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Review

Appropriate Technology
TES

Definitions: technology , environment and society Impacts of technology on environment and society Benefits of technology due to new innovations Technology: blessing or curse? Industrial Revolution

Appropriate Technology
Appropriate Technology
Develop the concept of appropriate technology

Research and development resources increased enormously (after II WW). Main objectives have been:
Defense Issues of national prestige Economic growth

Relatively less efforts in social and service sectors such as health and education

Appropriate Technology
Concerns of negative side-effects of technology (in industrialized countries)
Environmental pollution Urban deterioration Loss of satisfaction in work Increased alienation of people from society

Appropriate Technology
Further development of technology required If technology grows without control, generates social and ecological disturbances Therefore, technology evolved should be socially acceptable. More careful selection and management of technology.

Quality of life deteriorated

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Appropriate Technology
Development of means of technology assessment is required so that social, cultural and economic consequences of a particular process could be assessed. This would avoid unwanted effects.

Appropriate Technology
Here comes the concept of Appropriate Technology, which can be achieved on the basis of:
Value system of global human development Local economic, social and cultural needs

Appropriate technology, therefore means,

the development and utilization of processes and work organization most suitable to particular circumstances, both economic and social, of a particular country or sector

Appropriate Technology
Present technologies are far from fully appropriate to the present and future needs. Technologies can be made appropriate by taking into account
Social concerns Pollution control Conservation of raw materials and energy

Appropriate Technology
In industrialized countries, R & D is aimed at the creation of technological processes to achieve
high level of labor productivity Large scale production to provide large markets

Technology has been successful towards this end. However, they have failed take into account social and environmental factors

Appropriate Technology
In Third World countries, technological needs fall into five major categories:
Introduction of technology developed elsewhere but modified with the consideration of locally available materials, work methods and human skills. Overall economic improvement Introducing freely available technology to manufacture basic products presently being imported Highly efficient but labor-intensive technology Improvement of existing methods and tools of traditional sector by systematic application of scientific principles.

Assessment Criteria for Appropriate Technology in Developing Countries

Despite higher growth rate, problems of poverty and unemployment still exist. The main reason could be that we have not used appropriate technology to solve economic problems. Modern technology and appropriate technologies are complementary to each other. Appropriate technology does not mean an inferior or out-dated technology.

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Major Assessment Criteria for Appropriate Technology

1. Technology concerned should be developed to fulfill specific social needs 2. It should use the raw materials, locally available 3. It should require the skills, locally available 4. Machinery used should be such that it can be operated and maintained locally 5. It should contribute to positive social development

Major Assessment Criteria for Appropriate Technology

6. Products of technology should be cheap, high quality and available market 7. Less expensive technology 8. It should be labor-intensive to generate employment 9. It should utilize full human potential esp in rural areas 10. It should utilize traditional skills and capabilities

Major Assessment Criteria for Appropriate Technology

11. Technology should ensure maximum development with minimum capital 12. It should have export potential 13. It should be less demanding in energy 14. Technology should not affect environment and should have waste recycling potential

Appropriate Technology
Task: Case study of an application of an Appropriate Technology

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Intermediate technology
The concept of Intermediate Technology was introduced by economist and philosopher Fritz Schumacher based on the needs and skills possessed by the people of developing countries described as relatively small, simple, capital-saving, labour-intensive, and environmentally less-damaging technologies, suitable for local, small-scale application. (Wood, 1983) What was needed was a level of technology better than the simple methods used in the rural areas, more productive than the traditional tools, but far simpler and less capital-intensive than the modern technology imported from the West.

