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INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Sample Examination Paper A GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 1 hour 45 minutes

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Write your name on all work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The questions in this sample examination paper were taken from IGCSE Geography Paper 1 and are reproduced by permission of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate: Questions 1 and 3 May/June 2007 Question 2 May/June 2005 Question 4 May/June 2006 Question 5 October/November 2005 Question 6 October/November 2007 The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication.

32 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map which shows birth and death rates in different parts of the world in 2005.

Eastern Europe Western Europe North 14 8 America

10 11 26 6 Northern 10 14 and

Northern Asia East Asia

12 7

Africa

27 7

44 16 22 6

Latin America and Caribbean

South East Western 23 7 Asia and South Central Central Asia Africa
17 7

24 17

Oceania

Key Birth Rate Death Rate per 1000 33 16 per 1000 people people Fig. 1 (i) (ii) What is meant by death rate? Identify:

Southern Africa

[1]

A the area with the highest rate of natural population increase, B an area of natural population decline. (iii) Suggest reasons why: A there are higher death rates in Western Europe and North America than in Latin America and the Caribbean, [3] B there are higher birth rates in Central and Southern Africa than in East Asia. [4] [2]

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4 3 (b) Study Figs 2A and 2B, population pyramids for Norway in 2000 and 2025 (projected). NORWAY (2000) Male old dependent population Age 95+ 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 0 Female

young dependent population 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180

Population (thousands) Fig. 2A

NORWAY (2025 PROJECTED) Male old dependent population Age 95+ 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 0 Female

young dependent population 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180

Population (thousands) Fig. 2B

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54 (i) (ii) What evidence in the population pyramids suggests that Norway has an ageing population? Support your answer with figures. [3] Describe the likely effects of an ageing population in an MEDC such as Norway. [5]

(c) Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people living in an area for the resources which are available. What problems are caused by overpopulation? You should refer to a country or area which you have studied. [7]

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5 4
2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows land use within a typical city in a developed country. X Inner city Suburbs

100

Percentage of each zone

80

60

40

20

0 0 city centre Key: residential public buildings industry and warehousing Fig. 3 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) What is the name given to the area labelled X on Fig. 3? Explain why there are often tall buildings close to the centre of cities. [1] [2] convenience shops comparison shops others 1 2 3 4 5 Kilometres edge of city 6 7 8 9 10

Using only information from Fig. 3, compare the land use in the inner city and suburbs. [3] Choose and write down one type of land use shown in Fig. 3. Suggest reasons for the different amounts of this land use between the centre and the edge of the city. [4]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, a model showing the variation in quality of life in cities in developed and developing countries. high Developed

Quality of life

low city centre Fig. 4 (i) edge of city

Developing

Briefly describe what the model shows about the variations in quality of life in cities in developing and developed countries. [3] How accurate do you think this model is? Explain your answer by referring to cities in both developed and developing countries. [5]

(ii)

(c) In all large urban areas there have been changes in land use in recent years. These include the development of: road networks, residential areas, industrial areas, leisure and shopping facilities. For a named urban area, identify a recent change in land use. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this development for people who live in the urban area which you have named. [7]

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78
3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows where major earthquakes have taken place in California, USA. Key San Andreas Fault Other fault Dates of major earthquakes Direction of plate movement Settlements

1906

San Francisco
1838

SIERRA NO NEVADA RT 1868 H AM ER 1989 IC

1983

1892

(i) (ii)

(iii)

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CIF PA IC PL E AT
N 0 km

AN

PL

Parkfield
1857

AT E

1952 1927

Palmdale
1971 1812 1994 1812

Ne va lifo da rn ia MOJAVE DESERT Ca

1992

Santa Barbara Los Angeles

1918 1968 1987

1940 1979

50 100 150

San Diego

USA Mexico

Fig. 5 How many earthquakes took place on the San Andreas Fault? San Francisco was affected by an earthquake in 1989. What was the distance and direction of this earthquake from San Francisco? [2] [1]

