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2. Structure Of Federal Government in Pakistan Branches of Federal Government Executive, Legislative, Judiciary Legislative Branch Elect President (Head of State) Parliament (Majlis-eshora) Senate (Upper House) National Assembly (Lower House). Executive Branch Administrative arm of government President (Head of State) Prime Minister (Chief Executive/Head of Government) Federal Cabinet PM Secretariat Cabinet Division Establishment Division. Senate comprises of 100 Members 22 from each province 8 from FATA 4 from Federal Capital Elected for 6 years 17 seats reserved for women Elected indirectly through the system of proportional representation National Assembly 342 Members 272 General seats 60 for women 10 for nonMuslims General seats are filled by direct and free vote. Judicial Branch Legal arm of the government Constitution provides for the separation of judiciary from the executive and the independence of judiciary Entrusts the superior courts with an obligation to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution Consists of Supreme Court , High Courts Federal Shariat Court and Subordinate Judiciary. Strength of ministries in different countries

Trends in Ministries & Divisions Number of central government ministries average 16 on a worldwide basis, with little variation among regions from an average of 10 in the small Pacific countries to 20 in the Middle East and North Africa. In Africa, the number of ministries ranges from a low of 10 in Botswana to 28 in Nigeria. From 7 to 35 in Asia, from 11 to 27 in Latin America, and from 6 to 16 in the Pacific. Pakistan; in 2002, 41 ministries and 48 divisions NCGR (national commission for government reforms) in 2008, recommended 23 ministries and 37 divisions. Organization of Federal Government in Pakistan Rules of Business -1973 defines the function of ministries, ministers Central Secretariat: For the

proper functioning of the Federal Government there are ministries, divisions, and attached departments, autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies. Ministry: A ministry is a division or group of divisions constituted into a ministry or it may comprise one or more divisions for the conduct of business of Federal Government in a specified sphere. Each ministry is headed by a Cabinet Minister and a Secretary is the administrative in charge of the ministry. Division: It also performs functions like Ministry to formulate policies and to ensure their implementation. It is headed by a Minister for State and administrative in charge is Secretary or Additional Secretary.

Attached Department: It has a direct relation with Ministry or Division and provide assistance to the Ministry in the formulation and execution of the policies and they are under the control of Ministry or Division. example ministry of health, local bodies. Subordinate Offices: Each attached department has many subordinate offices, which are known as field offices. They are under the attached department and perform specific duties. They are responsible for the execution of all the filed activities of attached departments. They are headed by an administrator or Director. Autonomous/Semi-Autonomous Bodies: Certain Ministries or Divisions have a number of autonomous, semi-autonomous bodies representing the trend of decentralization for arriving at speedy decisions. The main sectors, under which these bodies are working, are Finance, Education and Banking. www.slideshare.net/Rahat-ul.../structure-of-federal-government-of-pakist 28-5-2013 by rahat-ul-ain

Local government structure In 1947 the areas that constituted Pakistan had few developed systems of local government and they were confined mainly to Punjab. The period 1958 to 1969 saw the erection of Pakistan's first Martial Law and the establishment of a military government as well as the development of an extensive elected system of local government. This gave rise to the Basic Democracies System providing for a new local government system across the country through which members were elected. In urban areas, town committees were set up for towns having a population of less than 14,000. Under the Basic Democracies Ordinance of 1959, urban areas were defined as areas