Chapter 1

Technology, Environment and Society

Labor based technology

labour-based technology is used to describe a technology that applies a labour/equipment mix that gives priority to labour supplementing it with appropriate equipment where necessary for reasons of quality or cost While producing or maintaining infrastructure to a specified standard in a cost-effective manner, people are employed under fair working conditions

Labor based technology

There is a difference between an optimum and efficient use of labour, as opposed to a maximum, and possibly inefficient use. the same level of investment in local infrastructure, the use of labour-based technologies can create between two and four times more employment (mostly unskilled) The use of labour-based methods also implies the increased use of associated local resources. This reinforces the percentage of investment that remains in the country and often in the locality of the works, reduces the dependence on costly imports, and stimulates the local economy.
These may include locally available materials, tools and equipment, skills and knowledge, as well as finance.

Labor intensive technology

The most basic meaning is that a specific job is hard, often physical, work. the amount of capital put into the labor force exceeds the capital put into any other area such as purchase, maintenance, etc. the amount of time spent performing an action exceeds the amount of time preparing for or dealing with the results of said action Agriculture, construction, and coal-mining industries are examples of labor intensive industries.

Agricultural age
dawn of civilization focused on farming; people were concerned about having a shelter and food readily available to them transformation of human society brought about by inventions such as the plow, the wheel, etc

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Agricultural age
The invention of the plow affected this age the most because it accentuated the change to the industrial age The plow allowed large-scale agricultural production possible,
which in turn produced a larger food surplus, in turn freeing up people for other types of work

Industrial Age
The mechanization of the farm and invention of the steam engines marks the start of the Industrial Age. People began to migrate from the farm to cities for jobs. Mass production in factories first occurred

During the agricultural age, people were thinking:

produce food and tools to sustain the familys needs.

Information age
Exact date of beginning
Unknown

Information age
1957: Russian launched Sputnik introduced an era of global satellite communication. Workers engaged with creation, processing and distribution of information as:
Programmers, teachers, engineers, system analyst, accountants, lawyers, stock brokers, insurance people, scientists, technicians, bureaucrats and so on.

However year 1956 and 1957 hold significance benchmark of beginning of information society 1956: in the USA white color workers outnumbered blue color workers most of them worked with information rather than producing goods

Within goods manufacturing industries, many workers hold information jobs.

Information age
The Information Age is a period of time where technological developments have and will continue to occur at an exponential rate. The microchip (integrated circuit) revolutionized the world of electronics and has made communication systems faster, cheaper, and more powerful than ever. This age emphasis processing and exchanging information.

Characteristics of information society

The economy of the state is driven by the creation and efficient use of information. However this does not mean that manufacturing processes are missing. Most importantly,
Construction and manufacturing sector expanded little Information sector experienced tremendous growth.

Information society is based on the motto Knowledge is power. Future oriented

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Characteristics of information society

Even an industrial society, some kind of information required to do the job. Difference is:
For industrial workers, information is a means to achieve the final result For information workers, information is in itself a final result.

Information as power and wealth

Creation, processing and distribution of information To get information of particular object is itself a knowledge which is a source of strength (power) We now mass-produce knowledge this knowledge is driving force of economy. New source of power is not money in the hands of few but information in the hands of many.

In information society, creative and innovative use of information can provide a competitive advantage

Information as power and wealth

The productivity of knowledge is a key to productivity, competitive strength and economic achievement. Knowledge industry provides essential and central resources for production In organizations, higher level workers have more information than low level workers. To have power, they rarely impart the knowledge.

Information as power and wealth

In this information age, countries economy depends on the information
Economic growth cannot be achieved without proper utilization of information

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Technology creates opportunity for society to change

Chapter 1
TES

Science and Technology: overall advantageous to society Allows human to lead comfortable and convenient lives. Who would give up all that technology has provided? Technology creates problems society actively participate in the efforts to resolve these problems positive effects could outweigh the negative effects

Technology creates opportunity for society to change

Although technology creates many problems, the solution is not to give up all that we have gained from it but to address these problems and continue to reap their benefits. Motor of all progress solution to most of our social problems Source of permanent prosperity Utopia

Shifts in employment due to technological advancement

Introduction of new technology affects employment in any industries. Initial result of such introduction reduction of workers Productivity from the new technology will reach the stable value business demands increase industry starts to hire new workers

Shifts in employment due to technological advancement

Adoption of new technologies:
Lead to widespread unemployment? Or Open new opportunities for workers?

