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Organs
Better than Murder
While working to uncover a hidden acrostic in the list of bodily organ systems, I strung out the first letters of the 10 and immediately picked out MURDER, but had the letters N, I, C, I left over and did not want to suggest MURDER NICI because NICKI is also the name of my favorite ex-girlfriend. Then, I wrote out the first three letter of each and managed to create two phrases which are easy to recall and make remembering the ten systems a cinch! Ergo:
Sir: I'm nervous about reproducing with the rest. Uri must dig into the end.
The organ system names buried within the phrases are (in order): circulatory, immune, nervous, reproduction, respiratory, urinary, muscle, digestive, integumentary, andendocrine. Easy now?
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) named and classified the various forms of life as a way of seeking order in diversity. He created taxonomy to do this, thus giving headaches to many generations of students. His system of kingdom (plant or animal), phylum (backbone?), class (mammal?), order (carnivore?), family (cat, dog, ape), genus (orangutan or human), species and variety is still used today, only slightly modified from the original. One easy sentence used is King Philip Conquers Our Fifty Grateful States. Two others: King Phillip's Class Of Family Geniuses Specializes in Variety and Kind Phillip's Class Orders Family-sized Gino's Special. Finally, Z.L. offers this hockey mnemonic: Kings Play Calgary On Friday. Gretzky Scores! Take your pick. The 5 kingdoms (used to be only 2 or 3) are protoctista, plantae, fungi, monera, animalia. I embedded them into neurons by: Protecting Plants is Fun, Mon Ami, which sounds like a slogan for a French environmental activist group.
Kingdom, phylum
Keep Perverts Cleverly Occupied, For Gosh Sake!! (Hallie Ray, Science Department, Rappahannock Community College Warsaw, VA)
PPL's Tonsils
People (PPL for short) have 3 tonsils: Pharyngeal, Palatine, and Lingual.
Digestive Juices
Bile Breaks fat into Blobs.
Chief stomach enzyme is Pepsin ... remember Geronimo drinking Pepsi to help his digestion. Parietal cells Produce Acid, Release Intrinsic factor, ET AL.
Cell Biology
Charlie Foster and the Hot Blooded Whore
I learned the 8 functions of blood by the acrostic Old Charlie Foster Hates Women Having Dull Clothes for Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Food, Heat, Waste, Hormones, Disease, and Clotting but I thought it would be easier to recall if I used the first few letters of each word to make a new sentence. Thus: Waste Ox Cart Food Disease makes Clot in Heated Whore. Of course, I related the hormones to "the whore moans".
Centrioles
Centrioles are useful organelles which play a key role in cell division, namely pulling the chromosomes apart. Centrioles are ropes made of 9 groups of 3 fibres, a 9+3arrangement. How to remember this? Count the number of letters in "centriole", then count the syllables. You should get 9 and 3.
Into Insulin
Insulin gets sugar Into cells. Without insulin, a person can die from lack of sugar. Romans noticed bees attracted to the urine of diabetics and coined the term "diabetes" to describe the overflow of sugar. There are actually two forms of diabetes: insipidus and mellitus, and are not related. D. insipidus is characterized by excessive and watery urine production and is due to low anti-diuretic hormone level, often caused by a tumor at the hypothalamus. D. mellitus is characterized by high volumes of sugary urine caused by low levels of insulin due to faulty pancreas. Physicians used to tell the difference between the two types of diabetes by dipping a finger into the patient's urine and tasting it -- if it was sweet, he had mellitus.
easy to remember what each does by matching key letters in each term with their respective duties. For example, Microfilaments are made of Actin, Move Food into MICROvilli, are responsible for Amoebal Movement, CytoplasmicStreaming, and Muscular Contraction, and they Move Fast. Microtubules on the other hand, are made of TUBulin, Move Slowly, and make the Chromosome fibres.
Meiosis Explained
"Meiosis" comes from the Greek "to reduce". Meiosis is the process of reducing the number of chromosomes by half. Without this crucial step in the formation of gametes, our cells would burst with DNA. The goal of meiosis is to make egg and sperm cells with half the number of chromosomes (23 instead of 46) so the egg and sperm can produce a zygote with 46 chromosomes instead of 92. Meiosis appears to be mitosis happening twice without the G1, S1, G2 phases, thereby splitting the chromosomes in half before they replicate. The reduced number of chromosomes is called the haploid state. In human sperm and egg manufacture, meiosis occurs much as mitosis, but instead of entering interphase after the cell splits, it swings back into prophase and runs through the process again and ends with two daughter cells, each holding 23 chromosomes (the haploid state). Ovum production is slightly different, producing only one ovum, whereas spermatogenesis makes four sperm cells. The difference occurs in telophase I, where the ovum shoves 23 chromosomes into a bud and gets rid of it (women, they hate competition!).