under the jurisdiction of a municipal body or any other area that the government could declare as an urban area. Urban areas consisted of union committees that had six to ten elected members. The Chairman of the union committee was elected as an ex-officio member of the municipal committee. Like town committees, Union Councils also had 37 functions assigned to them. The Chairmen of the Union Councils in an area constituted collectively a higher Council, the Tehsil Council, which did not perform any executive functions. Its main function was to coordinate the activities of Union Councils and Union Committees in its jurisdiction. Unlike Union Councils, the Tehsil Council had no taxation powers. The District Council had 28 obligatory and 70 optional functions and powers to levy taxes. Its main purpose was to coordinate the activities of all local councils and municipal committees under its jurisdiction. If the first Martial Law Government was the pioneer in devising an extensive system of local governments, it was the second Martial Law Regime of General Zia that implemented elected local governments. These were revived in 1979 under the provincial local government ordinances, which, with amendments, is still in operation in Pakistan. Under this ordinance, there are four levels of municipal government in the urban areas: town committees, municipal committees, municipal corporations and metropolitan corporations In the absence of elected assemblies however, local governments were the only popularly elected bodies and thus played important political and developmentalist roles. After the election of Senators and members of the provincial and national assemblies, the role of local governments has been substantially marginalized. Elected members of provincial and national assemblies were given funds of considerable amount that they could use, largely on their own discretion, for developmentalist projects in their political constituency. This has severely undermined the role local governments have been playing and can play in the development of particular (local) areas and regions. Provincial Governments Pakistan has four provinces - Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province [formerly known as North-West Frontier Province], Punjab, and Sindh - and numerous Federally Administered Areas. Provincial boundaries correspond with areas of numerically dominant linguistic groups, and provinces are divided into a total of 26 divisions that are further subdivided into 101 districts. Federally administered areas include the capital (Islamabad) and 13 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) as well as the western third of Jammu and Kashmir, although Kashmir's status is contested by India. Each province has a governor appointed by the president, and provinces also have an elected legislative assembly and a chief minister who is the leader of the legislative assembly's majority party or coalition. The chief minister is assisted by a council of ministers chosen by the chief

minister and formally approved by the governor. Federally administered areas also have their own legislative entities, which have had less autonomy from the federal government than provincial legislatures. However, tribal areas in the west have traditional legal systems that operate independently of the federal government. Various regimes have promoted local-level Basic Democracies so that communities can have input into federal policy, but these entities have suffered from inconsistent federal government support. Although provinces and federally administered areas have their own political and administrative institutions, federal government agencies were heavily involved in the affairs of these areas. There were some matters over which both federal and provincial governments could make laws and establish departments for their execution. Moreover, the federal government has the power to dismiss provincial chief ministers and legislatures. Pakistan's four provinces enjoy considerable autonomy. Each province has a governor, a Council of Ministers headed by a chief minister appointed by the governor, and a provincial assembly. Members of the provincial assemblies are elected by universal adult suffrage. Provincial assemblies also have reserved seats for minorities. Although there is a well-defined division of responsibilities between federal and provincial governments, there were some functions on which both can make laws and establish departments for their execution. Most of the services in areas such as health, education, agriculture, and roads, for example, are provided by the provincial governments. Although the federal government could also legislate in these areas, it only makes national policy and handles international aspects of those services. The 18th Amendment had huge implications on the overall allocation of subjects between the Federation and the provinces, entailing a structural shift in the roles and responsibilities at the provincial level. The concurrent list (with 47 subjects) was abolished while the provinces have been given the additional responsibilities to handle the business of 17 federal ministries. Importantly, the provinces now have an exclusive role in policy-making in crucial sectors such as health, education, agriculture and environment to name a few Parliament and Federal Government The bicameral federal legislature is the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisers), consisting of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Prime minister is the head of govt. and head of majority representatives. The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills.

Other offices and bodies having important roles in the federal structure include the attorney general, the auditor general, the Federal Land Commission, the Federal Public Service Commission, Election Commission of Pakistan, and the Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman). . Judiciary The judiciary includes the Supreme Court, provincial high courts, and other lesser courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction. The chief justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the president; the other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice. The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age sixty-five. The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. Judges of the provincial high courts are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court, as well as the governor of the province and the chief justice of the high court to which the appointment is being made. High courts have original and appellate jurisdiction. There is also a Federal Shariat Court consisting of eight Muslim judges, including a chief justice appointed by the president. Three of the judges are ulama, that is, Islamic Scholars, and are well versed in Islamic law. The Federal Shariat Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. This court decides whether any law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. When a law is deemed repugnant to Islam, the president, in the case of a federal law, or the governor, in the case of a provincial law, is charged with taking steps to bring the law into conformity with the injunctions of Islam. The court also hears appeals from decisions of criminal courts under laws relating to the enforcement of hudood laws that is, laws pertaining to such offences as intoxication, theft, and unlawful sexual intercourse. In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offences. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court. A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed. The Mohtasib's purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. Excluded from jurisdiction, however, are personal grievances or service matters of a public servant as well as matters relating