Explain briefly why earthquakes take place on or close to major faults, such as the San Andreas Fault. [3]

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(b) San Francisco is still at risk from earthquakes. Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert), which were taken in San Francisco. (i) (ii) Suggest three likely impacts of a major earthquake on the areas shown in the photographs. [3] The Transamerica Pyramid is marked by an X on Photograph C. In the 1989 earthquake it shook for more than a minute but the building was undamaged and no one was seriously injured. What measures can be taken to protect people from earthquakes? (iii) Explain why many people continue to live in areas at risk from natural hazards. [4] [5]

(c) In many parts of the world the natural environment presents hazards to people. Choose an example of one of the following: a volcanic eruption a tropical storm a drought For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of the example which you have chosen on people living in the area. [7]

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9 8
4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows three instruments which are used to measure characteristics of the weather.

spoke

cup electrically operated dial

B bulb filled with alcohol vacuum

C 50 45 C C 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5

C 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

metal index

metal index

5 0 -5 -10 -15

mercury

mercury

mercury

-20 -25

wick in a bottle containing water

Fig. 6 (i) (ii)

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Which weather characteristic is measured by instrument A? Identify the weather instruments labelled B and C.
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[1] [2]

9 10 (iii) Use the correct instrument shown in Fig. 6, along with Table 1, to work out the relative humidity. You must show how you got your answer. [3] Table 1 Wet-bulb depression (C) 0 Dry bulb 22C 24C 26C 28C 30C 32C % 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 % 90 91 91 91 92 92 2 % 82 82 83 83 84 85 3 % 73 74 75 76 77 78 4 % 65 66 67 68 68 70 5 % 60 62 64 65 66 68

Question 4 continues on page 11 10. Question 4 continues on page 11.

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10 11 (b) Study Fig. 7 which shows a weather station and the siting of some of the instruments.

wind vane

Stevenson Screen rain gauge

Fig. 7 (i) (ii) Explain how you would take measurements using the rain gauge. [3]

Explain why the instruments labelled B and C on Fig. 6 will give more accurate readings if they are kept in a Stevenson Screen rather than on the roof of the building. [4] Describe and explain the location of the wind vane and the rain gauge. [5]

(iii)

(c) The weather often causes problems for people. These include problems caused by: flooding, drought, tropical storms. Choose either one of these hazards or any other hazard faced by people as a result of the weather or climate. Describe the problems experienced by people living in areas at risk from your chosen hazard. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

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10 12 5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows the distribution of industrial areas in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium.
Rotterdam Antwerp
A 1 E19

2 A1

C a na
l

Key: City Centre

Brussels National Airport

R ter Ou
A10 E 40

in g

Ro ad

NEDER-OVER HEEMBEEK
01 A2

EU headquaters Embassies, departments and head offices Zone of traditional industries City boundary Canal Major routeways (motorways/autoroutes)

EVEREBRUSSELS

A3 E40

Cologne

ST. LAMBRECHTSWOLUWE

Z
MIJLEMEERSCH

Roa d

Other main roads University Science parks

Oute r

Rin g

411 A4 E

na

Ca

Paris

A7

E1

0 km

Luxembourg

Fig. 8 (i) Using evidence only from Fig. 8, give one reason for the location of the traditional industries. [1] Which science park is located: A. next to an area of traditional industry, B. 5 km NE of the city centre? [2]

(ii)

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11 13 (iii) Study Table 2 1 which shows the different locations in Brussels which a firm making electrical components has occupied in recent years. These are labelled on Fig. 8 as X, Y and Z.
Table 1 2 Table

Date

Place

Area

Employees

Work area Room above garage

Land value per m2

1979

140m2

13

Very expensive

1987

325m2

70

Old existing building

Expensive

2000

65000m2

600+

Purpose built building in a science Less expensive park alongside a motorway [3]

Suggest three reasons why the firm moved from location X to location Y in 1987. (iv)

Using information from Fig. 8 and Table 1, suggest reasons for the location and development of science parks in Brussels. [4]

Question 5 continues on page 14. Question 5 continues on page 12

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14 12
(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows where major manufacturers assemble cars in Eastern Europe.

