FAILURE IN SERVICE Introduction.

Analysis of failures. Fault analysis is one of the most important tools to understand the origin and the causes that have been involved in the process of technical failure of a part in service, such asunexpected or premature corrosion failure. Whit it also achieved the prevention of futuretypes of failure in other components or similar systems. The searches for the causes of failure provides necessary solutions for the industry and are evidenced in the implementation of a maintenance program, partial or complete reengineering of the system concerned or new production processes.

Fracture.
Is the separation of a solid under tension in two or more pieces. In general, the metal fracture can be classified into ductile and brittle. The ductile fracture occurs after intenseplastic deformation and is characterized by a slow crack propagation. Brittle fracture occurs along crystallographic planes called fracture planes and has rapid crack propagation. Ductile fracture This happens under intense plastic deformation. The ductile fracture begins with the formation of a neck and cavity formation within the area of strangulation. After the cavities are merged into a crack in the center of the sample and propagates toward the surface perpendicular to the applied voltage. As it nears the surface, the crack changes its direction at 45 to the axis of tension and is a broken cone and funnel. Brittle fracture Brittle fracture occurs without a significant deformation due to rapid propagation of a crack. Usually occurs along specific crystallographic planes called fracture planes that are perpendicular to the applied voltage. Most brittle fractures are transgranular or that propagate through grains. But if the grain boundaries are an area of weakness, it is possible that the fracture

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propagates intergranularmente. Low temperatures and high deformation favor brittle fracture.

Material fatigue
In materials science, fatigue of materials referred to a phenomenon whereby the ruptures of materials under cyclic dynamic loads occur at loads under static loads produce fracture. A simple example of this, it has a wire: flexing repeatedly breaks easily, but the force needs to be done to break in a single flex is great. Fatigue is a way to break that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic stresses and fluctuating (bridges, automobiles, airplanes, etc..). His main danger is that it can occur at a voltage lower than the tensile strength and yield strength for a static load, and appear without warning, causing catastrophic ruptures. Is a very important because it is the primary cause of breakage of the metallic materials (approximately 90%), but is also present in polymers (plastics, ...), and ceramics.

Corrosion of materials.
Is the destruction of a material caused by a chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The Deterior plastics and other nonmetallic materials, produce the chemical rather than physical swelling electrochemical. Nonmetallic materials can deteriorate quickly when exposed to a given environment. Types of corrosion Not all corrosive phenomena are identical, because there are several types of corrosion, we can distinguish: intergranulad corrosion, pitting, stress, galvanic, fatigue and friction: Intergranulad corrosion: is produced in the grain boundaries of an alloy or metal. When a leak is strong resistance and ductility of the material.

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Pitting: This occurs in very localized areas of a metal surface and results in the development of cavities and holes. The use of inhibitors is useful to prevent this type of corrosion. Stress: Refers to the internal stresses after cold deformation. Q may occur due to chloride in stainless steel ausenticos when chlorides are concentrated on the metal surface at about 60 C or higher. Galvanic Corrosion: The most common of all and is established when two different metals together, act as one anode and one cathode. To reduce this type of corrosion protective films can be used also to isolate an oxide of another metal. Corrosion fatigue: A reduction in the capacity of a metal to withstand cyclic or repeated efforts, which produce the breakage of the protective oxide films which prevent corrosion with a higher speed. Results in the anodic formation of break points, these areas also produce bites that serve as stress concentration point for the origin of cracks that crash end. Friction: is produced by the relatively small movement (such as a vibration) of two substances in contact, of which one or both are metals. This movement generates a series of pits in the metal surface, which are concealed by corrosion products and are visible only when it is removed.

Bibliography
1.- Wikipedia: Mecnica de Fractura (2012) (es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecanica_de_la_fractura). 2.- Steel University: Simulacin del ensayo Charpy (2012) (www.steeluniversity.org). 3.- Introduccin a la ciencia de materiales para ingenieros de James F. Shackelford. Editorial: Pearson. (2005). 4.- Introduccin a la ciencia de los materiales de William D. Callister, Jr. Editorial: Reverte. (2007). 5.- Bundesanstalt fr Materialforschung: Simulation of Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (2008) (www.bam.de). 6.- Universidad Carlos III: Anlisis de fallos (2010) (www.uc3m.es). 7.- Universidad Politcnica de Catalunya: Fiabilidad de materiales (2011) (cit.upc.edu/es). 8.- Centre dIntegritat Estructural i Fiabilitat dels Materials: Estructura y fiabilidad de materiales (2011) (www.upc.edu//web/ciefma/es/).