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+
9 . 0
K
25 . 0 5 . 0 0.95d, and (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.67f
cu
/
c
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 4 of 10
K =
2
cu
bd f
M
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bot-
tom steel if the section is under positive moment.
If M > M
single
, the area of compression reinforcement,
'
s
A , is given by
'
s
A =
( ) ) ' d d ( f 67 . 0 f
M M
c cu
'
s
single
, (BS 3.4.4.4)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compres-
sion face, and
'
s
f = 700
]
]
]
,
d
d' 2
1 0.95 f
y.
(BS 3.4.4.4)
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From
equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated as:
s
A =
( ) ) ' d d ( f 95 . 0
M M
z ) f 95 . 0 (
M
y
single
y
single
+
9 . 0
'
25 . 0 5 . 0
K
d = 0.776887 d. (BS 3.4.4.4)
A
s
is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and A
s
'
at the top for positive
bending and vice versa for negative bending.
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The de-
sign procedure is therefore identical to the one used for rectangular beams,
except that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by b
w
. See Figure 2.
(ii) Flanged beam under positive moment
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by consid-
ering alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is as-
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 5 of 10
sumed to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the pro-
gram calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not
extend beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular
beam of width b
f
. If the stress block extends beyond the flange width, the
contribution of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into
account. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Design of a T-Beam Section
The T-beam requires only tension reinforcement when the moment is posi-
tive, the flange is in compression, the moment is less than
f
f
cu
bd
2
and the
flange depth is less than 0.45d. In those conditions, the tension reinforcing
steel area of the T-beam is calculated as follows (BS 3.4.4.5):
( )
( )
f y
f w cu
s
h 5 . 0 d f 95 . 0
h d 45 . 0 d b f 1 . 0 M
A
+
(BS 3.4.4.5)
where,
b
b
15 . 0
d 2
h
1
b
b
1
d
h
45 . 0
w f
f
w f
f
+
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
(BS 3.4.4.5)
0.67f
cu
/
c
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 6 of 10
If the above conditions are not met, the T-beam is designed using the general
principle of the BS 8110 code (BS 3.4.4.4, BS 3.4.4.5), which is as follows:
Assuming that the neutral axis lies in the flange, the normalized moment is
computed as
K =
2
d b f
M
f cu
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
Then the moment arm is computed as
z =
+
9 . 0
K
25 . 0 5 . 0 d 0.95d, (BS 3.4.4.4)
the depth of neutral axis is computed as
x =
45 . 0
1
(d z), and (BS 3.4.4.4)
the depth of compression block is given by
a = 0.9 x. (BS 3.4.4.4)
If a h
f
, the subsequent calculations for A
s
are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular section design. However, in that case the
width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the width of the
compression flange, b
f
for design. Compression reinforcement is required
if K > K'.
If a > h
f
, the subsequent calculations for A
s
are performed in two parts.
The first part is for balancing the compressive force from the flange, C
f
,
and the second part is for balancing the compressive force from the web,
C
w
, as shown in Figure 2.
In this case, the ultimate resistance moment of the flange is given by
M
f
= 0.67 (f
cu
/
c
) (b
f
b
w
) h
f
(d 0.5 h
f
), (BS 3.4.4.1)
the balance of moment taken by the web is computed as
M
w
= M M
f
, and
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 7 of 10
the normalized moment resisted by the web is given by
K
w
=
2
d b f
M
w cu
w
. (BS 3.4.4.1)
If K
w
K', the beam is designed as a singly reinforced concrete beam.
The area of steel is calculated as the sum of two parts: one to balance
compression in the flange and one to balance compression in the web.
