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API RP 750 Management of Process Hazards Of Materials NFPA 704 Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials
R:0170 Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steels from Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking During Sh d Shutdown of f Refinery Equipment
SNT-TC-1A
Application of Organic Coatings to the External Surface of Steel Pipe for Underground Piping
Notes: 1. The source of this data is from API Standard 570 "Piping Inspection Code", Second Edition October 1998, Section2 "References"; 2. API 570 references directly all of the standards shown on this diagram and they are applicable and mandatory under the appropriate conditions as indicated in API 570. 3. API Standards are revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every 5 years. 4. API Standards, revision or addenda are effective 6 months after the date of issuance
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API RP 574
Tubing - With the exception of heater, boiler, and
exchanger h t b tubing tubes, t bi is i similar i il to t piping, i i but b t is i manufactured in many outside diameters and wall thicknesses. Tubing is generally seamless, but may be welded. Its stated size is the actual outside diameter rather than nominal pipe size. (ASTM B 88 tubing, which is often used for steam tracing, is an exception in that its size designation is 1/8 in. (3 2 mm) less than the actual outside diameter.) (3.2 diameter ) Tubing is usually made in small diameters and is mainly used for heat exchangers, instrument piping, lubricating oil services, steam tracing, and similar services.
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API RP 574
Valves
The basic types of valves are gate, globe, plug, ball, diaphragm, butterfly, check, and slide valves. Valves are made in standard pipe sizes, materials, body thickness, and pressure ratings that permit them to be used in any pressure-temperature service in accordance with ASME B16.34 or API 599, API 600, API 602, API 603, API 608, or API 609, as applicable. Valve V l b bodies di can be b cast, forged, f d machined hi d from f bar b stock, k or fabricated by welding a combination of two or more materials. The seating surfaces in the body can be integral with the body, or they can be made as inserts. The insert material can be the same as or different from the body material.
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API 570 provides the basic requirements for such an i inspection ti program. This recommended practice supplements API 570 by providing piping inspectors with information that can improve skill and increase basic knowledge and practices
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Inspection plans for piping may be maintained in spreadsheets hard copy files and proprietary spreadsheets, inspection software databases. Proprietary software, typically used by inspection groups, often assists in inspection data analysis and record keeping.
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Table 6Minimum Thicknesses for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Pipe
NPS Default Minimum Structural Thickness for Temperatures p o < 400 F (205 oC) in. (mm) 0.07 (1.8) 0.07 (1.8) 0.07 ( (1.8) ) 0.08 (2.0) 0.09 (2.3) 0.11 (2.8) 0.12 (3.1) Minimum Alert Thickness for Temperatures < 400oF (205 oC) in (mm) 0.08 (2.0) 0.09 (2.3) 0.10 ( (2.5) ) 0.11 (2.8) 0.12 (3.1) 0.13 (3.3) 0.14 (3.6)
to 1 1 2 3 4 6-18 20-24
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API 570 Table 5-1 Some Typical Piping Damage Types and Mechanisms
Damage Type General and local metal loss Damage Mechanism Sulfidation Oxidation Mi bi l i ll influenced Microbiologically i fl d corrosion i Organic acid corrosion Erosion / erosion-corrosion Galvanic corrosion Corrosion under insulation Fatigue Caustic stress corrosion cracking Sulfide stress corrosion cracking Chloride stress corrosion cracking Polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking Other forms of environmental cracking Hydrogen induced cracking High temperature hydrogen attack Creep Graphitization Temper embrittlement Hydrogen blistering Creep and stress rupture Thermal Brittle fracture
Subsurface cracking Microfissuring/microvoid formation Metallurgical changes Blistering Dimensional changes Material properties changes
API 570 Table 5-1 Some Typical Piping Damage Types and Mechanisms
Damage Type General and local metal loss Damage Mechanism Sulfidation Oxidation Microbiologically influenced corrosion Organic acid corrosion Erosion / erosion-corrosion Galvanic corrosion Corrosion under insulation Fatigue Caustic stress corrosion cracking Sulfide stress corrosion cracking Chloride stress corrosion cracking Polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking Other forms of environmental cracking
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API 570 Table 5-1 Some Typical Piping Damage Types and Mechanisms
Damage Type S b f Subsurface cracking ki Microfissuring/microvoid formation Metallurgical changes Blistering Dimensional changes Material properties changes Damage Mechanism H d Hydrogen induced i d d cracking ki High temperature hydrogen attack Creep Graphitization Temper embrittlement Hydrogen blistering Creep and stress rupture Thermal Brittle fracture
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Piping Classes
Class 1
S Services i with ith th the hi highest h t potential t ti l of f resulting lti in i an immediate i di t emergency if a leak were to occur are in Class 1. Such an emergency may be safety or environmental in nature. Examples of Class 1 piping include, but are not necessarily limited to, those containing the following:
Flammable services that may auto-refrigerate and lead to brittle fracture. Pressurized services that may rapidly vaporize during release, release creating vapors that may collect and form an explosive mixture, such as C2, C3, and C4 streams.
