INTRODUCTION

The experiment is conducted mainly to study the criterion of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow. In fluid mechanics, internal flow defined as a flow for which the fluid is confined by a surface. The flow may be laminar or turbulent. Osborne Reynolds (23 August 1832-21 February 1912) was a prominent innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics and mechanics.

Osborne Reynolds Apparatus consists of water resource for the system supply, fix head water input to bell mouthed transparent glass tube made up of borosilicate and dye input by injection unit, and water output unit to determine water flow rate. The laminar, transitional and turbulent flows can be obtained by varying the water flow rate using the water outlet control valve. Water flow rate and hence the flow velocity is measured by the volumetric measuring tank. The supply tank consist of glass bead to reduce flow disturbances.Flow patterns are visualized using dye injection through needle valve.The dye injection can be controlled and adjusted to improve the quality of flow patterns

LITERATURE REVIEW

Osborne Reynolds
Born Died Nationality Fields Known for Notable awards 23 august 1842,Belfast,Ireland 21 February 1912(aged 69) United kingdom Physics Fluid dynamics, Reynolds number Royal Medal in 1888

Osborne Reynolds was born Belfast. His father worked as a school headmaster and clergyman, but was also a very able mathematician with a keen interest in mechanics. The father took out a number of patents for improvements to agricultural equipment, and the son credits him with being his chief teacher as a boy. Osborne Reynolds attended Queens college Cambridge and graduated in 1867 as the seventh wrangler in mathematics In 1868 he was appointed professor of engineering at Owens college in Manchester (now the University of Manchester) becoming in that year one of the first professors in UK university history to hold the title of "Professor of Engineering". This professorship had been newly created and financed by a group of

manufacturing industrialists in the Manchester area, and they also had a leading role in selecting the 25 year old Reynolds to fill the position.

Reynolds showed an early aptitude and liking for the study of mechanics. In his late teens, for the year before entering university, he went to work as an apprentice at the workshop of Edward Hayes, a well known shipbuilder in Stony Stanford where he obtained practical experience in the manufacture and fitting out of coastal steamers (and thus gained an early appreciation of the practical value of understanding fluid dynamics). For the year immediately following his graduation from Cambridge he again took up a post with an engineering firm, this time as a practicing civil engineer in the London (Croydon) sewage transport system. He had chosen to study mathematics at Cambridge because, in his own words in his 1868 application for the professorship, "From my earliest recollection I have had an irresistible liking for mechanics and the physical laws on which mechanics as a science is based.... my attention drawn to various mechanical phenomena, for the explanation of which I discovered that a knowledge of mathematics was essential." Reynolds remained at Owens College for the rest of his career in 1880 the college became a constituent college of the newly founded Victoria University. He was elected a Fellow of the royal society in 1877 and awarded the Royal medal in 1888. He retired in 1905.

Osborne Reynolds demonstrated the transition to turbulent flow in a classic experiment in which he examined an outlet from a large water tank through a small tube. At the end of the tank there was a stopcock used to vary the water speed inside the tube. The junction of the tube with the tank was nicely rounded. A filament of colored fluid was introduced at the mouth. When the water was slow, the filament remained distinct through the entire length of the tube. When the speed was increased, the filament broke up

at a given point and diffused throughout the cross-section. Reynolds identified the governing parameter, the dimensionless Reynolds Number. The point at which the color diffuses throughout the tube is the transition point from laminar to turbulent.

Reynolds found that the transition occurred between Re = 2000 and 13000, depending on the smoothness of the entry conditions. When extreme care is taken, the transition can even happen with Re as high as 40000. On the other hand, Re = 2000 appears to be about the lowest value obtained at a rough entrance.

Reynolds' publications in fluid dynamics began in the early 1870s. His final theoretical model published in the mid-1890s is still the standard mathematical framework used today. Examples of titles from his more groundbreaking reports:

:-Reynolds

experiment on fluid dynamics in pipes

Water flow observed in a pipe, as drawn by Osborne Reynolds in his best-known experiment on fluid dynamics in pipe. Water flows from left to right in the transparent tube, and dye (represented in black) flows in the middle. The nature of the flow (turbulent, laminar, and transitional) can be observed easily. These drawings were published in Reynolds influential 1883 paper "An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water in parallel channels shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels". Fig:1

The Reynolds number is the most important dimensionless number in fluid mechanics. Reynolds number, in fluid mechanics, a criterion of whether fluid (liquid or gas)flow is absolutely steady (streamlined, or laminar) or on the average steady with small unsteady fluctuations (turbulent). Whenever the Reynolds number is less than about 2,000, low in a pipe is generally laminar, whereas, at values greater than 2,000, flow is usually turbulent which is shown in Figure 1 (a) & (c). Actually, the transition between laminar and turbulent flow occurs not at a specific value of the Reynolds number but in range usually beginning between 1,000 to 2,000 and extending upward to between 3,000 and 5,000 which is shown in Figure 1 (b).