A
s
=
z f 95 . 0
M
) h 5 . 0 d ( f 95 . 0
M
y
w
f y
f
+
+
9 . 0
K
25 . 0 5 . 0 d
w
0.95d. (BS 3.4.4.1)
If K
w
> K', compression reinforcement is required. The compression
reinforcing steel area is calculated using the following procedure:
The ultimate moment of resistance of the web only is given by
M
uw
= K' f
cu
b
w
d
2
. (BS 3.4.4.4)
The compression reinforcement is required to resist a moment of mag-
nitude M
w
M
lw
. The compression reinforcement is computed as
( ) ) ' d d ( / f 67 . 0 f
M M
A
c cu
'
s
uw w '
s
, (BS 3.4.4.1)
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete com-
pression face, and
'
s
f = 700
]
]
]
,
d
d' 2
1 0.95 f
y
. (BS 3.4.4.1)
The area of tension reinforcement is obtained from equilibrium
A
s
=
]
]
]
,
+ +
' d d
M M
d 777 . 0
M
h 5 . 0 d
M
f 95 . 0
1
uw w uw
f
f
y
. (BS 3.4.4.1)
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement Page 8 of 10
Determination of the Required Minimum Flexural Reinforcing
The minimum flexural tensile reinforcing steel required for a beam section is
given by the following table, which is taken from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3)
with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
Table 1 Minimum Percentage of Tensile Reinforcing
Minimum percentage
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage f
y
= 250 MPa f
y
= 460 MPa
Rectangular 100
bh
A
s
0.24 0.13
f
w
b
b
< 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s
0.32 0.18
T-Beam with web in
tension
f
w
b
b
0.4 100
h b
A
w
s
0.24 0.13
T-Beam with web in
compression
100
h b
A
w
s
0.48 0.26
The minimum flexural compression steel, if it is required, provided in a rec-
tangular or T-beam section is given by the following table, which is taken
from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3) with interpolation for reinforcement of in-
termediate strength:
Table 2 Minimum Percentage of Compression Reinforcing (if required)
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
Rectangular 100
bh
A
s
'
0.20
Web in tension
100
f f
s
h b
A
'
0.40
T-Beam
Web in compression
100
h b
A
w
s
'
0.20
In addition, an upper limit on both tension reinforcement and compression
reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement Page 9 of 10
area (BS 3.12.6.1). The program reports an overstress when the ratio exceed
4 percent.
Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination in the major
and minor directions of the column. The following steps are involved in de-
signing the shear reinforcement for a particular beam for a particular load
combination resulting from shear forces in a particular direction (BS 3.4.5):
Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowable shear stress as
v =
cv
A
V
, where (BS 3.4.5.2)
v 0.8 R
LW
cu
f , (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
v N/mm
2
, (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
v
max
= min {0.8R
LW
cu
f , 5.0 MPa}, (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12)
A
cv
= b
w
d, and
R
LW
is a shear strength reduction factor that applies to light-weight
concrete. It is equal to 1 for normal weight concrete. The factor is
specified in the concrete material properties.
If v exceeds 0.8R
LW
cu
f or 5 MPa, the program reports an overstress. In
that case, the concrete shear area should be increased.
Note
The program reports an overstress message when the shear stress exceed 0.8R
LW
cu
f
or 5 MPa (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12).
Calculate the design concrete shear stress from
v
c
= R
LW
4
1
3
1
s
m
2 1
d
400
bd
A 100 k k 79 . 0
(
,
\
,
(
j
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j
m
= 1.25, and (BS 2.4.4.1)
A
s
is the area of tensile steel.
However, the following limitations also apply:
0.15
bd
A
s
100
3, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
d
400
1, and (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
f
cu
40 N/mm
2
(for calculation purpose only). (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
If v v
c
+0.4, provide minimum links defined by
yv v
sv
f 95 . 0
b 4 . 0
s
A
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if v
c
+0.4 < v < v
max
, provide links given by
yv
c
v
sv
f 95 . 0
b ) v v (
s
A
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
else if v v
max,
a failure condition is declared. (BS 3.4.5.2, 3.4.5.12)
In shear design, f
yv
cannot be greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1). If f
yv
is
defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear reinforcing
assuming that f
yv
equals 460 MPa.