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Piping Classes
Class 1 (contd) Hydrogen y g sulfide (g (greater than 3 p percent weight) g ) in a g gaseous stream. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride. Hydrofluoric acid. Piping over or adjacent to water and piping over public throughways. (Refer to Department of Transportation and U.S. Coast Guard regulations for inspection of overwater piping.)
Piping Classes
Class 2
Services not included in other classes are in Class 2. This classification includes the majority of unit process piping and selected off-site piping. Typical examples of these services include those containing the following: On-site hydrocarbons that will slowly vaporize during release. Hydrogen, fuel gas, and natural gas. On-site strong acids and caustics.
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Piping Classes
Class 3
S Services i th t are flammable that fl bl but b t do d not t significantly i ifi tl vaporize i when they leak and are not located in high-activity areas are in Class 3. Services that are potentially harmful to human tissue but are located in remote areas may be included in this class. Examples of Class 3 service are as follows: On-site hydrocarbons that will not significantly vaporize during release. release Distillate and product lines to and from storage and loading. Off-site acids and caustics.
Inspection Intervals
The interval between piping inspections shall be established and maintained using the following criteria: Corrosion rate and remaining life calculations. Piping service classification. Applicable jurisdictional requirements. Judgment of the inspector, the piping engineer, the piping engineer supervisor, or a corrosion specialist, based on operating conditions, previous inspection history, current inspection results, and conditions that may warrant supplemental inspections covered in 5.4.5.
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Rerating Definition
Section 3 of API 570 - Definitions states the definitions that apply to this code. They include the following definitions that pertain to rerating: Rerating [3.39]: A change in either or both the design temperature or the maximum allowable working g pressure p of a piping p p g system. y A rerating may consist of an increase, a decrease, or a combination of both. Derating below original design conditions is a means to provide increased corrosion allowance.
MAWP Determination - 1
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure: (MAWP) [3 21]: The maximum internal pressure permitted in [3.21]: the piping system for continued operation at the most severe condition of coincident internal or external pressure and temperature (minimum or maximum) expected during service. It is the same as the design pressure, as defined in ASME B31.3 B31 3 and other code sections sections, and is subject to the same rules relating to allowances for variations of pressure or temperature or both
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MAWP Determination - 2
MAWP for the continued use of piping systems shall be established using the applicable code. code Computations may be made for known materials if all the following essential details are known to comply with the principles of the applicable code:
a. Upper and/or lower temperature limits for specific materials. b Quality b. Q lit of f materials t i l and d workmanship. k hi c. Inspection requirements. d. Reinforcement of openings. e. Any cyclical service requirements.
MAWP Determination - 3
For unknown materials, computations may be made assuming g the lowest g grade material and j joint efficiency y in the applicable code. When the MAWP is recalculated, the wall thickness used in these computations shall be the actual thickness as determined by inspection (see 5.6 for definition) minus twice the estimated corrosion loss before the date of the next inspection (see 6.3). Allowance shall be made for the other loadings in accordance with the applicable code. The applicable code allowances for pressure and temperature variations from the MAWP are permitted provided all of the associated code criteria are satisfied.
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e.
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h. i. i j.
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