Cancers
College Food
Students reciting College Lunch is Best or College boys Love Breasts know that 50% of cancers arise in three organs: Colon, Lungs, Breast.
4 Cancer Types
An easy way to relate four types of cancer to their cells of origin: Sarcoma means cancer of the muscle, and is found in Connective and Muscle tissues. (C, M are letters in sarCoMa) Carcinoma is cancer of epithelial tissue, and found in stomach and Intestines Lymphoma & Leukemia are cancers of blood Leukocytes and Lymphocytes
Reproduction
Anna has Large Breasts
I recall the mitotic phases of a cell easily by reciting "I Proposed Marriage to Anna by Telephone before I Sighted her Cleavage". That of course indicates the mitotic phases: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, and includes Cytokinesis (sighted) and cell Cleavage.
Understanding DNA/RNA
Although DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, they do different jobs in the cell. Just remember that DNA Delivers the blueprint, RNA Reads it. Also, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule is shaped like the letter T.
Brain Physiology
Memories of Girls' Bodily Parts
If you remember girls by their limbs, hip & the anus, hip & pussy, and ass, then you have the four memory centres: limbic, hypothalamus, hippocampus, association areas. BTW, memories are encoded at the neural synapses, usually by acetylcholine. The three key neurotransmitters of the limbic
system are dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin ... remembered as Limb Donors.
Proprioception
Proprioception, the ability to discern feedback from exertion, is located in the Post-Parietal Sensory cortex. (see how the sounds of proprioception are in post-parietal sensory?)
Brain is a Mystery
The six parts of the brain are a mystery -- murder mystery -- with clues hidden all over, some backwards, some misspelt. We have murder spelt backwards (cerebrum) and skeletons in the celler (CEREbeLLum controls skeletal coordination). There's a detective PONdering M.O. (pons, medulla oblonga), poisoned mulleb wine (in cerebellum), and someone will die before long (Diencephalon), probably some dyslexic dim-brain (mid-brain). Furthermore, forensics have discovered "brain stem" is made up of letters from midBRAIN, pons, and Medulla oblonga. As well, C+D+E=F because Cerebrum + Diencephalon = Forebrain. In reality, the 6 parts of the brain are: cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum. The major groups are forebrain (the most visible part), the brain stem (three parts piled atop the spinal cord and within the centre of the brain), and the cerebellum hanging off the back.
Muscles
Horny Office Temps
Six factors triggering smooth muscle contraction are oxygen, temperature, ions, hormones, stretch, and acid level (pH). The acronym is "SHIP TO" but the mnemonic phrase is much better: Office Temp's Eye On Whore Stretching Ass. Notice ion is encoded as eye on in this example.
Crossbridge Cycle
The most basic part of the functional muscle is the cross bridge site where muscular contractions occur. The process of myosin heads attaching to actin, bending, then releasing takes four steps: ready, coupling, bending, letting go. A different chemical triggers each step thusly: hydrolysis makes Ready; Calcium ions cause the Coupling; ADP bends the myosin head; ATP lets go. Sounds like a new dance to me.
