Seismic Method

Geophysical Introduction

Dept. Of Physics Geophysics University Of Indonesia

Source Reflection Receiver

If we put many receiver on straight line, the image of the geological layer will show up

Finally..

What is Seismology ?

Seismology is the study of the motion of the Earths surface on short time scales (from milliseconds to hours) This motion is often called seismic energy and anything that is responsible for creating seismic energy is called a seismic source.

What is Seismology ? (contd.)

The most common sources of seismic energy are earthquakes, however there are lots of other sources including:
Seismology Volcanic eruptions Seismology Weather (wind, surf, storms) Cultural noise (traffic, supersonic aircraft, etc.) Artificial Sources Explosions (chemical and nuclear) (Seismic Expl.) Sledgehammer Vibrator
Landslides

What is Seismology? (contd.)

Seismology that involves naturally occurring sources is often called passive source seismology or earthquake seismology. Seismology that involves artificial sources is called active source seismology or exploration seismology.

What is Seismic ? It was derived from Greek seismos meaning

shock Seismic survey : A program for mapping geologic structure by observation of seismic waves, especially by creating seismic waves by artificial sources and observing the arrival time of waves from acousticimpedance contrasts or refracted through high velocity members
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics Robert E. Sheriff,1991

How Do We Record Ground Motion ?

seismometer an instrument that senses ground motion and converts the motion into some form of signal accelerometer a seismometer that records acceleration, also known as strong ground motion geophone another name for a seismometer, commonly used in active source seismology

How Do We Record Ground Motion ? (contd.)

seismograph a system of instruments that detects and records ground motion as a function of time seismogram the actual record of ground motion produce by a seismograph seismometry the design and development of seismic recording systems

Type of Seismic Wave

A. Body Wave P wave : Longitudinal, Stress wave S wave : Transversal, Shear wave B. Surface Wave Rayleigh Wave Love Wave Stoneley

= shear modulus (rigiditas) k = bulk modulus (incompressibility) = densitas

P waves

Pertama kali datang Dapat merambat di medium padat dan cair

4 / 3 + k

VP =

S waves

Hanya dapat merambat di medium padat

VS =
VP = 4 / 3 + k

Rayleigh Waves

Arrives after Love waves Merupakan gelombang P dan S longitudinal Biasa disebut sebagai Ground roll

Love Waves

Datang setelah gelombang S Hanya merupakan gelombang transversal S

Rayleigh and Love Wave (Surface Wave)

Rayleigh

Love

Seismic Basic Purposes

Non Exploration : Hazard mitigation (earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide etc.) Exploration : oil, mining, groundwater, environmental etc.

Seismometer
A basic seismometer consists of a freely suspending mass from a frame attached to the ground. The relative motion of the frame with respect to the heavy mass is printed as a seismogram.

Prinsip Dasar Pengukuran Gerak Tanah

Natural Seismic Record

Natural Seismic Reading

Epicenter Determination

Seismic Exploration

Oil, Gas and Mining Exploration

Prinsip Kerja Geophone

Geophone

Prinsip Kerja Geophone

Geophone yang banyak dipakai untuk kepentingan eksplorasi pada umumnya bertipe moving coil (kumparan kawat yang bergerak di dalam medan magnet) Prinsip dasarnya mengikuti Hukum Lenz : Apabila sepotong kawat konduktor listrik yang panjangnya l digerakkan dengan kecepatan v di dalam medan magnet yang kekuatannya B maka akan timbul arus listrik sesaat di dalam kawat tersebut. Gaya gerak listrik akibat arus sesaat tersebut besarnya adalah E=Blv Persamaan di atas menyatakan bahwa makin cepat kawat digerakkan akan semakin besar pula ggl yang akan timbul.

Cara Kerja Geophone

Dalam praktik jika sistim pada geophone terganggu akibat adanya getaran tanah, maka kumparan akan bergoyang (bergerak naik turun) di dalam medan magnet dan sesuai dengan hukum Lenz muncullah arus listrik di dalam kawat konduktor. Agar arus ini menyatakan getaran tanah dengan baik maka goyangan kumparan akibat satu usikan harus cepat diredam agar tidak mengganggu goyangan akibat usikan berikutnya.

Type of Seismic Source

Sledge Hammer

Land Air Gun

Vibroseis

Small Caps (explotion)

Land Acquisition

Schematic of Seismic Data Acq

Data Acquisition

Seismic Marine Survey

Marine 3D Acquisition

FF SE

SA IL L

TS

IN E

A birds eye-view

LA TE RA

Seismic data acquisition

Recording

Earths surface S

R A/D Converter Amplifier

Filter

Trace display

Subsurface reflector

Recording

Tape storage

Data Acquisition System

Macam2 Gelombang Seismik

Seismic Traces

Kecepatan Gelombang Seismik

Vaw < Vgr < Vdw < Vhw

Seismic Traces

Seismic Refraction
Refraction (2 layers)

2 h1 (V22 V12 )1/ 2 x t= + V2 V1 V2

Propagation of Refraction Waves

Travel Time of Refraction Wave

Seismic Wave Mechanism

Refraction Analysis

Refraction Analysis

Efek Lapisan tidak Rata

Efek Kemiringan

Basic Acquisition - Processing

Bagaimana ?