Shifts in employment due to technological advancement

Reduction in some type of jobs:
Use of computers significant reduction in some jobs of clerks and machine operators Use of robotics: displaced manual works These people should be retrained in order to save their jobs

Increase in employment and productivity

Development of new technology created new jobs eg., in the field of information technology: computer hardware and software manufacture, sale and maintenance system analysts, programmers, computer operators

Additional jobs have been created

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Shifts in employment due to technological advancement

After industrial revolution: man vs machine Welfare theorists:
Against unemployment and advocated employment for the displaced ones

Role of technology to unmask old social problems

Social issues: directly or indirectly affect many or all the members of society Social issues:
Poverty Violence Pollution Injustice Suppression of human rights Discrimination Crime

Market theorists:
Productivity is of prime importance One has to compete for existence

Role of technology to unmask old social problems

Television and mass media Computer tracking of pollution level Newspapers CCTVs Medical technologies

Societys control of technology

Societies, culture, technologies evolve over time New technology unanticipated effects: but as important as anticipated ones Mass explosion of new technologies, knowledge and understanding began to challenge traditional norms and values Everyone realized potentials of technology and continued technological development
To make our life easier To further understand the Universe Economic gain National security

Technological advancement exposing old social problems: in many ways

Apartheid Poverty Environmental pollution Adolescent pregnancy Abortion Theft and bank robbery Violation of rules in highways Abuses Detection of fatal diseases Drug trafficking

Societys control of technology

However, everyday individual consumer have huge influence over technology.
Made life easy Ability to complete more tasks in less time How?

Group Discussion
Technology is irreversible

Resulting effect is:

Society has power to control level and direction of technology through the consumer choices they make.

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Innovation: Definition
The process of translating an idea or invention into a good or service that creates value of for which customers will pay. To be called an innovation
An idea must be replicable at an economical cost Must satisfy specific needs

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

21st Century Innovation Topics

1. 2. 3. Energy conservation Resource conservation Food and water production and distribution 4. Waste management 5. Education and learning 6. Medicine and prolonging life 7. Security and counter-terrorism 8. New technology 9. Genetics and cloning 10. Global communication 11. Traffic and population logistics 12. Space exploration 13. Integrated electronic environment 14. Globalization 15. Robotics 16. Weather prediction and control 17. Sustainable development 18. Entertainment 19. Preservation of history 20. Preservation of species

Group discussion
List of technological innovations Discuss and answer:
What were the problems or inconveniences? In what way it has addressed the problems/inconveniences? Impacts/consequences?

MOBILE PHONES

ATM

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BAR CODES

GPS

ONLINE SHOPPING

SOCIAL MEDIA

LAPTOP COMPUTERS

DIGITAL CAMERAS

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Assignment for Saturday

Topic: Impacts of Technology on environment and society
Internet research Write one page report with citation: bulleted points Attach reference material if possible PowerPoint presentation: 5 minutes for each group

Industrial Revolution: Socio-economic change

Small scale enterprises

New inventions

New inventions

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Negative influences

Peoples resentment and riots

Machine-wrecking

Machinery established despite riots

Inventors strangled to death

Realized the fault not with machinery but with system

The way it profited few people

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Inventors came from manual workers

Became early industrial leaders

Gulf between employer and workers

Factories selling cheaper goods

Small shops shut down

Hunger let people to seek jobs in factories

Employers did not show any pity to workers

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Competition in the market

Money from sale went to building factories and buying machineries

Exploitation of weak by strong through industries

Religion too supported employers

When in power, made laws in their favor

New capitalism born: became new economic system

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Capitalists controlled factories and too all the profits

Differences between rich and poor widened

Most wealth went to small groups

This industrial revolution and capitalism solved the problems of production.

But not the problem of distribution of new wealth

Industries gave rise to new imperialism

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Need of raw materials and money , and market