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The generator is provided with a regulation system which is the main responsible for the correct conduction of the machine. This system primarily operates in automatic mode, in order to have the best dynamic performances and securities, but it is possible the operation in manual mode too (next image). The first of the possible regulations is on the stator voltage, which normally has to be maintained constant or regulated following particular logic useful for the plant exercise. Other types of regulation can be done (i.e. cos of machine). The regulation system is digital and normally fully redundant, in order to be classified as fault tolerant.
Doc. n 196 W 429 Rev.1 Oct. 2008 1
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GEN
Automatic correction
GEN
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CLASSIC REGULATION LOOP OF THE STATOR VOLTAGE
VT feedback Feedback
Reference + Err.
Regulator Firing circuits
G
Bridge
Exciter
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Ref.
Firing circuits
Transfer functions
Ref. + A K1
1 + s T1
+ B
K3
1 + s T3
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Error
V0
V0
Reference
Error = 0
time
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Compensation
Compound
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Pendulum
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0.5
P 0.5 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 -1
Without PSS
With PSS
The setting of the PSS parameters for a generator connected to a particular electric grid can normally be optimized with specific SW simulations, given by the Manager of the Grid.
Doc. n 196 W 429 Rev.1 Oct. 2008 8
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Time
Correcting E1 in order to recopy VGRID , the Q will be maintained constant Doc. n 196 W 429 Rev.1 Oct. 2008 9
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Over-excitation
P2
0
MW1 MW2
MW
10
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LIMIT IN OVEREXCITATION This function protects the generator against prolonged trespasses out of the capability zone hazardous for the integrity of the field windings.
Underexc.
+
Overexc.
MVAR
MW
LIMIT IN UNDEREXCITATION This function protects the generator against prolonged trespasses out of the capability zone hazardous for the stability of the group and for the integrity of terminal parts of the stator.
_
Undrexc.
Overexc.
MVAR
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LIMIT OF FLUX
The flux inside the machine is given by the ratio V/f . The colored area represents the surface of the normal working points allowed indefinitely by the project, while the outlined areas adjacent to it, are always representative of working points allowed for the machine, but with more stressful conditions of those in the colored zone. For this reason the permanent exercise of the group outside the colored area is unadvisable, in order to limit, as far as possible, the "loss of life" of the generator. The flux limit of the exciter acts along the highest oblique segment and it adapts the stator voltage on the foreseen relationship V/f, when the frequency decreases.
V (%) Flux V/f = = 105% nom 105%
95% 98%
100% 102%
95%
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In this diagram V/f the limitations are due to:
in A
105%
max flux (V/f) , max voltage (gen.) and min frequency (turbine)
in B
95% 98%
D
100% 102%
max frequency, min voltage (max current) and min flux (instability)
in D
95%
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AnsaldoEnergia NOTES
- The reactive power and power factor regulations can be only actuated when the generator is synchronized to the grid. Its disconnection automatically produces a changeover to the stator voltage regulation (in island configuration too). - Any change-over to the other regulator is bumpless in order to avoid any dynamic and thermal machine variation.
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Predisposition completed Turbine at nominal speed Exciter fed and in automatic voltage regulation
Exc ON
Synchronization
VOLTAGE Regulation
LOADING
LOADING
Exc OFF
Generator de-excited
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