Hormones
8 major hormones from the pituitary gland spell GOAT-FLAP: gonadotropic, oxytocin, antidiuretic, thyroid stimulating, follicle stimulating, leuteinizing, adrenocorticotropic, prolactin. The pituitary gland has two lobes: anterior and posterior. 6 of the preceding hormones come from the anterior lobe; oxytocin and anti-diuretic are secreted from the posterior one. The adrenal CORTex produces CORTisol, as well as androgens and aldosterone. The adrenal Medulla secretes stress hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine and, as all women know, men are a source of stress, so it is no surprise that medulla-epinephrinenorepinephrine make the acronym MEN. Adrenal Cortex hormones start with either of letters A, C -- just like adrenal cortex. They are: androgen, aldosterone, cortisol. Ovaries are RIPE with hormones: relaxin, inhibin, progesterone, estrogen make the acronym RIPE. Testes make TIM strong: "t.i.m." is acronym for the 3 hormones secreted by testes: testosterone, inhibin, and Mullerian-inhibiting hormones. Pancreas makes PIGS: Pancreatic polypeptide, Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin hormones. Some secret gasses choke gipsy represent the 5 hormones of the (where do you think gas comes from?) gastrointestinal tract: somatostatin, secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucosedependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Melatonin makes penis pineal? Melatonin secreted from pineal gland represses sex drive. A Hypocritical Gun-Running Hero goes to Pit to release Long Hard Fish, but is turned off the the smell of Estrogen. That was the story of the hypothalamus secreting GnRH (Gunrunning hero) to stimulate the Pituitary gland into releasing LH and FSH. This process is regulated by the levels of estrogen. Products of the adrenal cortex, from outer to inner layer: "Salt, sugar, sex; the deeper you go, the sweeter it gets." (Salt=aldosterone, sugar=glucocorticoids, sex=sex hormones) To remember how osmosis works, remember that "Particles suck." Thus, tonicity (hypertonic, hypotonic) refers to concentration of particles, and water always goes toward the area of more particles. (thanks to Hallie Ray, Science Department, Rappahannock Community College Warsaw, VA)
Metabolic Rates
I came up with a rhyming verse that helps me remember how our bodies get warm.When we feel cold, the hypothalamus reacts by sending TRH to the pituitary gland, which sends TSH to the thyroid, which secretes T3Tr to reach the mitochondria, wherein the glycolytic pathway consumes more energy and consequently the Electron Transport System consumes more oxygen ... and we get warmer. A more easy way to remember:
O Cold Hippo in the Pit Thy Sugar Eats Makes Carbon and Heats
Keywords: Hippo (hypothalamus), Pit (pituitary), Thy (thyroid), Sugar (glycolytic pathway), Eats (ETS), Carbon (carbon dioxide).
1.
Pituitary hormones
FLAGTOP: Follicle stimulating hormone Lutinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropin hormone Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Oxytocin Prolactin Alternatively: GOAT FLAP with the second 'A' for Anti-diruetic homone/vasopressin Note: there is also melanocyte secreting homone and Lipotropin, but they are not well understood.
Progesterone: actions
PROGESTE: Produce cervical mucous Relax uterine smooth muscle Oxycotin sensitivity down
Gonadotropin [FSH, LH] secretions down Endometrial spiral arteries and secretions up Sustain pregnancy Temperature up / Tit development Excitability of myometrium down
Oestrogen: functions OESTROGEN SUX: Organ development (sex organs) Endocrine: FSH and LH regulation Secondary sex characteristics development Tropic for pregnancy Receptor synthesis (of progesterone, oestrogen, LH) Osteoporosis decrease (inhibits bone reabsorption) Granulosa cell development Endocrine: increases prolactin secretion, but then blocks its effect Nipple development Sex drive increase Uterine contractility increase oXytocin sensitivity increase
Electrical conductivity of tissues "Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells A$$E$ Acidosis: H+ ions move in. Starvation: catabolism of cells. Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative). Exercise: catabolism of cells. Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.
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Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH
Erythropoiesis stages
"Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment": Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte
Neutrophil's 2 distinctive physical features
1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus by arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for Neutrophil. 2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.
White blood cell relative concentrations
From greatest to least: Neutrophils (65%) Lymphocytes (25%) Monocytes (6%) Eosinophils (3%) Basophils (1%)
Alternatively: "Nine Little Monkeys Eating Bananas". Alternatively: "Noone Likes My Educational Background". Alternatively: "Never Let Mamma Eat Beans". Can remember that Eosinophils is 3%, by the mirror image of E is 3.
Basophil morphology
"BEN Loves Money": Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neurophil Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes
Alternatively: Granpa BEN..." to keep the granulated group straight. Mast cell primary granule contents
"Master, His Hepes Causes Choking & Gagging!": Mast = Mast cell His = Histamine He= Heparin C = Chymase Ch = Chemotactic factor for eosinophils Gag = GAGase
Basophil vs. eosinophils: effect for allergic persons
Basophils are "Bad-o-phils" because they contribute to our allergic reactions. Eosinophils are "Easy-on-me-phils" because they counteract our allergic reactions.
Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark
There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light". These one vowels match up to their one letter names: DArk band is the A band. LIght band is the I band.
Muscle sarcomere: H line vs. Z disc location
Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body. Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle. Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery. Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.
"Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle": From the Z disk, working inward, remembering symmetry: Z I A H M H A I Z. Alternatively: "Zoe Is A Horny Momma".
Muscle fiber: types
Type 1: "1 slow fat red ox": -slow twitch -lipid accumulation -red fibers -oxidative Type 2: "2 fast skinny white breasts": -fast twitch -low lipid -white fibers, like chicken breasts
Haematology: key numbers
3 and 4 are key in in haematology: 1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin. There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil. There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.
Macrocytic anemia: causes
ABCDEF: Alcohol + liver disease B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis) Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)
Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis
"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites
"ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain. "HbF binds Forcefully": HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.
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Acne Treatment
"PeT PiTTbull": PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway. PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.
Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function
"Be Careful To Shock My Best Nerve": In order of least conductive to most conductive: Bones Cartilage Tendon Skin Muscle Blood Nerve
Compliance of lungs factors
Major obesity Pulmonary venous congestion Lung size Increased expanding pressure Age No surfactant Chest wall scarring Emphysema
All but L/A/E decrease compliance. Alkalosis vs. acidosis: directions of pH and HCO3
ROME: Respiratory= Opposite: pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis). pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis). Metabolic= Equal: pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis). pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).
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Hmmm..
Horner's syndrome: Pregnant Mothers Appear Extra Large Ptosis,Miosis,Anhydrosis,Enophthalmos,Loss of ciliospinal reflex Visual n auditory pathway: She Looks-Superior colliculus,Lateral geniculate body in visual pathway I M hearing-Inferior colliculus,Medial geniculate body 4 hearing Erection n Ejaculation mediated by.. Point and Shoot.. Erection(point)-Parasympathetic; Ejaculation(shoot)-Sympathetic Feeding And Satiety centres.LATE night snack(snackin=feedin)So,FEEDING CENTRE IS (ventro)lateral;implies Satiety centre is (ventro)medial in hypothalamus...ALTERNATIVE-SaMe Satiety is Medial Wernicke's and Broca's areasBEWaRe:-Broca's defect-Expressive aphasia Wernicke's defect-Receptive aphasia
> PGI2 vs. TxA2 coagulation function TxA2 Aggregates platelets. PGI2 Inhibits aggregation. Note: full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin, full name of TxA2 is thromboxane A2. > Heart: -tropic definitions Lusitropic: loose is relaxed. Definition: relax heart. Inotropic: when heart wall contracts, moves inward. Definition: contract heart. Chronotropic: 'chrono-' means 'time'. Defintion: heart rate (of SA node impulses). Dromotropic: only one left, it must be conduction speed by default.
> Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway tests "PeT PiTTbull": PeT: PT is for extrinsic pathway. PiTTbull: PTT is for intrinsic pathway.
> Carotid sinus vs. carotid body function carotid SinuS: measures preSSure. carotid bO2dy measures O2.
> Hemoglobin and myoglobin: binding strengths, sites "ABC" of glycosylated Hb (Hb1c): Glucose binds to Amino terminal of Beta Chain. "HbF binds Forcefully": HbF binds oxygen more forcefully than HbA, so Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shifts to left. Stored blood is SOS: Stored blood Hb binds to Oxygen Strongly because of decrease in 2,3 BPG. 2,3 BPG binding site is BBC: BPG binds to Beta Chain of Hb. Myoglobin binding strength is MOM: Myoglobin binds Oxygen More strongly than Hb.
> Hb-oxygen dissociation curve shifts: effect, location Left shift: causes Loading of O2 in Lungs. Right shift: causes Release of O2 from Hb.
> Fluid compartments: volumes 12345: 12 liters of interstitial fluid 3 liters plasma volume and 30 liters inside cells 45 liters total body water
> Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta ABCD: Alpha = Constrict. Beta = Dilate.
> Coagulation common pathway: factors in order 10 + 5 - 2 = 13 Coagulation common pathway: Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
> Vitamin K dependent cofactors "Several Tend To Nicely Stop Clots": Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine. Protein S, Protein C.
> ADP: role in platelet aggregation ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets.
> Protein C, Protein S: function C and S are: Clot Stoppers These proteins inhibit coagulation.