In laminar flow the fluid particles move along well-defined paths or streamlines, such that the paths of the individual fluid particles do not cross those of neighbouring particles. Laminar flow is possible only at low velocities and when the fluid is highly viscous. But when the velocity is increased or fluid is less viscous, the fluid particles do not move in straight paths. The fluid particles move in a random manner resulting in mixing of the particles. This type of flow is called as Turbulent flow. The most important characteristic of turbulent motion is the fact that velocity and

pressure at a point fluctuate with time random manner. This phenomenon is clearly demonstrated in Figure2

Fig 2

Variation of horizontal components of velocity for laminar and turbulent flows at a point P. The turbulent motion is an irregular motion. Turbulent fluid motion can be considered as an irregular condition of flow in which various quantities (such as velocity components and pressure) show a random variation with time and space in such a way that the statistical average of those quantities can be quantitatively expressed. At a Reynolds number less than the critical, the kinetic energy of flow is not enough to sustain the random fluctuations against the viscous damping and in such cases laminar flow continues to exist. At somewhat higher Reynolds number than the critical Reynolds number, the kinetic energy of flow supports the growth of fluctuations and transition to turbulence takes place. The mixing in turbulent flow is more due to these fluctuations. As a result we can see more uniform velocity distributions in turbulent pipe flows as compared to the laminar flows Figure 3.

Fig:3

DEFENITION

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number Re is a dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces V2/L to viscous forces V/L2 and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (18421912), who popularized its use in 1883. Reynolds number generally includes the fluid properties of density and viscosity, plus a velocity and a characteristic length or characteristic dimension. This dimension is a matter of convention - for example a radius or diameter is equally valid for spheres or circles. For aircraft or ships, the length or width can be used. For flow in a pipe or a sphere moving in a fluid the internal diameter is generally used today.

Re=rvd/=rvDH/=vDH/
Where:

v is the mean velocity of the object relative to the fluid in (m/s), L is a characteristic length (m) DH is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe fof pipe flow (m). is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pas or Ns/m or kg/(ms))
is the kinematic viscosity ( = / ) (m/s), r is the density of the fluid (kg/m).

Examples of importance of Reynolds number

If an airplane wing needs testing, one can make a scaled down model of the wing and test it in a wind tunnel using the Reynolds number that the actual airplane is subjected to. If for example the scale model has linear dimensions one quarter of full size, the flow velocity of the model would have to be multiplied by a factor of 4 to obtain similar flow behaviour. Alternatively, tests could be conducted in a water tank instead of in air (provided the compressibility effects of air are not significant). As the kinematic viscosity of water is around 13 times less than that of air at 15 C, in this case the scale model would need to be about one thirteenth the sizes in all dimensions to maintain the same Reynolds number, assuming the full-scale flow velocity was used. The results of the laboratory model will be similar to those of the actual plane wing results. Thus there is no need to bring a full scale plane into the lab and actually test it. This is an example of "dynamic similarity". Reynolds number is important in the calculation of a body's drag characteristics. A notable example is

that of the flow around a cylinder. Above roughly 3106 Re the drag coefficient drops considerably. This is important when calculating the optimal cruise speeds for low drag (and therefore long range) profiles for airplanes. Poiseuille law on blood circulation in the body is dependent on laminar flow. In turbulent flow the flow rate is proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient, as opposed to its direct proportionality to pressure gradient in laminar flow. Using the definition of the Reynolds number we can see that a large diameter with rapid flow, where the density of the blood is high, tends towards turbulence. Rapid changes in vessel diameter may lead to turbulent flow, for instance when a narrower vessel widens to a larger one. Furthermore, an athermo may be the cause of turbulent flow, and as such detecting turbulence with a stethoscope may be a sign of such a condition. Where the viscosity is naturally high, such as polymer solutions and polymer melts, flow is normally laminar. The Reynolds number is very small and Stokes' Law can be used to measure the viscosity of the fluid. Spheres are allowed to fall through the fluid and they reach the terminal velocity quickly, from which the viscosity can be determined. The laminar flow of polymer solutions is exploited by animals such as fish and dolphins, which exude viscous solutions from their skin to aid flow over their bodies while swimming. It has been used in yacht racing by owners who want to gain a speed advantage by pumping a polymer solution such as low molecular weight polyoxyethylene in water, over the wetted surface of the hull. It is however, a problem for mixing of polymers, because turbulence is needed to distribute fine filler (for example) through the material. Inventions such as the "cavity transfer mixer" have been developed to produce multiple folds into a moving melt so as to improve mixing efficiency. The device can be fitted onto extruders to aid mixing.

:-The path from receptivity to laminar-turbulent transition as illustrated by Morkovin, 1994.

Reynolds Number and Pipe Flow

The Reynolds ( Re ) number is a quantity which engineers use to estimate if a fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. This is important, because increased mixing and shearing occur in turbulent flow. This results in increased viscous losses which affects the efficiency of hydraulic machines. A good example of laminar and turbulent flow is the rising smoke from a cigarette. The smoke initially travels in smooth, straight lines (laminar flow) then starts to wave back and forth (transition flow) and finally seems to randomly mix (turbulent flow). These ranges are discussed below.

RANGE 1: Laminar Flow (see diagram below) Generally, a fluid flow is laminar from Re = 0 to some critical value at which transition flow begins. RANGE 2: Transition Flow (see diagram below) Flows in this range may fluctuate between laminar and turbulent flow. The fluid flow is on the verge of becoming turbulent. RANGE 3: Turbulent Flow (see diagram below) The fluid flow has become unstable. In turbulent flow, there is increased mixing that results in viscous losses which are generally much higher than in those in laminar flow. NOTE: The Re at which turbulent flow begins depends on the geometry of the fluid flow. The value is different for pipe flow and external flow (i.e. over/outside and object). Since we are studying fluid flow in hydraulic systems, WE WILL CONSIDER ONLY INTERNAL FLOWS (PIPE FLOWS).

Streamlines In Laminar, Transition, and Turbulent Flow Regimes In Pipe Flow: What Streamline Looks Like in Different Types Of Flows