = ( x )dx L0

Similarly for Mass Transfer (as for Heat Transfer)


Consider a lake or a pond and its surface from which water evaporates (or an evaporating droplet) Two substances, one labeled A (water vapor) is transferred into B (dry or humid air).

A,w

mass concentration of substance A density [kg/m3] at surface temperature and assumed in saturated state conditions (temperature, humidity, pressure)

A, mass concentration of substance A at free stream


5

q & w = (Tw T )

Heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference Mass transfer is proportional to concentration difference
If A,w A, then m A = ( A,w A, ) [kg/s.m2]

(8.4)

is mass transfer coefficient [m/s] sou. pestupu hmoty


& A = S ( A,w A, ) [kg/s] For the entire surface S: m

is an average mass transfer coefficient [m/s]

1 = dS SS

(8.5)
6

Conclusion: For a given geometry, heat transfer coefficient depends on fluid motion and fluid nature What is the objective of this chapter?
Examine thermal interaction between a surface and a moving fluid and determine: (1) The heat transfer coefficient &w (2) Surface heat flux q (3) Surface temperature Tw
7

Heat transfer coefficient (1) How is determined analytically? (2) Why is introduced ?

Apply Fourier's law to the fluid at surface

T q &w = f y

y =0

Heat conducted across a thin sticky (8.6) layer on the surface

Balance between conducted heat and heat convected downstream the surface - consider Newton's V u law T (8.7) q & w = (Tw T ) Combine Newtons and Fouriers laws T f y y =0 q &w = = Tw T Tw T

T ( x, y)

x
Fig. 6.2

Ts w

q &w

(8.8)
9

To get

from (8.8), we must determine temperature

distribution T ( x , y ) in the fluid and to obtain temperature gradient in the fluid T / y y = 0

q &w y =0 = = Tw T Tw T

T y

(8.8)

10

Governing Equations for Convection Heat Transfer Focal point in convection:


Determination of temperature distribution in a moving fluid

Basic laws governing temperature distribution:


(1) Conservation of mass (2) Conservation of momentum (3) Conservation of energy
11

Assumptions:
(1) Two-dimensional u(x,y), v(x,y) (2) Single phase flow (water, air, etc)

Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation


m &y+ m &y y dy

y
dy

m &x

m &x+
dy

m &x dx x

dx
x

dx
m &y (b)
12

(a)

Fig. 6.4

Apply conservation of mass to an element dxdy:

Rate of mass added - Rate removed = Rate of mass change within


Apply (a) Using previous Figure:

(a)

+( )dx x

m +( )dy = y t

(b)

= mass flow rate entering element in the x-direction = mass flow rate entering element in the y-direction m = mass within element Express (b) in terms of fluid density and velocity:
13

= VA
A = flow area

(c)

V = velocity normal to A = density


Apply (c) to the element = udy = vdx (d) (e)

u and v are the velocity components in the x and y directions m = mass of element: m = dxdy (f)
14

(d)(f) into (b)


( u) ( v ) + + =0 t x y

(8.9)

Incompressible fluid: = constant


u v + =0 x y

(8.10)

is the continuity equation

15

Conservation of Momentum: The Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion


Assume: 2-D Newton's law of motion: Apply to element dxdy in x-direction (a) F x = ma x

a x = acceleration in the x-direction m = mass of the element


m = dxdy

(b)

Acceleration a x :

we need:

u = u(x,y,t)
16

The total change in u is


u u u du = dx + dy + dt x y t

Divide by dt and note that dx/dt = u and dy/dt = v


u du u u ax = =u +v + dt x y t u u u +v = convective acceleration x y u = local acceleration t

(c)

Fx : Two types of external forces:


17

Body forces, Fb : Gravity

Fb = g dxdy
Surface forces, Fs : Normal: pressure p and normal stress xx Tangential: shearing stress xy Total external forces:

(d)

F x = Fb + Fs

(e)

18

Surface forces:

p xx y x Fs = ( + )dxdy + x x y
( yx + yx y dy )dx
( xx +
dy pdy

(f)

xx dy
dx

xx dx )dy x

yx dx
Fig. 6.5

p ( p + dx )dy x

(e) and (f) into (d)

p xx yx Fx = ( g + + )dxdy x x y

(g)
19

(b), (c) and (g) into (a)

u u u p xx yx + + ( + u + v ) = g t x y x x y
By analogy: y-direction

(8.11)

v v v p yy xy ( + u + v ) = + + t x y y y x
Too many unknowns!

