Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quality
Safety
API RP 750 Management of Process Hazards Of Materials NFPA 704 Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials
R:0170 Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steels from Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking During Sh d Shutdown of f Refinery Equipment
SNT-TC-1A
Application of Organic Coatings to the External Surface of Steel Pipe for Underground Piping
Notes: 1. The source of this data is from API Standard 570 "Piping Inspection Code", Second Edition October 1998, Section2 "References"; 2. API 570 references directly all of the standards shown on this diagram and they are applicable and mandatory under the appropriate conditions as indicated in API 570. 3. API Standards are revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every 5 years. 4. API Standards, revision or addenda are effective 6 months after the date of issuance
Failure Mechanisms
Decision Making
Deterioration Rates
Consequences Of Failure
Rerating
Rerate. A change in either or both the d i temperature design t t or the th maximum i allowable working pressure. Existing piping systems or pressure equipment might require rerating to accommodate new operational needs (or to accommodate deterioration that cannot or will not be repaired).
Rerating - 2
Frequently when debottlenecking process plant equipment, i t the th possibility ibilit of f increasing i i the th equipment's design temperature, design pressure, or both comes up. This process of reevaluating the equipment for more severe design conditions is usually referred to as uprating.
Rerating - 3
In other cases, after a piece of equipment or piping i i system t has h been b in-service i i for f a number b of years and corrosion has taken its toll, it may be necessary to re-evaluate whether the equipment has sufficient corrosion allowance until the next inspection or whether the equipment should be retired from service.
Rerating - 4
Rather than assuming that the piece of equipment must be replaced when its corrosion allowance is used up, it may be worthwhile to investigate derating the equipment to allow its continued use although at somewhat less severe design conditions. In some cases the term rerating of the equipment may also be used to cover changing the throughput or service of the equipment.
Rerating Definition
Section 3 of API 570 - Definitions states the definitions that apply to this code code. They include the following definitions that pertain to rerating: Rerating [3.39]: A change in either or both the design temperature or the maximum allowable working pressure of a piping system. A rerating may consist of an increase increase, a decrease decrease, or a combination of both. Derating below original design conditions is a means to provide increased corrosion allowance.
MAWP Determination - 1
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure: (MAWP) [3 21]: The maximum internal pressure permitted in [3.21]: the piping system for continued operation at the most severe condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature (minimum or maximum) expected during service. It is the same as the design pressure, as defined in ASME B31.3 B31 3 and other code sections sections, and is subject to the same rules relating to allowances for variations of pressure or temperature or both
MAWP Determination - 2
MAWP for the continued use of piping systems shall b established be bli h d using i the h applicable li bl code d . Computations may be made for known materials if all the following essential details are known to comply with the principles of the applicable code:
a. Upper and/or lower temperature limits for specific materials. b. Q Quality y of materials and workmanship. p c. Inspection requirements. d. Reinforcement of openings. e. Any cyclical service requirements.
MAWP Determination - 3
For unknown materials, computations may be made assuming the lowest grade material and joint efficiency in the applicable code.
When the MAWP is recalculated, the wall thickness used in these computations shall be the actual thickness as determined by inspection (see 5.6 for definition) minus twice the estimated corrosion loss before the date of the next inspection (see 6.3).
Allowance shall be made for the other loadings in accordance with the applicable code.
The applicable code allowances for pressure and temperature variations from the MAWP are permitted provided all of the associated code criteria are satisfied.
e.
h. i. i j.
RSF = LDC/LUC
LDC is the limit or p plastic collapse p load of the damaged g component, and LUC is the limit or plastic collapse load of the undamaged component.
MAWP the original maximum allowable working pressure, and RSFa is the allowable remaining strength factor (typically 0.9). 0 9)
Example 1:
Design g Pressure: 500 p psig g Design Temperature: 400F Pipe Material A 106 Gr. B Pipe Size: NPS 16 Allowable Stress: 20,000 psi (from B31.3) Longitudinal Weld Efficiency: 1.0 (A 106 Gr. B is seamless pipe) Thickness Measured During Inspection: 0.32 in. Observed Corrosion Rate: 0.01 in./year Next Planned Inspection: 5 years
10
MAWP = 2SEt/D (From ASME B31.3) = 2 x 20,000 x 1 x (0.32 2 x 0.05) /16 = 550 psig (3747 kPa ) Since the MAWP > 500 (system design pressure), the system may remain in service at the design pressure without repairs, replacements, or rerating.
MAWP = 2SEt/D = (2 x 20,000 x 1 x (0.32 2 x 0.07) /16) MAWP = 450 psig i (3104 kPa) kP ) Conclusion: Must reduce inspection interval or determine that normal operating pressure will not exceed this new MAWP during the 7th year, or renew the piping before the 7th year.
11
12
13
14
RSF = LDC/LUC
LDC is the limit or p plastic collapse p load of the damaged g component, and LUC is the limit or plastic collapse load of the undamaged component.
MAWP the original maximum allowable working pressure, and RSFa is the allowable remaining strength factor (typically 0.9). 0 9)
15
16
Pressure Testing
Except where local jurisdictions require it, pressure tests are not normally done as part of a routine inspection. When pressure tests are done (e.g., after alterations) they should be based on the following:
Must meet (e.g. ASME B31.3) requirements. Test fluid must be water unless this would have adverse consequences (e.g., (e g freezing, freezing process contamination, contamination water disposal problem). Stainless steel piping requires special attention (e.g., potable water and blown dry).
17
18
19
Rerating Documentation
The old and new design conditions The Code used for the rerate The allowable stresses and joint efficiencies The minimum required thicknesses vs. the existing thicknesses for each component affected ff t d by b the th rerate t
Rerating Documentation - 2
The remaining life of each component The required inspection interval determined Any physical modifications required Any requirements for pressure testing, such as test pressure and temperature
20
21
22
23