Czech Republic Mlada Boleslav Skoda/Volkswagen

Poland Warsaw FSO/Daewoo Lublin Daewoo Bielsko Biala Fiat Tychy Fiat

Slovakia Bratislava Skoda/Volkswagen Romania Slovenia Novo Mesto Renault Hungary Szentgotthard GM Esztergom Suzuki Craiova Daewoo Pitesti Dacia Bulgaria Varna Rover

Fig. 9 (i) Suggest reasons why some of the worlds major manufacturers have located car assembly plants in Eastern Europe. [3] Explain why the building of new car assembly plants would be welcomed in countries such as these. [5]

(ii)

(c) Describe and explain the factors which encourage the development of craft industries. You may refer to examples which you have studied. [7]

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6 (a) Study Figs 10A, 10B and 10C, which show information about the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Lesotho is an LEDC in the mountains of southern Africa. It aims to build a series of dams. These will collect and store water to sell to South Africa, its richer neighbour. Water will also be used at the dams to generate hydro-electric power (HEP).

Fig. 10A

N BOTSWANA Tropic of Capricorn NAMIBIA

Johannesburg

ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE

Pretoria Soweto Kimberley Bloemfontein

ra n

Maputo

SWAZILAND

Durban

Atl antic O cean

ge River

SOUTH AFRICA
Cape Town

LESOTHO
East London Port Elizabeth

I n d ia n Ocean

Key rivers international borders large cities Fig. 10B

150 300 km

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TO SOUTH AFRICA

Mohale
completed 2003
ane quny Sen iver R

Katse
completed 1997

Mad iba mutsu

Ri

ve r

Mashai (2008)

ha

le

ng

R ive

Malatsi (2020)
Rive r

ak

Tsoelike (2017) Ntoahae (2020)

Key

Senqu
River

ge Oran

(
0 km 50

dam name planned opening date water transfer tunnel river reservoir country boundary

Fig. 10C (i) (ii) Identify a dam in Lesotho which has already been built. [1]

The building of the Malatsi Dam by 2020 is expected to complete the Project. Briefly describe the planned location of this dam. [2] Suggest reasons for the increasing demand for water in South Africa. Suggest reasons why Lesotho has enough water to be able to sell to South Africa. [3] [4]

(iii) (iv)

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(b) Study Fig. 11, which shows the opinions of selected people about the Lesotho Highlands Water Project.

Lesotho farmer The best land for my cattle will be gone. Minister of Energy A worker on the dam site Lesotho will get hydroelectricity from the dam and tourists will come. Hydro-electric power is far cleaner than other forms of energy.

Opposition politician in Lesotho Parliament Lesotho will be more dependent on South Africa.

Lesotho government spokesman We will have many new roads and jobs, and money to spend on education and health.

Environmentalist It will do permanent environmental damage.

Fig. 11 (i) Describe the advantages of using hydro-electric power (HEP), rather than other sources of energy. [3] Explain the positive and negative effects which the Highlands Water Project will have on Lesotho. [5]

(ii)

(c) Water and air may be polluted by human activities. Name an example of a place which you have studied where either the air or the water is polluted. Describe the causes of this pollution and its effects on people and the environment. [7]
Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1(b) Photograph A Question 1(b) Photograph B Question 2(b) Question 4 Question 5 S. Sibley UCLES. S. Sibley UCLES. Figs 3A, 3B & 3C; S. Sibley UCLES. Fig. 7A David R. Barker; Fuel Fears: Storm threatens oil production - petrol prices could rise further; San Francisco Chronicle, 30 August 2005. Fig. 9 Christian Aid.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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