to foreign affairs, national defense, and the armed services. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers. On 09 March 2007, President Pervez Musharraf suspended Pakistan's Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry on various corruption charges. Chaudhry had developed a reputation for judicial activism during his short time on the bench and ruled against the Government of Pakistan in several high-profile cases. Islamabad's legal and media circles are abuzz with speculation about what motivated the President, but genuine facts are scarce. Whether this was a case of high-level corruption or part of a broader struggle for control of the judiciary, the hands-on manner in which President Musharraf went about suspending Chaudhry seized the attention of the media. The vast majority of Pakistanis were not adequately literate to understand the intricacies of the Chief Justice proceedings, or how this controversy affected the things that mattered most to them: food, shelter, and personal safety. On 20 June 2007, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled that President Musharraf's suspension of the Chief Justice had been unconstitutional. The court's decision was not unexpected, a fact that did not stop the media from turning the day leading up to the announcement into a live-from-in-front-of-the-Supreme-Court spectacle.

Legislating or making laws is one of the main functions of the Legislature or the Parliament, other functions being representation of constituents and oversight of the government administration, policies and expenditure. A proposed law, before it is passed by the Parliament, is called a Bill. Once a Bill has been voted into an Act of Parliament, it becomes part of the domestic law. The judiciary then applies and interprets it. A Bill can be moved in the Assembly by a private member (not a Minister or Parliamentary Secretary), or by the government. The Bills are of two types: 1) The Bill moved by a 'private member' (an ordinary member of the assembly of any party who does not hold a ministerial position) is called a Private Member's Bill. 2) The Bill introduced by the government is called a 'Government Bill'. Every Bill goes through four broad stages before it becomes a law or an Act of Parliament: 1. Introduction 2. Publication 3. Consideration 4. Passage Discussion At this stage only the principles of the Bill and its general provisions are discussed. Members are not allowed to discuss the details of the Bill further than is necessary to explain its principles. Any member may move an amendment that the Bill be referred to a Select Committee or circulated for the purpose of eliciting opinion by a specified date. Alternatively, if the member-in-charge moves that the Bill be referred to a Select Committee, any member may move an amendment that the Bill be circulated for the purpose of eliciting

opinions by a specified date. Where a motion that a Bill be circulated for the purpose of eliciting opinion is carried, the Bill is circulated and opinions are received. The member-in-charge may, if s/he wishes to proceed with the Bill thereafter, move that the Bill be referred to the Standing Committee concerned or to a Select Committee or that it be taken into consideration. 5.6 Procedure Passage of Bills in the National Assembly and the Senate If the House passes the Bill through majority vote it is transmitted to the other House. If the other House passes the Bill without amendment, it goes to the President for assent. If the Bill transmitted to the other House is not passed within ninety days or rejected or amended, it is considered in a joint sitting summoned by the President on the request of the House in which the Bill originated. If the Bill is passed in the joint sitting, with or without amendments, by the votes of majority of the total members of the two Houses, it again goes to the President for assent. If the Bill is thus presented to the President for assent, s/he is required to assent to the Bill in no later than thirty days. If it is not a Money Bill, the President may return the Bill to the Parliament with a message requesting that the Bill be reconsidered and/or that an amendment specified in the message be considered. The Parliament reconsiders the Bill in a joint sitting. If the Bill is passed again, with or without amendment, it is presented to the President and then the President cannot withhold assent. Under the Constitution, the Parliament may also legislate for two or more provinces by consent on the request made by those provinces. If the Federal Government proclaims a state of emergency in any province, the power to legislate about that province is vested in the Federal Parliament. However, the Bills passed by the Parliament during the state of emergency, cease to be in force six months after the emergency has been lifted. The steps already taken under these Acts remain valid though.

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