Seismic Reflection Record

Reflection t2(x) = t2(0) + x2 / v2rms

Land Seismic Flow Data Proc.

Field Tape Digital Filtering Demultiplexing True Amplitude Recovery Pre-Pro cessing Gather Muting Editing Deconvolution before Stack Static Correction

Land Seismic Flow Data Proc.

Velocity Analysis Processing Dynamic Correction CDP Stacking Residual Static Correction Deconvolution After Stack Post Processing Migration Time Variant Scaling Dynamic Equalization Display Seismic Section

Processing Sequence (2D marine)

Field data in Remove source wavelet from data Define positions and relationships Energy spreading corrections Low-cut / velocity filtering Wavelet compression / demultiple Data re-ordering Velocity Analysis Near/far offset noise removal Dip-moveout and data reduction % velocity QC / algorithm check Lowcut / highcut / signal enhance Time variant amplitude balancing Cosmetic plotting test:bias/gain Signature decon. Geometry Amplitude recovery Noise rejection Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction Mute 2D DMO & Stack Migration Filtering Amplitude scaling Final products Initial velocity field 2D DMO Final velocity field

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Processing Sequence (3D marine)

field data

Field data QC & edit Signature Decon. Temporal resample

QC navigation data and select binning strategy

Nav./seismic merge 2:1 data reduction Amplitude recovery

As early as possible!

QC shot data

Apply automatic field edits

Noise rejection Deconvolution FK demultiple NMO correction Mute 3D DMO & Stack Migration vel. field Migration Time variant filtering Time variant scaling QC stack displays Initial velocity field DMO on velocity lines Final velocity field

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final products

Zero Offset

Structural Cross Section

Processing Sequence
Where are the shots and receivers located ?
Geometry definition

?
The most important values for data processing and relative OFFSETS! These may be Source - Receiver offsets, Receiver - Receiver offsets etc

Processing Sequence
What if the surface elevation changes ?
Geometry definition Static corrections

datum

i.e. remove the difference in travel time caused by shots and receivers being at different elevations - change our time-zero ref. point to simulate the re-positioning of shots and receivers

Static Correction

Reflectors in CMP gathers

Applied static corrections

Wheres all the source energy gone ?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery

Geometric spreading, absorption etc

How to remove coherent noise?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery

reflected signal Velocity filtering

What about random noise?

noise

- K-filter? Bandpass filter? May leave until stacking process!

How to improve the vertical resolution?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery Velocity filtering Deconvolution

Compensate for the filtering effects of the earth etc

Konvolusi

u (t ) = s (t ) G (t ) s ( )G (t )d
0

ts

s(t )

G(t )

u(t )

Convolution and Cross-Correlation

u ' (t ) = v(t ) u (t ) v( t )u ( )d
0 ts

Vibroseis Data v(t)

Suatu Fungsi Respon Bumi G(t)

Hasil Konvolusi (a) dan (b) u(t)

Hasil cross-correlation (a) dengan (c)

Processing Sequence
How to order the data?
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery Velocity filtering Deconvolution CMP gather
Some processes must be carried out in the CMP domain Multiple Coverage Acquisition techniques

How to correct for time differences due to offset within the CMP?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery

offset time
time difference due to offset

Velocity filtering Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction

CMP gather

CMP gather

NMO Correction

Do the reflections all come from a single point?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections

midpoint

Amplitude recovery Velocity filtering Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction DMO Correction

How to reduce the number of traces?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections Amplitude recovery Velocity filtering Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction DMO Correction CMP stack

Do the reflections all come from vertically below?

Processing Sequence
Geometry definition Static corrections

midpoints

Amplitude recovery Velocity filtering Deconvolution CMP gather NMO correction DMO Correction CMP stack Migration

Original

Migrated from the Japan trench

Interpretation

TOP BASEMENT

What things needed ?

Characteristic Seismic Event Geological Concept

Characteristic Seismic Event

Coherency Amplitude Standout Seismic Shape NMO

Seismic Event

Primary Event Non-Primary Whats That ?

Non-Primary Event

Multiple Diffraction Ghost etc

Goal

The best model for geological structure. Reservoir Modeling

Processed Seismic Reflection Record

Sea Bottom Record

3D Salt Dome

Salah Satu Penampa ng Salt Dome

Penampa ng lain Salt Dome

3D Seismic

Reservoir and Structure Model

Blind Drilling