(8.12)

Important assumption: The variables xx , yy , xy ,


and yx are eliminated using empirical relations. For incompressible fluids:
20

xx yy

u = 2 x v = 2 y
u v = + y x

(8.13) (8.14) (8.15)

xy = yx

Fluids that obey these relations, such as water, air and oil, are referred to as Newtonian fluids Polymers, honey, etc. do not follow these relations and are known as non-Newtonian fluids
(8.13)-(8.15) into (8.11) and (8.12), assume constant 21 viscosity

u u u p 2u 2u ( + u + v )= g + ( 2 + 2) t x y x x y (8.16)
and

v v v p 2v 2v ( + u + v ) = + ( 2 + 2 ) (8.17) t x y y x y

(8.16) and (8.17) are the equations of motion in rectangular coordinates. They are also known as the

Navier-Stokes equations of motion.

22

Limitations on (8.16) and (8.17): (1) Newtonian fluids (2) Constant density (3) Constant viscosity (4) Two-dimensional flow (5) Gravity pointing in the positive x-direction

23

Conservation of Energy
Assumptions: (1) Two-dimensional (2) Negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy (3) Negligible energy transfer due to normal stresses xx and yy , and shearing stress xy (viscous dissipation) (4) Constant properties

24

Apply conservation of energy, to element dxdy :


dE & & & & Ein + Eg Eout = Eak = dt
[W]

Energy by conduction and convection

25

Energy generation and energy change within the element:

& zdr dxdy &g =Q E

(a)

dE T & E ak = dxdy = c (b) dt t Energy convected into the element (carried with flowing fluid): & conv , x = uidy = uc pTdy Q incompressible fluid (c) di = c p dT & conv , y = uidx = uc pTdx Q

Energy conducted into the element (carried by molecular motion - Fouriers law):

T & Qcond , x = dy x

T & Qcond , y = dx y

(d)
26

(a), (b), (c) and (d) into conservation of energy and using

the continuity equation


& zdr Q T T T 2T 2T +u +v = ( 2 + 2 ) + t x y c p x y

(8.18)

a = thermal diffusivity (souinitel tepeln vodivosti):


a= c p

Equation (8.18) is the energy equation in rectangular


coordinates for 2-D constant property fluids
27

Physical significance of each term in (8.18):


& zdr Q T T T 2T 2T +u +v = ( 2 + 2 ) + t x y c p x y
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(8.18)

(1) First term: Local rate of energy change (2) Second term: Net energy convected with fluid (3) Third: Net energy conducted in the x and y directions (4) Fourth term: Energy generation
28

Summary of the Governing Equations for Convection Heat Transfer: Mathematical Implications
Assumptions: (1) Newtonian fluid (2) Two-dimensional (3) Negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy (4) Constant properties (except in buoyancy) (5) Gravity is in the positive x-direction Continuity:
u v + =0 x y
29

x-momentum: u u u p 2u 2u +u +v ( ) = + ( 2 + 2 t x y x x y y-momentum: v v v p 2v 2v ( +u +v )= + ( 2 + 2) t x y y x y
Energy:

& zdr 2T 2T Q T T T + +u +v = + x 2 y 2 c p t x y
30

The Boundary Layer Concept: Simplification of the Governing Equations


Velocity boundary layer:

Under certain conditions the effect of viscosity will be confined to a thin region near a surface called the velocity or viscous boundary layer
The edge of this region is defined by the thickness , which is referred to as a distance where u = 0.99 u w u Shear stress Friction cf = 2 w = (smykov napt) coefficient u y y =0 231

Conditions for the existence of the velocity boundary layer: (1) Streamlined body without flow separation
y
y

x
R

(2) High Reynolds number (Re > 100) Boundary layer features:

Fig. 6.10

(1) Velocity at the surface vanishes. This is the no-slip condition (2) Velocity changes rapidly across the boundary layer thickness . At the edge u u (3) Viscosity plays no role outside the velocity boundary layer 32

Thermal boundary layer:

Under certain conditions the effect of thermal interaction between a fluid and a surface will be confined to a thin region near the surface called the thermal boundary layer

heating

The edge of this region is defined by the thickness T where Tw T = 0,99 (Tw T )
T &w = f Heat flux transferred at the wall: q y = (Tw T )
33

y =0

Heat Transfer Coefficient

f T

tangent

(Tw T )

y y =0
heat flux qw

For (Tw-T) = const, whats the behavior of ? As the boundary layer increases, the temperature gradient T x decreases. Why? The same temperature difference (Tw-T) T applies to a larger distance x decreases and so does.

y y =0

34

Conditions for the existence of the thermal boundary layer: (1) Streamlined body without flow separation (2) High product of the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers (Re Pr >100)

u L Peclet Number = Pe = (

)(

cp

)=

c p u L

(4) Temperature changes rapidly across the thermal boundary layer thickness t . At the edge T T
(5) In general, both velocity and thermal boundary layer are thin
35

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow


u
turbulent

u t

laminar

(a)

(b)

Turbulent flow: Random fluctuations in velocity, temperature Laminar flow: Streamlines are smooth. Fluctuations are absent.

36

Transition Reynolds number, Re t Used to check if the flow is laminar or turbulent Ret is determined experimentally Its value depends on geometry, surface roughness,
pressure gradient,

For uniform flow over a semi-infinite plate:


Re x,trans u xtrans = 500000
uD = 2300
y u x

For flow through smooth tubes:


Retrans
u

Magnitude of Retrans can be changed by manipulating


surface roughness, pressure gradient,
37

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

Laminar

Transition

Turbulent

38

x-momentum: 2u 2u p u u u +u +v ( ) = + ( 2 + 2 y x t x x y y-momentum: v v v p 2v 2v ( +u +v )= + ( 2 + 2) t x y y x y
Energy:

& zdr 2T 2T Q T T T + +u +v = + x 2 y 2 c p t x y
39

Mathematical Simplifications for Boundary Layer Flows


Not always all terms in the momentum equations are necessary to take into account

Often, incompressible flow, =const, often constant physical quantities , , negligible mass forces (gravitational etc.), no internal heat source. Often u>>v,

u u v v >> , , x y x y
y

T T >> x y
x

u
40

Summary of Boundary Layer Equations for Steady Laminar Flow


Assumptions: (1) Newtonian fluid (2) Two-dimensional (3) Negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy (4) Constant properties (5) Streamlined surface (6) High Reynolds number (Re > 100) (7) High Peclet number (Pe > 100).

41

(8) Steady state (9) Laminar flow (10) No dissipation, = 0 (11) No buoyancy, = 0 (12) No gravity (13) No energy generation,

42

Continuity:

u v + =0 x y

x-Momentum:

1 dp u u 2u u +v = + 2 dx y x y
Both equations identical Velocity and temperature profiles will be similar analogy between momentum and heat transfer

Assuming zero pressure gradient

u u 2u u +v = 2 x y y
Energy:
T T 2T u +v =a 2 x y y
a= c p

thermal diffusivity sou. teplotn vodivosti


43

Classification of Convection Heat Transfer


1. Forced convection vs. free convection 2. External vs. internal flow 3. Boundary layer flow vs. low Reynolds number flow 4. Compressible vs. incompressible flow 5. Laminar vs. turbulent flow 6. Newtonian vs. non-Newtonian fluid

44

Fluid Properties
Fluid properties needed to solve convection problems: Specific heat cp Thermal conductivity Prandtl number Pr Thermal diffusivity a Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity Density
45

Heat Transfer Coefficient and Dimensionless Criteria


From boundary layer

f T

(Tw T )

y y =0

General functional dependence = f ( u, L, , , c , ) for forced convection

L Nusselt number Nu = uL Reynolds number Re = c Prandtl number Pr = = a

7 quantities 4 primary dimensions J/K, kg, m, s Buckingham theorem 3 dimensionless similarity parameters - numbers
46

Formula with dimensionless numbers correlation equations:

Nu = f (Re, Pr )

forced convection

Actual form of the equation depends on the system: Forced convection in a tube laminar or turbulent (entrance length L/d, fully developed region) Cross flow over a cylinder, tube bundle Forced convection for external flow on a flat plate Natural convection (another dimensionless number enters into play Grashoff number) Flow with viscous dissipation (another dimensionless number enters into play Eckert number) etc. How such equations can be obtained? Mostly by experiments or by analytical solution for simple situations or systems (e.g. flow over a flat plate) 47

You might also like